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SMART CITY_DurgaPrasadMishra
- 1. By Durga Prasad Mishra, Bhaskar Ku. Gupta, Gurvinder Singh PGD in Project Management | Batch 2016-18, NITIE – Mumbai
- 2. PAGE 1 CONTENTS 1.Introduction 02 2.Challenges in Urbanization 02 3.What is Smart city 03 4.Why cities are moving towards becoming smart 06 5. Various models of smart cities 07 5.1.Wheel model ProposedbyBoyd Cohen 07 5.2. IBM smarter cities 08 5.3. Hitachi’s smart city solutions 10 5.4. The maturity smart city model 12 6. Identified key features for a global smart city model 14 7. Conclusion 16 8. Reference 17
- 3. PAGE 2 1. INTRODUCTION For every country, cities are engines of growth for the economy. In 1946 when Mahatma Gandhi was asked to describe the independent India he wished to see, he said he wanted "not a pyramid but an oceanic circle" of complete equality. It was his greatest desire that India should continue to support and uplift its agrarian economy and the millions who depended on it. True to his vision, India has grown by leaps and bounds in nearly the seven decades that have passed since then. Today India is a global leader in the service sector and is being recognized as one the world's largest emerging industrial hubs. India has seen unparalleled migration stats in the last couple of decades. A record ninety-one million people shifted to Cities from 2001 to 2011. Around 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas and contributes about 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011). With an increase in urbanization, 40% of India’s population is expected to reside in cities and contribute as high as 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. This would require comprehensive development of physical, social, institutional and economic infrastructure, which are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a cycle of growth & development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction. 2. CHALLENGES IN URBANISATION While this rapid urbanisation is required to support India’s quickly growing economy, it has also become a cause for concern. Urban areas are facing increasing security complexities and threats. Individual services working in isolation are not able to ensure a safe city. National and local governments are responsible for ensuring different security services such as: 1. Counter Terrorism 2. Cyber Security 3. Organised Crime (curbing and prevention of) 4. Citizen Safety (especially for women and children) 5. Emergency Services (relating to man-made/natural disasters) 6. Technology Collaboration (to ensure effective implementation of Strategy) Therefore, there is a need to plan and build cities that effectively deal with all these issues. But this cannot be done by the government alone and collaboration with the private sector is very important.
- 4. PAGE 3 3. WHAT IS SMART CITY There is no universally accepted definition of a Smart City. For different people it has different meanings. Therefore, the conceptualization of Smart City, varies from city to city and country to country, which depends on the level of development, willingness to change & reform, and the resources & aspirations of the city residents. In India, a Smart City would have a different definition than, say, Europe. Even within India, there is no single way to define a Smart City. Some definitional boundaries are however required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of an urban dweller in India, the image of a Smart City consists a wish list of services and infrastructure that describes his aspirations. To fulfill the aspirations and needs of the citizens, city planners aim to develop the entire urban eco-system, which consists of four pillars of comprehensive development — physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal for the cities which can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on the layers of ‘smartness’. In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a light house to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalyzing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country The core infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include: i. adequate water supply ii. assured electricity supply iii. sanitation, including solid waste management iv. efficient urban mobility and public transport v. affordable housing, especially for the poor vi. robust IT connectivity and digitalization vii. good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation viii. safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children &the elderly ix. sustainable environment.
