Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed.
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
Security in manet via different intrusion detection techniquesIAEME Publication
This document discusses security threats in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and different intrusion detection techniques that can be used to counter attacks. It first describes MANETs and notes their vulnerabilities like dynamic topology, lack of infrastructure, and resource constraints make them prone to security threats. Both passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like black holes, sinkholes, and denial of service attacks are discussed. The document then examines various intrusion detection techniques like specification-based, anomaly-based, agent-based, and cluster-based that could be applied to MANETs to detect security threats and attacks.
MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is a self-governing system in which different mobile nodes are connected by wireless links. MANETs comprise of mobile nodes that are independent for moving in and out over the network. Nodes are the devices or systems that is laptops, mobile phone etc. those are participating in the network. These nodes can operate as router/host or both simultaneously. These nodes can form uninformed topologies as per their connectivity among nodes over the network. Security in MANETs is the prime anxiety for the fundamental working of network. MANETs frequently will be ill with security threats because of it having features like altering its topology dynamically, open medium, lack of central management & monitoring, cooperative algorithms and no apparent security mechanism. These factors draw an attention for the MANETs against the security intimidation. In this paper we have studied about security attack in MANET and its consequences, proposed technique for black hole detection is hybrid in nature which combines the benefit of proactive and reactive protocol and proposed technique is compared with AODV.
This document summarizes a survey on attacks against mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses their unique characteristics and vulnerabilities. It then categorizes the different types of attacks that can occur in MANETs based on their nature (active vs passive), location (external vs internal), and which layer of the protocol stack they target (physical, data link, network, transport, etc.). Specific attacks are defined at each level. The document aims to provide an overview of the security issues in MANETs and different classifications of attacks.
A Novel Approach to Detect & Prevent Wormhole Attack over MANET & Sensor n/w ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) mobile node is responsible for route establishment using
wireless link where each node may behave like both as a host and router. MANET encounters number of
security threats because of its open entrusted environment, with little security arrangement, security over
MANET can be enhance up to some satisfactory level because of its inherent characteristics. Among some of
the prominent security threats wormhole attack is considered to be a very serious security threat over MANET.
In wormhole two selfish node which is geographically very far away to each other makes tunnel between each
other to hide their actual location and give the illusion that they are true neighbours and attract other nodes to
make conversation through the wormhole tunnel. Many researchers focused on detecting wormhole attack and
its prevention mechanism. It seems that in the previous technique there is a need to improve their results in the
brink of false negative rate, routing overhead etc. The present paper has proposed the hybrid model in order to
detect and prevent the wormhole attack. This approach has been work with neighbour node and hop count
method.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network, Selfish node, Malicious node, AODV
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE DETECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS IN MOBILE AD-...IJNSA Journal
This document summarizes research on developing a distributed intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using dynamic neural networks. The system uses learning vector quantization neural networks distributed across nodes to identify patterns of network attacks. In a simulation of 18 nodes, the system successfully detected 80% of man-in-the-middle attacks on the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. The distributed nature of the neural network approach helps overcome limitations of bandwidth and connectivity in MANETs compared to traditional centralized intrusion detection systems.
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
Security in manet via different intrusion detection techniquesIAEME Publication
This document discusses security threats in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and different intrusion detection techniques that can be used to counter attacks. It first describes MANETs and notes their vulnerabilities like dynamic topology, lack of infrastructure, and resource constraints make them prone to security threats. Both passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like black holes, sinkholes, and denial of service attacks are discussed. The document then examines various intrusion detection techniques like specification-based, anomaly-based, agent-based, and cluster-based that could be applied to MANETs to detect security threats and attacks.
MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is a self-governing system in which different mobile nodes are connected by wireless links. MANETs comprise of mobile nodes that are independent for moving in and out over the network. Nodes are the devices or systems that is laptops, mobile phone etc. those are participating in the network. These nodes can operate as router/host or both simultaneously. These nodes can form uninformed topologies as per their connectivity among nodes over the network. Security in MANETs is the prime anxiety for the fundamental working of network. MANETs frequently will be ill with security threats because of it having features like altering its topology dynamically, open medium, lack of central management & monitoring, cooperative algorithms and no apparent security mechanism. These factors draw an attention for the MANETs against the security intimidation. In this paper we have studied about security attack in MANET and its consequences, proposed technique for black hole detection is hybrid in nature which combines the benefit of proactive and reactive protocol and proposed technique is compared with AODV.
This document summarizes a survey on attacks against mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses their unique characteristics and vulnerabilities. It then categorizes the different types of attacks that can occur in MANETs based on their nature (active vs passive), location (external vs internal), and which layer of the protocol stack they target (physical, data link, network, transport, etc.). Specific attacks are defined at each level. The document aims to provide an overview of the security issues in MANETs and different classifications of attacks.
A Novel Approach to Detect & Prevent Wormhole Attack over MANET & Sensor n/w ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) mobile node is responsible for route establishment using
wireless link where each node may behave like both as a host and router. MANET encounters number of
security threats because of its open entrusted environment, with little security arrangement, security over
MANET can be enhance up to some satisfactory level because of its inherent characteristics. Among some of
the prominent security threats wormhole attack is considered to be a very serious security threat over MANET.
In wormhole two selfish node which is geographically very far away to each other makes tunnel between each
other to hide their actual location and give the illusion that they are true neighbours and attract other nodes to
make conversation through the wormhole tunnel. Many researchers focused on detecting wormhole attack and
its prevention mechanism. It seems that in the previous technique there is a need to improve their results in the
brink of false negative rate, routing overhead etc. The present paper has proposed the hybrid model in order to
detect and prevent the wormhole attack. This approach has been work with neighbour node and hop count
method.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network, Selfish node, Malicious node, AODV
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE DETECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS IN MOBILE AD-...IJNSA Journal
This document summarizes research on developing a distributed intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using dynamic neural networks. The system uses learning vector quantization neural networks distributed across nodes to identify patterns of network attacks. In a simulation of 18 nodes, the system successfully detected 80% of man-in-the-middle attacks on the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. The distributed nature of the neural network approach helps overcome limitations of bandwidth and connectivity in MANETs compared to traditional centralized intrusion detection systems.
This document discusses security challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and reviews several secure routing protocols proposed to address these challenges. It begins by introducing MANETs and explaining that routing in MANETs is difficult due to the dynamic topology. It then discusses common security goals for routing protocols like confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Several attacks on MANET routing protocols are described, including passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like wormhole and blackhole attacks. The document proceeds to review six secure routing protocols for MANETs - DSDV, SAR, SAODV, SRP, Secure AODV using RSA signatures, and TORA - and describes their approaches to providing routing security. It concludes
this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study on different trust based routing schemes in manetijwmn
This document summarizes and compares different trust-based routing schemes for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It first provides background on MANETs and discusses some common security attacks. It then introduces the concept of trust mechanisms as an alternative to cryptographic techniques for securing routing in MANETs. The document proceeds to overview existing trust-based routing protocols like Trusted AODV and CONFIDANT, describing how they calculate and use trust values. Finally, it compares the performances of different trust-based protocols.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
This document discusses detection of collision attacks in wireless sensor networks using rule-based packet flow rates. It proposes detection algorithms that monitor the packet flow rate to the base station node. The algorithms aim to have low false detection and tolerance rates and quickly detect attacks. Simulation results show the algorithms achieve these goals. The document also reviews related work on intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks.
This presentation covers Security Issues in Mobile Adhoc Network in brief, highlighting various attacks such as Sleep Deprivation, Wormhole, Blackhole and Eavesdropping in particulars.
Attacks and counterattacks on wireless sensor networksijasuc
WSN is formed by autonomous nodes with partial memory, communication range, power, and bandwidth.
Their occupation depends on inspecting corporal and environmental conditions and communing through a
system and performing data processing. The application field is vast, comprising military, ecology,
healthcare, home or commercial and require a highly secured communication. The paper analyses different
types of attacks and counterattacks and provides solutions for the WSN threats.
Detection and prevention of wormhole attack in mobile adhoc networksambitlick
This document discusses detection and prevention of wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. A wormhole attack is a powerful attack where two or more malicious nodes collude to tunnel packets between them, emulating a shorter route and attracting traffic. This can severely disrupt network communication. The paper proposes a novel trust-based scheme to identify wormhole-creating nodes without cryptography. Extensive simulations show the scheme effectively handles colluding malicious nodes without imposing extra network conditions.
This document discusses security attacks in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by defining MANETs as decentralized wireless networks composed of mobile nodes that communicate in a peer-to-peer fashion without fixed infrastructure. It notes that MANETs are vulnerable to both passive and active attacks. Passive attacks target confidentiality by snooping data, while active attacks disrupt normal operation by modifying, injecting, or dropping packets. Several specific active attacks are described, including black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and routing table poisoning attacks. The document aims to identify security objectives, potential threats, and vulnerabilities in order to analyze attacks on MANETs.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
Detecting Wormhole Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self organizing, infrastructure less, multi-hop network. The wireless and distributed nature of MANETs poses a great challenge to system security designers. Ad hoc networks are by nature very open to anyone. Anyone with the proper hardware and knowledge of the network topology and protocols can connect to the network. This allows potential attackers to infiltrate the network and carry out attacks on its participants with the purpose of stealing or altering information. A specific type of attack, the Wormhole attack does not require exploiting any nodes in the network and can interfere with the route establishment process. It does not require any cryptographic primitives. This attack targets specifically routing control packets, the nodes that are close to the attackers are shielded from any alternative routes with more than one or two hops to the remote location. All routes are thus directed to the wormhole established by the attackers. The entire routing system in MANET can even be brought down using the wormhole attack.
REPLICATION ATTACK MITIGATIONS FOR STATIC AND MOBILE WSNIJNSA Journal
Security is important for many sensor network applications. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are often deployed in hostile environments as static or mobile, where an adversary can physically capture some of the nodes. once a node is captured, adversary collects all the credentials like keys and identity etc. the attacker can re-program it and replicate the node in order to eavesdrop the transmitted messages or compromise the functionality of the network. Identity theft leads to two types attack: clone and sybil. In particularly a harmful attack against sensor networks where one or more node(s) illegitimately claims an identity as replicas is known as the node replication attack. The replication attack can be exceedingly injurious to many important functions of the sensor network such as routing, resource llocation, misbehavior detection, etc. This paper analyzes the threat posed by the replication attack and several novel techniques to detect and defend against the replication attack, and analyzes their effectiveness in both static and mobile WSN.
This document provides an overview of security issues in wireless ad-hoc networks. It discusses the properties and functions of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) including availability, authentication, confidentiality, and data integrity. It classifies attacks as internal/external and active/passive. Specific attacks like wormhole and black hole are described. Solutions to these attacks include packet leashes to restrict travel distance and binding user identity to trust levels. Key management is important, using group, symmetric, and shared keys. In conclusion, more research is needed to fully address security challenges in unpredictable wireless networks.
Security Issues & Challenging Attributes in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)IRJET Journal
This document discusses security issues and challenges in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their key features. It then discusses different types of security attacks on MANETs, including active attacks like black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and flooding attacks. It also covers passive attacks like eavesdropping. It analyzes security threats at different layers of the OSI model. Some of the major security challenges in MANETs are the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic network topology, and limited resources. The document concludes that security is a major concern for applications using MANETs and more work is needed to develop efficient security algorithms for these networks.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes WRSR, a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks that is resistant to wormhole attacks. WRSR can detect and prevent routes containing wormhole links during the route discovery process. It does not require specialized hardware like GPS or synchronized clocks. WRSR uses the unit disk graph model to determine that for a path to be wormhole-free, any two-hop sub-path must have an alternate shorter sub-path. This allows WRSR to identify route requests traversing wormhole links and quarantine those routes before they can be established. The key features of WRSR are its ability to defend against hidden and Byzantine wormhole attacks without relying on extra hardware or computationally intensive cryptography.
Mitigation of Colluding Selective Forwarding Attack in WMNs using FADEIJTET Journal
ABSTRACT - Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising technology because of their wide range of
applications. Wireless mesh networks wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are dynamically self – organizing, self –
configuring, self – healing with nodes in the network automatically establishing an adHoc network and maintaining mesh
connectivity. Because of their fast connectivity wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is widely used in military applications.
Security is the major constrain in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). This paper considers a special type of DoS attack
called selective forwarding attack or greyhole attack. With such an attack, a misbehaving mesh router just forwards few
packets it receives but drops sensitive data packets. To mitigate the effect of such attack an approach called FADE :
Forward Assessment based Detection is adopted. FADE scheme detects the presence of attack inside the network by
means of two-hop acknowledgment based monitoring and forward assessment based detection. FADE operates in three
phases and analyzed by determining optimal threshold values. This approach is found to provide effective defense against
the collaborative internal attackers in WMNs.