- 5. PAGE 4 It’s a city outfitted with high-tech communication capabilities. It uses digital technology to enhance performance and wellbeing, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. The idea of smart city came into formulation owing to the need to accommodate rapid urbanization of the age. Interest in smart cities continues to grow, driven by a range of socioeconomic and technological developments across the globe. It is due to the increasing number of smart cities that established suppliers from energy, transport, buildings, and government sectors are moving into the smart city market, while start-ups are addressing a range of emerging opportunities in the same field. adequate water & electricity supply sanitation, including solid waste management efficient urban mobility and public transport health and education. safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly sustainable environment
- 6. PAGE 5 According to a recent report from Navigant research, the global smart city technology market is expected to grow from $8.8 billion annually in 2014 to more than $27.5 billion by 2023. Eric Woods, research director with Navigant Research said, “Cities are seeking partners and suppliers to collaborate on ambitious programs for sustainability, innovation in public services, and economic development that depends on significant technology investments. The leading players in this market not only have the capacity to provide leadership on large-scale projects spanning multiple city requirements, but also delivering smart infrastructure, IT, and communications solutions to cities, supporting cities across multiple operational and infrastructure issues, and have established a global presence.” The report examines the strategy and execution of 16 leading smart city suppliers with the capacity to provide leadership on large-scale smart city projects spanning over multiple operational and service areas. These smart city suppliers are rated on 10 criteria: vision, go-to-market strategy, partners, product strategy, geographic reach, market share, sales and marketing, product performance and features, product integration, and staying power. IBM and Cisco are some of the top suppliers in the global smart city market. They are ranked the highest in terms of strategy and execution
- 7. PAGE 6 4. WHY CITIES ARE MOVING TOWARDS BECOMING SMART Changes taking place in the global environment and the changing life styles of people are viewed to be the two major motivations behind the transition towards smart city. Currently an international consensus is emerging on the creation of a low-carbon society and now whole world is facing problems such as depletion of resources as a result of the rapid population increase. Cities are experiencing the challenge of addressing these issues with the expected massive density of people. Also, the lifestyles of people are changing rapidly. With the shifting of consumption from products and towards services a growing importance of intangibles can be viewed and people are now placing a higher value on non- monetary terms. Similarly, the demographic changes are increasing the diversity of new opportunities made possible by advances in information and communication technology. In addition to the above major trends in today’s urban society, an increased involvement of IT sector in urban development activities is currently being experienced. Very large volume of data is generated daily as a result of such activities and through the data collection and analysis, the IT sector aims to achieve an improved efficiency and enhanced quality in urban life. At the same time a higher attention is paid in fusing the demand side and supply side data related to city infrastructure in order to enhance the efficiency and achieve optimization in infrastructure Despite all the above facts, some people view the desire of cities to achieve economic development as the core motivation for Smart Cities. There’s a huge competition not only among the neighbouring cities but also in the international context in achieving economic development. The cities are trying to achieve excellence in the sectors of investments and jobs and also strive to attract the creative class – the younger generation whom they believe as the developers of the economic strength. Therefore, in order to attract and retain the creative class – the new generation, who are highly mobile, it is viewed that the cities need to conceptualise with heavy digital and be smart in a number of ways.
- 8. PAGE 7 5. VARIOUS MODELS OF SMART CITIES Reviewing the existing models The existing literature depicts the various attempts made by academic scholars, Smart City professionals and also by the leading business companies in developing frameworks for realizing Smart Cities. Their efforts are paying of as the leading Cities around the globe are now reaching new height. However, a void can still be seen in attempts towards introducing and promoting the Smart City concept to small and emerging cities especially in the developing countries. After examining the existing models thoroughly, it can be identified that some of the features are in common among different models but at the same time there are certain keyconcerns unique for each model. In developing a model of a Smart city that is applicable to cities of varying scales with varying social, economic, geographic and demographic features, a thorough study of the past success stories & endeavors can be considered as fundamental. Therefore below are discussed some selected models identifying the possibilities for introducing the concept of Smart City to the cities of varying scales. 5.1. Wheel Model Proposed by Boyd Cohen According Boyd Cohen there are six key dimensions in a smart city model namely, smart economy, smart environment, smart governance, smart living, smart mobility, and smart people. Three key drivers have been introduced in realizing each of the above six components whereas over 100 indicators are helpful in tracking the performance of the cities. Factors that revolve around economic competitiveness such as, innovation, entrepreneurship, productivity and the integration in the international or national market are identified as the driving forces in realizing a smart economy. In order to establish a Smart Environment efforts should be aimed towards environmental protection such as green buildings, green energy and green urban planning. Smart Governance consists the aspects of enabling supply and demand side policy, ICT, transparency and open data, and E-Governance. Smart living aims at enhancing the quality of life of citizens in the aspects of health, safety & happiness and building up a culturally vibrant community.