This document discusses security issues and attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It outlines the general objectives of analyzing flooding attacks on MANETs and preventing such attacks for networks with high node mobility. It describes common attacks on MANETs such as flooding attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Byzantine attacks. The document also discusses security mechanisms for MANETs including preventive cryptography-based approaches and reactive intrusion detection system approaches. It stresses the need for comprehensive security solutions to deal with the diverse attacks that are facilitated by the open and dynamic nature of MANETs.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because
they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity
in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network
performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the
number of black hole attacks increases.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the number of black hole attacks increases.
This document discusses security challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and reviews several secure routing protocols proposed to address these challenges. It begins by introducing MANETs and explaining that routing in MANETs is difficult due to the dynamic topology. It then discusses common security goals for routing protocols like confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Several attacks on MANET routing protocols are described, including passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like wormhole and blackhole attacks. The document proceeds to review six secure routing protocols for MANETs - DSDV, SAR, SAODV, SRP, Secure AODV using RSA signatures, and TORA - and describes their approaches to providing routing security. It concludes
this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study on different trust based routing schemes in manetijwmn
This document summarizes and compares different trust-based routing schemes for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It first provides background on MANETs and discusses some common security attacks. It then introduces the concept of trust mechanisms as an alternative to cryptographic techniques for securing routing in MANETs. The document proceeds to overview existing trust-based routing protocols like Trusted AODV and CONFIDANT, describing how they calculate and use trust values. Finally, it compares the performances of different trust-based protocols.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
This document discusses detection of collision attacks in wireless sensor networks using rule-based packet flow rates. It proposes detection algorithms that monitor the packet flow rate to the base station node. The algorithms aim to have low false detection and tolerance rates and quickly detect attacks. Simulation results show the algorithms achieve these goals. The document also reviews related work on intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks.
This presentation covers Security Issues in Mobile Adhoc Network in brief, highlighting various attacks such as Sleep Deprivation, Wormhole, Blackhole and Eavesdropping in particulars.
Attacks and counterattacks on wireless sensor networksijasuc
WSN is formed by autonomous nodes with partial memory, communication range, power, and bandwidth.
Their occupation depends on inspecting corporal and environmental conditions and communing through a
system and performing data processing. The application field is vast, comprising military, ecology,
healthcare, home or commercial and require a highly secured communication. The paper analyses different
types of attacks and counterattacks and provides solutions for the WSN threats.
Detection and prevention of wormhole attack in mobile adhoc networksambitlick
This document discusses detection and prevention of wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. A wormhole attack is a powerful attack where two or more malicious nodes collude to tunnel packets between them, emulating a shorter route and attracting traffic. This can severely disrupt network communication. The paper proposes a novel trust-based scheme to identify wormhole-creating nodes without cryptography. Extensive simulations show the scheme effectively handles colluding malicious nodes without imposing extra network conditions.
This document discusses security attacks in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by defining MANETs as decentralized wireless networks composed of mobile nodes that communicate in a peer-to-peer fashion without fixed infrastructure. It notes that MANETs are vulnerable to both passive and active attacks. Passive attacks target confidentiality by snooping data, while active attacks disrupt normal operation by modifying, injecting, or dropping packets. Several specific active attacks are described, including black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and routing table poisoning attacks. The document aims to identify security objectives, potential threats, and vulnerabilities in order to analyze attacks on MANETs.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
Detecting Wormhole Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self organizing, infrastructure less, multi-hop network. The wireless and distributed nature of MANETs poses a great challenge to system security designers. Ad hoc networks are by nature very open to anyone. Anyone with the proper hardware and knowledge of the network topology and protocols can connect to the network. This allows potential attackers to infiltrate the network and carry out attacks on its participants with the purpose of stealing or altering information. A specific type of attack, the Wormhole attack does not require exploiting any nodes in the network and can interfere with the route establishment process. It does not require any cryptographic primitives. This attack targets specifically routing control packets, the nodes that are close to the attackers are shielded from any alternative routes with more than one or two hops to the remote location. All routes are thus directed to the wormhole established by the attackers. The entire routing system in MANET can even be brought down using the wormhole attack.
REPLICATION ATTACK MITIGATIONS FOR STATIC AND MOBILE WSNIJNSA Journal
Security is important for many sensor network applications. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are often deployed in hostile environments as static or mobile, where an adversary can physically capture some of the nodes. once a node is captured, adversary collects all the credentials like keys and identity etc. the attacker can re-program it and replicate the node in order to eavesdrop the transmitted messages or compromise the functionality of the network. Identity theft leads to two types attack: clone and sybil. In particularly a harmful attack against sensor networks where one or more node(s) illegitimately claims an identity as replicas is known as the node replication attack. The replication attack can be exceedingly injurious to many important functions of the sensor network such as routing, resource llocation, misbehavior detection, etc. This paper analyzes the threat posed by the replication attack and several novel techniques to detect and defend against the replication attack, and analyzes their effectiveness in both static and mobile WSN.
This document provides an overview of security issues in wireless ad-hoc networks. It discusses the properties and functions of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) including availability, authentication, confidentiality, and data integrity. It classifies attacks as internal/external and active/passive. Specific attacks like wormhole and black hole are described. Solutions to these attacks include packet leashes to restrict travel distance and binding user identity to trust levels. Key management is important, using group, symmetric, and shared keys. In conclusion, more research is needed to fully address security challenges in unpredictable wireless networks.
Security Issues & Challenging Attributes in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)IRJET Journal
This document discusses security issues and challenges in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their key features. It then discusses different types of security attacks on MANETs, including active attacks like black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and flooding attacks. It also covers passive attacks like eavesdropping. It analyzes security threats at different layers of the OSI model. Some of the major security challenges in MANETs are the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic network topology, and limited resources. The document concludes that security is a major concern for applications using MANETs and more work is needed to develop efficient security algorithms for these networks.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes WRSR, a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks that is resistant to wormhole attacks. WRSR can detect and prevent routes containing wormhole links during the route discovery process. It does not require specialized hardware like GPS or synchronized clocks. WRSR uses the unit disk graph model to determine that for a path to be wormhole-free, any two-hop sub-path must have an alternate shorter sub-path. This allows WRSR to identify route requests traversing wormhole links and quarantine those routes before they can be established. The key features of WRSR are its ability to defend against hidden and Byzantine wormhole attacks without relying on extra hardware or computationally intensive cryptography.
Mitigation of Colluding Selective Forwarding Attack in WMNs using FADEIJTET Journal
ABSTRACT - Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising technology because of their wide range of
applications. Wireless mesh networks wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are dynamically self – organizing, self –
configuring, self – healing with nodes in the network automatically establishing an adHoc network and maintaining mesh
connectivity. Because of their fast connectivity wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is widely used in military applications.
Security is the major constrain in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). This paper considers a special type of DoS attack
called selective forwarding attack or greyhole attack. With such an attack, a misbehaving mesh router just forwards few
packets it receives but drops sensitive data packets. To mitigate the effect of such attack an approach called FADE :
Forward Assessment based Detection is adopted. FADE scheme detects the presence of attack inside the network by
means of two-hop acknowledgment based monitoring and forward assessment based detection. FADE operates in three
phases and analyzed by determining optimal threshold values. This approach is found to provide effective defense against
the collaborative internal attackers in WMNs.
This document discusses security issues and attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It outlines the general objectives of analyzing flooding attacks on MANETs and preventing such attacks for networks with high node mobility. It describes common attacks on MANETs such as flooding attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Byzantine attacks. The document also discusses security mechanisms for MANETs including preventive cryptography-based approaches and reactive intrusion detection system approaches. It stresses the need for comprehensive security solutions to deal with the diverse attacks that are facilitated by the open and dynamic nature of MANETs.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because
they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity
in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network
performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the
number of black hole attacks increases.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the number of black hole attacks increases.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of black hole attacks on the performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study used the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) to simulate black hole attacks on MANETs using the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. It found that the packet delivery ratio decreased significantly when black hole nodes were introduced that dropped packets instead of forwarding them as they should. Increasing the number of black hole nodes caused an even more dramatic decrease in the packet delivery ratio.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of black hole attacks on the performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study used the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) to simulate black hole attacks in MANETs using the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. It was found that the packet delivery ratio decreased significantly when black hole attacks were introduced. Additionally, the packet delivery ratio decreased dramatically as the number of black hole nodes increased.
AN IMPROVED WATCHDOG TECHNIQUE BASED ON POWER-AWARE HIERARCHICAL DESIGN FOR I...IJNSA Journal
This document proposes an improved watchdog technique for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. The technique uses a hierarchical model with cluster head nodes acting as watchdogs to monitor network activity within each cell. This is intended to overcome issues with the original watchdog mechanism and reduce power consumption, extending the lifetime of sensor nodes. The algorithm for malicious node detection involves the cluster head eavesdropping on transmissions, comparing messages to a buffer, and raising warnings if messages do not match. Simulation results showed this approach increased network lifetime by around 2611 seconds compared to a non-hierarchical model.
An intrusion detection mechanism for manets based on deep learning artificial...IJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, decentralized network of wireless portable nodes connecting directly without any fixed communication base station or centralized administration. Nodes in MANET move continuously in random directions and follow an arbitrary manner, which presents numerous challenges to these networks and make them more susceptible to different security threats. Due to this decentralized nature of their overall architecture, combined with the limitation of hardware resources, those infrastructure-less networks are more susceptible to different security attacks such as black hole attack, network partition, node selfishness, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This work aims to present, investigate, and design an intrusion detection predictive technique for Mobile Ad hoc networks using deep learning artificial neural networks (ANNs). A simulation-based evaluation and a deep ANNs modelling for detecting and isolating a Denial of Service (DoS) attack are presented to improve the overall security level of Mobile ad hoc networks.
AN INTRUSION DETECTION MECHANISM FOR MANETS BASED ON DEEP LEARNING ARTIFICIAL...IJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, decentralized network of wireless portable nodes
connecting directly without any fixed communication base station or centralized administration. Nodes in
MANET move continuously in random directions and follow an arbitrary manner, which presents
numerous challenges to these networks and make them more susceptible to different security threats. Due
to this decentralized nature of their overall architecture, combined with the limitation of hardware
resources, those infrastructure-less networks are more susceptible to different security attacks such as
black hole attack, network partition, node selfishness, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This work aims
to present, investigate, and design an intrusion detection predictive technique for Mobile Ad hoc networks
using deep learning artificial neural networks (ANNs). A simulation-based evaluation and a deep ANNs
modelling for detecting and isolating a Denial of Service (DoS) attack are presented to improve the overall
security level of Mobile ad hoc networks.
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
The apt identification and blocking through ids in manetijctet
This document summarizes research on detecting and blocking advanced persistent threats (APTs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) through an intrusion detection system (IDS). The research proposes applying an IDS to identify and prevent APT attacks from malware like viruses, worms, and trojan horses that could spread in the dynamic MANET topology and degrade network performance. The IDS would monitor nodes, identify suspicious activity based on differences from normal behavior patterns, and block identified attackers to secure the MANET from unauthorized access and data theft or modification by APTs.
This document discusses security issues and proposed solutions for wireless sensor networks. It begins by defining wireless sensor networks and describing common applications. It then outlines several security threats like denial of service attacks, wormhole attacks, sybil attacks, and traffic analysis attacks. It also discusses proposed cryptography and authentication schemes to provide data confidentiality, integrity, and freshness. Finally, it advocates for a holistic security approach that considers all network layers rather than focusing on single layers.
EFFICIENT DETECTION OF SYBIL ATTACK BASED ON CRYPTOGRAPHY IN VANETIJNSA Journal
Vehicular communications play a substantial role in providing safety transportation by means of safety message exchange. Researchers have proposed several solutions for securing safety messages. Protocols based on a fixed key infrastructure are more efficient in implementation and maintain stronger security in comparison with dynamic structures. The purpose of this paper present a method based on a fixed key infrastructure for detection impersonation attack, in other words, Sybil attack, in the vehicular ad hoc network. This attack, puts a great impact on performance of the network. The proposed method, using an cryptography mechanism to detection Sybil attack. Finally, using Mat lab simulator the results of this approach are reviewed, This method it has low delay for detection Sybil attack, because most operations are done in Certification Authority, so this proposed schema is a efficient method for detection Sybil attack.
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
Securing WSN communication using Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement ProtocolIJMTST Journal
This document summarizes an enhanced adaptive acknowledgement protocol for securing wireless sensor network communication. It begins by describing security challenges in WSNs like the wireless medium, hostile environments, and resource constraints. It then discusses common security attacks like black hole and grey hole attacks. Existing acknowledgement schemes like Watchdog, TWOACK, and AACK are explained along with their limitations in detecting such attacks. The document proposes an Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (EAACK) scheme that uses ACK, Secure ACK, and Misbehavior Report Authentication to better detect attacks while reducing overhead. EAACK aims to securely detect black hole, grey hole, and false misbehavior reporting in wireless sensor networks.
The mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructure less system of mobility appliance connected by wireless.