- 9. PAGE 8 The drivers to achieve Smart Mobility includes availability of integrated Information & Communication Technologies together with transportation systems that encourage mixed-modal access and non-motorized, clean options According to this model Smart people are those who are empowered by 21st century education and enriched with creativity. It also promotes the concept of inclusive society. Cohen also proposes some important steps that need to be followed in adopting the above framework. First of all, a vision for the city needs to be defined with the involvement of its citizens. In realizing that vision, the cities should initially develop a measurement or baseline that can be used as a starting point before deciding on numerical targets. Then the target indicators can be set. The challenges and needs based on the topography, population density, and existing infrastructure are heavily varying from one city to another. Based on their own needs and existing opportunities, the cities must develop their target indicators & benchmarks, simultaneously following the best practices of leading Smart Cities around the world. Cohen proposed another important guideline that is to go lean. The cities should follow lean start up principles. While building plans for long term actions they should identify the targets that can be achieved easily. 5.2. IBM Smarter cities IBM which is known for providing smarter solutions to more than 2000 cities across the globe views a city as a tripod. The three pillars of this tripod are the infrastructure, people, and the operations. This tripod model relies on strong support among each of its pillars. It also identifies three basic services namely infrastructure services, human services, and services pertaining to city planning and management. The Infrastructure services include energy, water and transportation whereas education, healthcare and social programs describe the Human services. The planning and management pillar comprises of the services that are needed for the overall effective management of the city including public safety, city governance, urban planning and managing natural resources.
- 10. PAGE 9 This Smarter City model proposed by IBM is human-centric which places the citizens in the center of the ecosystem and emphasizes the need of expanding the cities beyond its boundaries to cooperate with citizen groups and with universities all over the world who are producing the skilled manpower required in making the cities smarter. In order to ensure that the citizens have the kind of skills that are essential for transforming their city to a Smarter City, city leaders need to collaborate with multiple levels of government within and outside their own city as well as with the employers. Hence, a Smarter City is a complex infrastructure of system connected with each other. Furthermore, IBM identifies three major characteristics that are essential to be present in a city to become smarter. First is leveraging information to make better decisions. The data on social services, public safety and how the water/transportation systems work are very important. This data should be unlocked and such important information should be derived that we can act on, for the cities of tomorrow. The second is anticipating problems to resolve them proactively. Beyond simply deriving information, emphasizes should be on the future problems that the cities may face such as what would be the expectations of the people and how to handle the influx of people should also be anticipated based on the information available. The third is coordinating processes and resources to operate effectively. Using information, resources should be leveraged through effective collaboration with each other and processes should be optimized. Another fact highlighted by IBM is the need of delivering
- 11. PAGE 10 innovative solutions for the evolving needs of the city dwellers to keep the cities smarter all times. In the beginning the city leaders should provide basic needs to their citizens and when they are satisfied, the citizens need to prosper and they demand for luxury & convenient lifestyles. This should be a key consideration in any Smart City model that is developed with the objective of being applied to cities of diverse scales. Cities vary dramatically in their social, geographic & demographic characteristics and infrastructural development and so as the aspirations and needs of its citizens. As it is said that customer is king in the competitive marketing world, many existing frameworks for Smart Cities are trying to be citizen centric and give value to the participation of citizens in the process of city governance. Considering all the above aspects, it can be concluded that firstly identify and prioritize the citizens’ needs and then address the very basic needs followed by catering the evolving needs of the citizen. Incorporation of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs would be helpful in successfully implementing the above idea. He used the terms Safety, Physiological, Esteem, Belongingness & Love, Self-Actualization & Self-Transcendence needs to explain the pattern that human motivations generally move through. 5.3. Hitachi’s Smart City Solutions Hitachi views a Smart City as “an environmentally conscious city that uses information technology to utilize energy and other resources efficiently”. In its vision, a Smart City is one that seeks to cater the values and desires of its dwellers, with the help of advanced IT to improve energy efficiency and concern for the global environment as prerequisites, and while doing so maintains a “well-balanced relationship between the Earth and people”.