The system protection violate cannot be prohibited using access and information flow control. This violate may
be outcome system software and hardware failures interrelate system organizational actions or disappointment
of the system verification module. The required for generate the existing methods into more difficult is in
addition rising, because it result into fresh and other useful resolution. Intrusion detection is a significant part in
the detection system abuse in many cases in current research works. An intrusion detection system is the
capability to sense intruders and abuser actions in the system in a competent and sensible fashion. An Intruder
that collaborate a mobile node in MANET eliminates the communication between the nodes. By distribution
fake routing information, provided that false link status information, and plentiful other nodes with superfluous
routing traffic information. The dependency and decentralized of MANET facilitate a challenger to enlarge
innovative type of attacks that are measured to demolish the cooperative algorithms used in ad hoc networks.
MANET is mostly susceptible to several kinds of attacks like inactive eavesdropping, dynamic impersonation,
and denial of services. An Intruder that collaborate a mobile node in MANET obliterate the communication
between the nodes by dissemination fake routing information. If inaccurate link state information, and abundant
other nodes with superfluous routing traffic information. Therefore, successful implementation of MANET
based on user’s poise in its security. The security research in MANET has paying attention on key managing,
routing protocol and intrusion detection techniques. Assessment on intrusion detection and supportive layer in
MANET endow with resolution to extend their real world applications. In this paper, aspire to revision the
various intrusion detections and prevention systems that were anticipated for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
(MANETs). And then compare the latest techniques Intrusion Detection dependent on their architecture and
data gathering techniques
A New Way of Identifying DOS Attack Using Multivariate Correlation Analysisijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for identifying denial of service (DoS) attacks using multivariate correlation analysis (MCA). The method involves three main steps: 1) generating basic features from network traffic, 2) using MCA to extract correlations between features and generate triangle area maps, and 3) using an anomaly-based detection mechanism to distinguish attacks from normal traffic based on differences from pre-generated normal profiles. The researchers evaluate their method on the KDD Cup 99 dataset and achieve moderate detection performance. However, they identify issues related to differences in feature scales that reduce detection of some attacks. They propose using statistical normalization to address this.
This document discusses preventing and isolating black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using alarm packets. It begins with background on MANETs and security attacks they face such as black hole attacks. Then, it reviews existing literature on detecting and preventing black hole attacks. Next, it describes how black hole attacks work in MANETs by having malicious nodes advertise short paths to destinations and drop packets. The proposed solution will use alarm packets to isolate and prevent black hole attacks in MANETs.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
Similar to Survey of manet misbehaviour detection approaches (20)
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
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Public CyberSecurity Awareness Presentation 2024.pptx
Survey of manet misbehaviour detection approaches
1. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2014.6302 19
SURVEY OF MANET MISBEHAVIOUR
DETECTION APPROACHES
Punya Peethambaran and Dr. Jayasudha J. S.
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCT College of Engineering,
Trivandrum, Kerala
2
Head of the Department, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,SCT
College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala
ABSTRACT
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) turn out to be very useful in the current application areas for networks
that require ad hoc connectivity as well as mobility. While the MANET routing protocols were designed it
was assumed that there is no chance to have a malicious node in the network that does not co operate with
each other to transmit data. Because of this fact, the network layer of MANETs is vulnerable to attacks of
several kinds. Here in this paper, different kinds of attacks on MANETs are discussed first and then some
protection mechanisms against those attacks are discussed. Comparisons of these mechanisms are also
included.
KEYWORDS
Mobile ad hoc networks, Attacks, Network Security, Intrusion Detection, Network layer security.
1. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network is a group of mobile nodes which do not need an access point or any
infrastructure for proper working [1], [2], [3]. Unlike normal network architectures, here in
MANETs all nodes work as both sender and receiver. MANETs are widely used in emergency
applications mainly due to the two characteristics of self configuration and easy deployment of
mobile nodes. Nowadays it is even used in industrial applications extensively. In such a scenario,
it is crucial to solve the security issues in them.
In ordinary wireless networks, the communication is limited to the nodes within the range of
communication, i.e. the range of the transmitters. In contrary, in MANETs intermediate nodes
help in transmission. MANET networks can be classified as of two types, single hop and multi
hop. Nodes in a single hop network which are in the transmission range will communicate with
each other directly. What happens when the nodes that require communicating are not within the
transmission range? It is then that the multihop networks are used. Here, the intermediate nodes
will help in transmission, if the communicating nodes are not within the range of communication.
The network infrastructure of MANETs is decentralized and is not fixed, which means all the
nodes are free to move.
In some of the emergency circumstances, a fixed infrastructure will not be available or it may not
be feasible enough to install a new one, like natural disasters, human induced disasters, military or
medical situations. It is in such situations that the quick deployment and minimal configuration
2. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
20
characteristics of MANETs come as an advantage. Due to these reasons, they are widely used in
the industry recently.
But these characteristics itself acts as disadvantages to the MANET applications. Lack of
centralized infrastructure and management, open environment, random distribution of nodes in
space and continuously changing topology makes MANETs vulnerable to the attackers. For
example, here the nodes are not much physically protected. So the attackers will easily attack the
nodes and those nodes will be used to launch so many kinds of attacks which we will discuss in
the next section. Even the routing protocols assume that all the nodes in the network are well
behaving and are not malicious. So the attackers can also insert malicious nodes into the network.
An intrusion detection system (IDS) specifically designed for MANETs are needed since unlike
the traditional networks, MANETs do not have a centralized management system.
Intrusion detection (ID) in MANETs is a lot more complex than in normal wireless networks that
are fixed because it is difficult to collect the required data from the MANETs. Also, complexities
arise due to the inherent characteristics of MANETs that are mentioned before.
Many more challenges are there which are given below.
• There are no central points where the data collection can be done at.
• MANET routing protocols rely on the intermediate nodes, which in turn makes easy for
the attackers to make intrusions.
• As MANETs are mobile, which means there is no fixed topology, the intrusion detection
process is more complicated.
• Mobile nodes often will have limited power, limited computing abilities, memory etc. This
also makes the ID process complex.
In this paper, we present a survey of certain attacks relevant in MANETs, the respective
protection mechanisms and a comparison of the same.
2. MANET ATTACKS
There are many kinds of intrusions or attacks known for MANETs. Like all the attacks, here also
the first classification can be done as passive and active attacks as shown in figure 1.
3. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
Figure 1. Classification of attacks in the network layer in MANETs.
2.1. Passive Attacks
The working of routing protocols is not at all disturbed during a passive attack but instead aims to
collect handy information by analyzing the traffic. The information that comes handy includes the
topology of the network, identity, location and other details about the nodes in the network.
Described below, are some kinds of passive attacks.
1. Eavesdropping: A major di
attacks. A communication can be intercieved by any other device which has a transciever
and is located within the transmission range. Sometimes encryption will prevent the
attackers from getting usef
get the needed information very easily.
2. Traffic Analysis and Location Disclosure: Similar to the eavesdropping approach, the
locations of nodes are identified by thorough analysis of the tra
amount of transmissions between the nodes. For example in a situation which involves a
commanding centre, that centre will be receiving and sending more number of
communications. Thus an attacker can easily find the commanding ce
the communication or traffic pattern.
2.2. Active Attacks
Modification of transmitting, injecting, duplicating, dropping of packets etc will also cause chaos
in MANETs. This can be induced by a single attacker or as a collaborative effo
one attacker called colluding nodes. They disturb the working of networks and will decrease the
performance of the network by a large amount e.g., denial of service attack. This survey focuses
mainly on the active network layer attacks. Des
Attacks
International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
Classification of attacks in the network layer in MANETs.
The working of routing protocols is not at all disturbed during a passive attack but instead aims to
information by analyzing the traffic. The information that comes handy includes the
topology of the network, identity, location and other details about the nodes in the network.
Described below, are some kinds of passive attacks.
Eavesdropping: A major disadvantage of wireless communication aids these kinds of
attacks. A communication can be intercieved by any other device which has a transciever
and is located within the transmission range. Sometimes encryption will prevent the
attackers from getting useful information. But if there is no encryption, then the attackers
get the needed information very easily.
Traffic Analysis and Location Disclosure: Similar to the eavesdropping approach, the
identified by thorough analysis of the traffic pattern, frquency and
amount of transmissions between the nodes. For example in a situation which involves a
commanding centre, that centre will be receiving and sending more number of
Thus an attacker can easily find the commanding centre by analyzing
the communication or traffic pattern.
Modification of transmitting, injecting, duplicating, dropping of packets etc will also cause chaos
in MANETs. This can be induced by a single attacker or as a collaborative effort of more than
one attacker called colluding nodes. They disturb the working of networks and will decrease the
performance of the network by a large amount e.g., denial of service attack. This survey focuses
mainly on the active network layer attacks. Described below, are some kinds of passive attacks.
Passive
Eavesdropping
Location
Disclosure
Trafffic Analysis
Active
Routing
Sleep
Depriviation
Black Hole
Grey Hole
Sybil
Malicious Packet
Dropping
International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
21
The working of routing protocols is not at all disturbed during a passive attack but instead aims to
information by analyzing the traffic. The information that comes handy includes the
topology of the network, identity, location and other details about the nodes in the network.
sadvantage of wireless communication aids these kinds of
attacks. A communication can be intercieved by any other device which has a transciever
and is located within the transmission range. Sometimes encryption will prevent the
ul information. But if there is no encryption, then the attackers
Traffic Analysis and Location Disclosure: Similar to the eavesdropping approach, the
ffic pattern, frquency and
amount of transmissions between the nodes. For example in a situation which involves a
commanding centre, that centre will be receiving and sending more number of
ntre by analyzing
Modification of transmitting, injecting, duplicating, dropping of packets etc will also cause chaos
rt of more than
one attacker called colluding nodes. They disturb the working of networks and will decrease the
performance of the network by a large amount e.g., denial of service attack. This survey focuses
cribed below, are some kinds of passive attacks.
Sleep
Depriviation
Black Hole
Grey Hole
Sybil
4. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
22
1. Malicious Packet Dropping: The route discovery process establishes a route between the
source and destination node. To ensure the successful transmission of packets after that,
the intermediate nodes in the route must forward the packets. But some malicious nodes
may decide to drop the packets. They are also called data packet dropping attack or data
forwarding misbehavior.
2. Routing Attacks: Some malicious nodes will utilize the loop holes in the routing
algorithms and the distributive or cooperative nature of the algorithms to attack. For e.g.,
AODV (Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing) and DSR (Dynamic Source
Routing) [4]. Four main types of routing attacks are discussed below.
a) Sleep Deprivation Attack: Here a node interacts with other nodes but the
interaction is to keep the victim busy.
b) Black Hole Attack: If the malicious node is chosen as an intermediate node in the
route, they may drop the packets instead of forwarding them.
c) Grey Hole Attack: It is similar to black hole attack. The difference lies in the fact
that here the packets are dropped selectively.
d) Sybil Attack: An attacker node may send control packets using different identities
and may create chaos in the routing process.
3. ACKNOWLEDGE BASED TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING
PACKET DROPPING ATTACKS
3.1. Watch Dog
In Watchdog [5], recently sent packets are kept in a buffer and overheard packets are compared
with those in the buffer. If a match is found, the packet in the buffer is removed. If a packet
remains in the buffer for a long time, a failure tally is incremented for that node which was
supposed to forward the packet. A threshold is set, exceeding which the node is considered
misbehaving and the source node is notified about that node.
Advantage: It detects misbehavior at the forwarding level as well as the link level.
Disadvantage: Detecting misbehavior in the presence of ambiguous collisions, receiver collisions
[6], limited transmission power, false misbehavior and partial dropping is difficult.
Watchdog will work properly only if it has the knowledge about where the packet would be in
two hops. Because of that limitation, watchdog works best with a source routing protocol like
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) only.
3.2. PathRater
A rating is maintained for every node in the network that it is aware of. The average of the node
ratings is considered and a path metric is calculated. The path which has the highest path metric
will be selected, if more than one path is available to a particular destination. Just like watchdog,
this must also be implemented on top of a source routing protocol. A neutral rating of 0.5 is
assigned to a node at first. It rates itself with a 1.0. The time interval for updating the path metric
is set as 200 ms and it increments the ratings on active paths with no misbehavior by 0.01 at
periodic intervals. A neutral node can attain a maximum value of 0.8 and a minimum value of 0.0.
If a node misbehaves or a link is down, the rating is decreased by 0.05. When the watchdog
mechanism is implemented along with path rater, a high negative value of -100 is assigned to
nodes that misbehave. A negative value for the path metric indicates that there are one or
more misbehaving nodes in that path. If a node is marked as misbehaving due to some
temporary fault, it should not be permanently marked so. Therefore, the nodes with
5. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
23
negative ratings should increase the ratings slowly. Another method is to set back the
rating to a positive value or 0.0 after a long time.
3.3. TwoAck
The key concept in this technique is that, the node ensures that the packet is received by a node
which is two hops away in that route [7]. Just like the normal acknowledgement packets, each
node will send an acknowledgement two hops backward called the TWOACK packets. If a node
does not receive a TWOACK packet after sending or forwarding a packet, then the next node’s
link is considered to be misbehaving and that route will not be considered again for routing.