- 12. PAGE 11 The Wheel model identifies smart economy, smart environment, smart governance, smart living, smart mobility and smart people as the key components that constitute a Smart City whereas IBM employs a services approach in realizing a Smart City and categorizes the different city services namely healthcare, education , social programs, government & agency administration, public safety, smarter buildings & urban planning, transportation, environmental services, water and energy under three broader categories namely infrastructure, human and city planning/management. Similarly, Hitachi defines a smart city as composed of three layers namely, urban services layer, urban life style layer and the infrastructure layer and they provide services pertaining to each of the above layers. Telecommunication systems, Generation & distribution of electricity, sewage and water supply come under the infrastructure layer. The urban services layer consists of providing building services such as air-conditioning, escalators & elevators and also vehicles and other associated components for rail and road along with operations management systems. Information services to ensure the comfort and convenience of the citizens and security systems that help building peace of mind and safety come under urban life layer. Distributed renewable energy is now being regarded as a global trend as opposed to centralized huge power plants. Acoordingly, Hitachi’s energy sector solutions in realizing Smart Cities include demand side equipment such as Electric Vehicles (EV) & Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Energy Management Systems (EMS), automated meter reading and smart grid technologies. Processing of industrial and domestic waste water, Purification of drinking water, desalination of sea water, use of smart meters in water usage management and use of geographical information processing in related activities are as some of their Smart City solutions for water resources. Transportation based on railways, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and EVs & HEVs are examples for horizontal mobility solutions whereas escalators and elevators with high speed and capacity are examples for vertical mobility solutions. Furthermore, Hitachi has identified three key features that characterize a Smart City. First is the integration among different urban infrastructure and making them smart. Making the resulting in are implied by the term ‘smart’ implies making infrastructure intelligent and adding them some information processing capabilities and knowledge capabilities. This would result in ITS and Intelligent Water Systems and so forth. The second point is fusing information and control. The intent here is the use of information pertaining to a particular operation of a city in its operational control. Also, overall optimization can be achieved by interconnecting different performing integrated management and infrastructural information systems. The third key feature is the use smart meters and sensor networks in order to equip the cities with their own sensory nervous systems, replacing the earlier systems in which the information flowed only in single direction.
- 13. PAGE 12 5.4. The maturity Smart City Model The Smart Cities Maturity Model describes five maturing levels that lead to an optimized Smart Cities approach. This model explains that a maturing Smart City will increasingly plan and deliver services within an interconnected system i.e. transport, as opposed to elements within the system i.e. car, rail, bus. The Smart Cities Maturity Model is a systems approach which is enabled by increasing use of digital technologies and data. It aims to transform governance and service delivery models and citizen & business engagement. The model identifies these as crucial dimensions that a Smart City must invest. Throughout the stages of the self-assessment one is therefore prompted to consider the extent to which these dimensions are maturing. The ultimate vision of this model is a Smart City that strategically manages multiple systems at a city-wide level & through shared accountability ,increased transparency, openness and creates an innovation system that enhances city competitiveness and improves outcomes.
- 14. PAGE 13 Key Dimensionsin MaturitySmart city model The Model considers maturity across five dimensions Outline Concept Strategic Intent Successful smart cities have a strategy and roadmap setting out how investment in data & digital technologies enables service reform and partner collaboration. An effective strategy focuses on delivering improved outcomes aligned to the city’s strategic priorities Data Successful smart cities make effective use of their data assets to secure better outcomes. They invest in system wide data capture, integration and analytics capabilities. Open data underpins their commitment to transparency and innovation Technology Successful smart cities invest in open, flexible, integrated and scalable ICT architectures that enable accelerated service innovation such as provision of automated and realtime dynamic response capabilities. Governance & Service deliver models Successful smart cities adapt traditional organisational models of delivery to realise the opportunities of data and digital technologies. They invest in system wide partnership models focused on shared outcomes. Stakeholder Management Successful smart cities make best use of data and digital technologies to invest in enhanced openness and transparency. Stakeholder engagement and stakeholder ownership of service reform is central within a smart city. Smart cities are proactive in improving take up of digital services while supporting the digitally excluded