A node will have a list of data packet IDs that are yet to receive a TWOACK acknowledgement
packet from a node that is two hops away. Each of the forwarding links will have a separate list in
each node. Each item on that list has the following [7]:
• CMIS: Counter which stores the number of misbehaviors detected.
• N2 and N3: The next two hops along that particular route.
• LIST: Data packet IDs that are yet to receive the acknowledgement.
• Whenever a data packet is forwarded along a link, the ID of that packet will be added to
the corresponding LIST. When a TWOACK packet is received, the corresponding entry
will be deleted. A time period is decided upon and if a packet stays in the LIST for a time
more than that specified time out, misbehavior is suspected in that link. If the CMIS
count exceeds a particular level or threshold, that link is noted as a misbehaving link and
the source will also be informed about the same. Every node will be having a list of
misbehaving links and those links will not be chosen for transmitting data packets. This
method also distinguishes between actual misbehavior and genuine faults in the network.
But the values selected for threshold and time out plays a very important role in deciding
the performance of the system.
In order to minimize the traffic created due to these TWOACK packets a selective method can be
followed which is the S-TWOACK scheme (Selective-TWOACK). Here the acknowledgement is
sent after a certain number of data packets are received and not for each and every packet.
This technique is not affected by ambiguous collisions, attacks using limited transmission power,
missed detections or reintroduction of misbehaving nodes [8].
3.4. EAACK – Enhanced Adaptive ACK
This technique employed by Elhadi et.al alleviates three weaknesses of Watchdog viz. false
misbehavior, limited transmission power and receiver collision [9]. This technique also
introduced the concept of digital signature into intrusion detection. It is an extension work of
ACK and selective-ACK (SACK), with misbehavior report authentication (MRA). If the data
transmission is not successful and acknowledgements are not received properly, node will switch
itself to S-ACK mode. In that mode, malicious nodes even in the presence of receiver collision or
limited transmission power will be detected.
The difference from the previous work lies in the fact that the source node has to turn on the
MRA mode and confirm the misbehavior rather than believing blindly that misbehavior occurred
[9]. Another route to reach the destination is selected or found out by initiating a new route
discovery. By sending data packets through that node the malicious node is avoided and the
destination node checks whether that particular data packet has already been received. Thus it
differentiates between a false report and a trustworthy report. Since this method relies completely
on the acknowledgements, all those packets are digitally signed and verified to ensure reliability.
6. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
24
3.5. SCAN – Self organized Network Layer Security
The approach employed in SCAN [10] uses the same technique for protecting both the routing
and data packets. The two important features of this technique are:
• Collaboration with the local nodes: Neighboring nodes
• Cross validation of information: The results found by each node will be cross validated
by the nodes.
These two features make this technique a self organized one. A suspected node will be removed
from the route only when a particular number of neighboring nodes reach a consensus. Thus this
technique employs a distributed consensus mechanism. The chances of inaccurate results from a
single node are avoided by following this method. Thus there is a very high probability of
removing malicious nodes and reduced probability of wrongly removing a legitimate node.
Token mechanism is used in this approach which includes token renewal and token revocation.
Each node must have a valid token with it in order to participate itself in a transmission. They can
renew the token once the present token expires. The token of an accused node will be revoked by
all other nodes. All these processes are done in a collaborative manner to prevent forgeries. Also,
these tokens will be protected by means of public key cryptography techniques. No node is
superior to any other node. The secret key is shared between; say k, number of nodes. Thus this
technique avoids attacks with less than k colluding attackers. A token revocation list (TRL) is
maintained, based on which the token requests are processed [10]. When the node gets k TREP
(Token Reply) packets, they are combined into a single token. A credit strategy is employed in
this approach whereby well behaving nodes are given more token life time and thus their token
renewal overhead is lesser. The packet drop detection method used in this technique is similar to
the watchdog technique discussed before.
3.6. Black Hole attack Detection using Topology Graphs
Elmar and Marko proposed a technique to detect black hole attacks in tactical MANETS called
Topology Graph based Anomaly Detection (TOGBAD) [11]. This is based on the Optimized link
state routing protocol (OLSR). The supervising nodes are used as the centre for topology graph
creation and misbehavior checks. The centralized working of this technique can be considered as
a disadvantage when employed in normal MANETs.
HELLO messages in OLSR will contain the information about the neighboring nodes local links
etc. Thus here, the number of neighbours in the HELLO messages is compared with that in the
topology graph and a difference indicates misbehavior. A cluster based anomaly detector from the
works [12] and [13] have been used in this technique. The round length in the detector has to be
fixed as greater than the HELLO message interval. Thus there exists a trade off situation between
precision and resource consumption. Each node will extract the number of neighbours from
HELLO message and will send that information to the central supervising node. Misbehavior
detection is done by fixing a threshold value and if the difference calculated is more than that
threshold, then a misbehavior is suspected. Fixing the threshold value is a difficult task, which has
to be based on lots of metrics.
3.7. Black Hole Attack Detection using Dynamic Learning Method
Kurosawa et.al. introduced a technique that detects misbehavior with very good accuracy by
employing a training method and updating the training data in periodic time intervals [14]. This
technique also adapts to the changing network environment by defining the normal state
7. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
25
adaptively. A multidimensional feature vector is defined in order to express the state of the
network. The state of the network is expressed using the number of RREQ (Route Request)
messages that are sent out, number of RREP (Route Reply) messages received and the average of
difference of destination sequence number in each of the time slots and the one that is stored in
the list. The destination sequence number indicates how much fresh the routing data in the
message from the source is.
For anomaly detection, the network state in a time slot is expressed with a three dimensional
vector. Normal states will be seen as together in the feature space. Abnormal state will be the data
that is scattered and is away from the normal state. Using training data set for N time slots, the
mean vector is calculated. After that the distance of this mean vector from the input data sample is
found out. If the distance calculated is larger than a threshold value that is set, then that is
considered an attack. The threshold value can be extracted from the learning data set [14]. It is an
advantage of this system that it continues learning the state of the network.
3.8. LIP: Light Weight Interlayer Protocol
Hsu, Zhu and Hurson proposed a method that is efficient against packet injection attacks in
MANETs. It does not have the overhead of calculating the digital signatures for all the packets
[15]. This technique is also efficient against attacks involving impersonation techniques. This
follows an inter layer design by which it achieves independence and transparency. This can be
implemented as a security layer in between the network and data link layer.
In this technique, a node will compute only one message authentication code (MAC) for each
message that is sent. That MAC key is shared with the neighbours. It is evident that, since the
keys have a symmetric nature, it is possible for a malicious node to impersonate another
legitimate node. To prevent this impersonation attack, some techniques are used in this method.
• Using one time cluster keys: A cluster key will be used by a node only once. Thus an
attacker cannot use the same key for forging. Hash functions that have the one way
property is used to get the one time cluster keys.
• Random verification of neighbourship: A node responds with a CHALLENGE message
at probability Pc. If the other node is able to hear this message, it will respond with an
acknowledgement message along with a FLAG. A true value of FLAG indicates that the
node has really forwarded the packet. Since the shared key is used to encrypt the
messages, impersonating attacker cannot forge these messages. But the value of Pc will
be a tradeoff between performance and security. Thus Pc is fixed based on the node
density estimate of the network.
A location aware version of this verification technique further reduces the overhead by not
initiating verification when the nodes are highly likely that they are neighbors.
3.9. Defence Against Grey Hole Attacks
Xiaopeng and Wei introduced a mechanism to detect grey hole attacks for the DSR routing
protocol. An aggregated signature algorithm is used in this approach by each node to produce an
evidence for packets forwarded [16]. A check up algorithm is used to detect packet dropping. A
diagnostic algorithm is used by the source node to trace the misbehaving node. This proposal was
modified in their next work [17], by introducing a Distributed Certificate Authority (DCA) to
update the information about key management.
8. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
26
3.10. Packet Drop Detection
This is based on the principle of conservation of flow in a network, i.e., all packets sent to a node
which is not meant for that node must go out of that node [18].
4. INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS
Intrusion detection systems are not specific for any attacks. They are designed in such a way that
they are able to tackle more than one kind of attack.
Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection systems find a model of the normal state of the network and
compare it with the present state of the network. Deviations indicate an attack. The two phases
involved are training phase, with the normal model and the testing phase, which uses
mathematical or statistical methods. Neural network algorithms can also be included in this kind
of detection systems for training. But they may generate false alarms.
Different probabilistic techniques like chi-square test, Markov chain, Decision tree( Pattern
Recognition Technique) etc is used on the same training data and same testing data for deciding
which properties are important to intrusion detection [19]. They worked on a sample of normal
and intrusion denoting computer audit data. After comparing all the techniques, they have
concluded that chi-square test can be used based upon frequency property and Markov model
based upon ordering property are good for detecting intrusion.
Knowledge Based Intrusion Detection (KBID) systems will have a known database of signatures
that correspond to known attacks. Those known signatures are searched for to detect intrusions.
Expert systems that maintain the signatures as rules can also be used. But those attacks which are
not available in the database will not be detected and thus, the database has to be kept updated,
which is a tedious job.
In Specification Based Intrusion Detection (SBID) systems, constraints are specified, based on
which the operations are monitored and attacks are detected. This kind of detection can be done
based on the syntax or the semantics of the operations. M. Jahnke et.al. uses finite state machines
for specifying the normal routing behavior in AODV routing protocol and the network is
monitored for run time violations in a distributed manner [20]. These kinds of specification
detections do not detect the intrusions but the effects of intrusion. This technique is not limited to
the known attacks. The request-reply flow is monitored using distributed Network Monitors
(NM).A finite state machine is employed in these network monitors for detecting incorrect
request and reply packets. Inconsistent sequence number or hop count will direct the state
machine to the suspicious state. This technique is also able to detect spoofing because the network
monitor also maintains a mapping between the IP address and MAC address of every node in the
network. A session tree is used in their algorithm which is constructed when a request is received
and processed during the reply. This technique is found to be effective against attacks like man in
the middle attack, forging sequence numbers and tunneling attack that are examples of aggregated
attacks.
5. COMPARISON
The techniques discussed above are compared in Table I below. They are analyzed based on the
routing overhead and packet delivery Ratio. Most of the techniques that exist are based on a
particular routing protocol. But that reduces the generality of these methods. More than one
technique will have to be implemented on a single MANET and that would increase the
complexity of the system. Network traffic, processing overhead etc will increase. Researches on a
9. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
27
more general attack detection mechanism for MANETs that can be implemented on top of
MANETs with any routing protocol is very rare. Interrelations between the different detection
mechanisms should also be considered when implementing them in MANETs.
Table 1. Comparison based on routing overhead and packet delivery ratio
Technique Advantages Disadvantage
WATCHDOG
AND
PATHRATER
Increase throughput by 17% in a
network with moderate mobility.
With extreme mobility,network
throughput is increased by 27%.
Detecting misbehavior in the presence
of ambiguous collisions, receiver
collisions, limited transmission
power, false misbehavior and partial
dropping is difficult.
TWOACK
With 40% misbehaving nodes.
Packet delivery ratio - 90%.
Overhead increased to 7%
EAACK
MRA scheme aids in detecting false
misbehaviour report.
RSA scheme uses more battery power
and performance decreases than
DSA(Digital Signature Algorithm)
scheme
SCAN
Packet Delivery Ratio increases by
a factor up to 150% even if 30 %
nodes are malicious
.Overhead Steadily increases as there
are more malicious nodes in the
network and as node mobility
increase.
TOGBAD
Packet delivery ratio stays at nearly
90 %. Average drop is about 60 %
with black hole attack.
Centralized system. Attacks against
TOGBAD itself have not been
studied. Black hole may change the
topology graph creating messages as
well
DYNAMIC
LEARNING
Can adapt to the changing network
conditions
Can be used only under AODV
routing protocol
LIP
Packet delivery Ratio close to 1.0
even though it goes down slightly
when the node mobility increases.
Low bandwidth overhead.
Overhead increases with mobility of
nodes.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The fast mobility and geographically distributed nature of MANETs makes it more vulnerable to
attacks, esp., network layer attacks. In this paper, we have presented a survey of important
network layer attacks and have reviewed some of the important misbehavior or intrusion
detection mechanisms existing. Some techniques are specific for certain attacks while some
others are able to deal with a variety of attacks.
Even though highly effective detection mechanisms have been proposed, intruders often use new
methods to attack the networks. Due to that, devising new techniques for intrusion detection
based on the newly emerging attacks is a very important area of research. The detection
mechanisms also have to be protected. Thus this is a never ending research area.
10. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.6, No.3, May 2014
28
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29
Authors
Punya Peethambaran is an M tech Student at Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
under Kerala University, Trivandrum, Kerala. Punya Recieved her B tech degree in
Computer Science at Cochin University College of Engineering in 2011. She has worked
in the industry for one year, her interest domain is security, wireless network, intrusion
tolerance and cloud computing.
Dr. Jayasudha J. S. is the head of the department at the Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering,Kerala University.