- 15. PAGE 14 6. IDENTIFIED KEY FEATURES FOR A GLOBAL SMART CITY MODEL Placing the major concern on overcoming There are certain limitations in the existing models that restrict the concept of Smart city being promoted to small and emerging cities especially in developing countries. To overcome these limitation six key features have been identified that needs to be present in a new smart city model that aims to achieve a sufficient level of flexibility. a) Government-led initiatives that collaborate with private sector The vision and concept of a Smart City and the models developed by different organizations in realizing Smart Cities are usually tailored around the areas of their core competencies. Business organizations’ efforts towards corporate social responsibility are always appreciated and in order to succeed in realizing objectives of Smart city there is need of government collaborations with leading business companies. It should also be accepted that the high profits that can be generated through investments in Smart City projects is the major motivating factor behind the private sector involvement in Smart City initiatives and this can be seen as one of the major reasons responsible for the lag of introducing and promoting the concept to the smaller cities. But the government authorities’ responsibility in developing environments that allow the citizens to prosper in their lives can never be relaxed. Hence, the government needs to take the lead in this new transformation supported and accelerated by the private sector’s cooperation. b) The hierarchy of needs serves as the basis on which the model is built upon Each of the above discussed models identify different city components while describing a smart city. However, no city can prosper unless the basic needs of the city dwellers are met and therefore it is very important that the cities should identify and prioritize the needs of its citizens and accordingly their demands should be catered. However, it is truly a complex process to identify the appropriate ranking criteria. This challenging task can be performed with the assistance from a well-established framework. The needs hierarchy proposed by Abraham Maslow in which safety, physiological, esteem, self-actualization & self- transcendence, belongingness & love needs describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through can be used for the purpose.
- 16. PAGE 15 Maslow's hierarchy of needs c) Cities should be enabled to identify and define their needs and aspirations by their own in order to achieve the flexibility of the model in applying for a city of any scale. As proposed by Cohen and many others, enabling the cities to define their own vision and goals, strategies in realising the set goals and the evaluation criteria based on which the cities can identify their current standing is very important in enhancing the applicability of a Smart city model to a city of any scale. d) Emphasis is given on participatory governance inspired by the emergence of new technologies; the stakeholder feedback generated through continuously evolving needs will provide the model a cyclic behaviour. The concept of Smart cities cannot be realised by the participation of just governments and corporations. The general public must also be actively involved in sharing their own thoughts and ideas. That is what Smart Cities are all about. The best way to achieve this objective is through living labs which can be viewed as a research concept or a user- centered open innovation ecosystem which often operates in a territorial context such as a city and integrates concurrent research and innovation processes. Comninos et al. have also adopted the concept of living labs in developing a policy roadmap for Smart Cities & future internet. They emphasize on open innovation and web 2.0 technologies as an effective way of promoting a more proactive role of citizens in service creation and development of the Smart city model. This will help to achieve an enhanced coordination between the demand of citizens and supply by the government/city
- 17. PAGE 16 authorities. These new technologies can also help to generate a feedback loop and the iterative four-step method - PDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do– check–adjust) can be further used for directing the cities towards achieving continuous improvement & control. e) Interconnections among different components or entities of the model are encouraged and optimizations are targeted in the utilization of existing city resources Many scholars emphasise on integrations among different city components of a Smart city model. This integration is viewed as very crucial. Processes will be streamlined and optimized to enable efficiencies on a large scale by assuring the right information to be there in the right hands at all times, integrating intelligence, and through matching demand side and supply side data. f) Universal design is integrated so as to make the cities liveable and accessible to all Integrating the universal design to the proposed model should be focussed so that the cities of tomorrow are liveable and accessible for everyone in the greatest possible extent, irrespective of their status, age or ability in life. 7. CONCLUSION The existing literature on the concept of Smart Cities, proposed models, suggested definitions, and successful Smart City implementations were analyzed and the limitations in existing models that restrict the conceptbeing promoted to smaller and emerging cities especially in developing countries were also identified. Considering the key features and major concerns of existing models, six key features have been identified that should be present in the model of a Smart city, that is flexible enough to be applied for cities of different scales. Maslow’s conceptof hierarchy of needs serves as the base on which the model is built upon and the model associates a cyclic behavior. Optimization of the utilization of available city resources should be focused and at the same time universal design needs to be integrated to the model.