Vehicular communications play a substantial role in providing safety transportation by means of safety message exchange. Researchers have proposed several solutions for securing safety messages. Protocols based on a fixed key infrastructure are more efficient in implementation and maintain stronger security in comparison with dynamic structures. The purpose of this paper present a method based on a fixed key infrastructure for detection impersonation attack, in other words, Sybil attack, in the vehicular ad hoc network. This attack, puts a great impact on performance of the network. The proposed method, using an cryptography mechanism to detection Sybil attack. Finally, using Mat lab simulator the results of this approach are reviewed, This method it has low delay for detection Sybil attack, because most operations are done in Certification Authority, so this proposed schema is a efficient method for detection Sybil attack.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IRJET- Detection and Localization of IDS Spoofing Attack in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using intrusion detection systems and k-means clustering to detect and localize spoofing attacks in wireless sensor networks used in vehicular networks (VANETs). VANETs have characteristics like highly dynamic topology and frequent link changes that make performance monitoring difficult. The proposed approach uses cluster heads acting as IDS to monitor packet transmissions within clusters and detect misbehaving nodes. When an attacker is detected, an alarm is passed to the source node to eliminate the attacker. Simulation results show the method can efficiently and robustly detect and locate spoofing attackers in VANET wireless sensor networks.
Wireless Sensor Network: Internet Model Layer Based Security Attacks and thei...IRJET Journal
The document discusses security attacks on wireless sensor networks, describing various types of attacks like jamming, impersonation, replay attacks, and denial of service attacks that can occur at different layers of the network. It analyzes key security objectives for wireless sensor networks like availability, authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. The document also outlines the architecture of wireless sensor networks, including the five layers of the OSI model and three cross-layer planes, and components of sensor nodes.
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
Ktr an efficient key management scheme for secure data access control in wire...ambitlick
This document proposes an efficient key management scheme (KTR) for wireless broadcast services that supports secure access control. KTR has three main advantages: 1) It supports all subscription activities like joining, leaving and changing programs. 2) A user only needs one set of keys for all subscribed programs instead of separate keys for each program. 3) KTR identifies the minimum set of keys that need to be changed when a user's subscription changes to minimize rekey costs. Simulations show KTR can save about 45% of communication overhead and 50% of decryption costs compared to logical key hierarchy approaches.
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IRJET- Detection and Localization of IDS Spoofing Attack in Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using intrusion detection systems and k-means clustering to detect and localize spoofing attacks in wireless sensor networks used in vehicular networks (VANETs). VANETs have characteristics like highly dynamic topology and frequent link changes that make performance monitoring difficult. The proposed approach uses cluster heads acting as IDS to monitor packet transmissions within clusters and detect misbehaving nodes. When an attacker is detected, an alarm is passed to the source node to eliminate the attacker. Simulation results show the method can efficiently and robustly detect and locate spoofing attackers in VANET wireless sensor networks.
Wireless Sensor Network: Internet Model Layer Based Security Attacks and thei...IRJET Journal
The document discusses security attacks on wireless sensor networks, describing various types of attacks like jamming, impersonation, replay attacks, and denial of service attacks that can occur at different layers of the network. It analyzes key security objectives for wireless sensor networks like availability, authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. The document also outlines the architecture of wireless sensor networks, including the five layers of the OSI model and three cross-layer planes, and components of sensor nodes.
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
This document presents a novel intrusion detection system called BAACK that is designed specifically for MANETs. BAACK aims to improve security in MANETs by addressing weaknesses in existing IDS approaches. It consists of three parts - ACK, S-ACK and MRA - to detect misbehaving nodes in the presence of receiver collisions, limited transmission power, and false misbehavior reports. All packets are digitally signed for authentication using algorithms like DSA or RSA. The study suggests DSA provides better performance than RSA for MANETs due to its smaller signature size and lower computational requirements.
A Study of Sybil and Temporal Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Types, Ch...Editor IJCATR
In recent years, the number of automobiles on the road has increased tremendously. Due to high density and mobility of vehicles,
possible threats and road accidents are increasing. Wireless communication allows sending safety and other critical information. Due to this
inherent wireless characteristic and periodic exchange of safety packets, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is vulnerable to number of
security threats like Sybil attack or temporal attack. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on both the type of attacks. With the
help of already published works, some approaches have also been studied which have proved to be of significance in detection of these
attacks.
Ktr an efficient key management scheme for secure data access control in wire...ambitlick
This document proposes an efficient key management scheme (KTR) for wireless broadcast services that supports secure access control. KTR has three main advantages: 1) It supports all subscription activities like joining, leaving and changing programs. 2) A user only needs one set of keys for all subscribed programs instead of separate keys for each program. 3) KTR identifies the minimum set of keys that need to be changed when a user's subscription changes to minimize rekey costs. Simulations show KTR can save about 45% of communication overhead and 50% of decryption costs compared to logical key hierarchy approaches.
An ids scheme against black hole attack to secure aomdv routing in manet pijans
In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) all the nodes are freely moves in the absence of without ant
centralized coordination system. Due to that the attackers or malicious nodes are easily affected that kind
of network and responsible for the routing misbehavior. The routing is network is mandatory to deliver
data in between source and destination. In this research we work on security field in MANET and proposed
a novel security scheme against routing misbehavior through Black hole attack. The Ad hoc On demand
Multipath Routing (AOMDV) protocol is consider for routing and also to improves the routing quality as
compare to single path routing protocol. The attacker is affected all the possible paths that is selected by
sender for sending data in network. The malicious nodes are forward optimistic reply at the time of routing
by that their identification is also a complex procedure. The proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
scheme is identified the attacker information through hop count mechanism. The routing information of
actual data is reached to which intermediate node and the next hop information is exist at that node is
confirm by IDS scheme. The black hole attacker node Identification (ID) is forward in network by that in
future attacker is not participating in routing procedure. The proposed security scheme detects and
provides the deterrence against routing misbehavior through malicious attack. Here we compare the
routing performance of AOMDV, Attack and IDS scheme. The performance of normal multipath routing
and proposed IDS scheme is almost equal. The attacker has degrades the whole routing performance but
observed that in presence of attacker, routing misbehavior is completely block by the proposed IDS scheme
and recovers 95 % of data as compare to normal routing.
A comparitive study of efficient anonymous routing protocols in maneteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Security Issues & Challenging Attributes in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)IRJET Journal
This document discusses security issues and challenges in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their key features. It then discusses different types of security attacks on MANETs, including active attacks like black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and flooding attacks. It also covers passive attacks like eavesdropping. It analyzes security threats at different layers of the OSI model. Some of the major security challenges in MANETs are the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic network topology, and limited resources. The document concludes that security is a major concern for applications using MANETs and more work is needed to develop efficient security algorithms for these networks.
This document summarizes an article about intrusion detection systems (IDS) for secure mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the distributed and cooperative architecture of IDS for MANETs, where each node runs an IDS agent to detect intrusions locally and cooperate with other nodes. It describes several IDS approaches for MANETs including the Watchdog technique to detect misbehaving nodes, the Pathrater technique to find routes without those nodes, and the CORE technique which uses a collaborative reputation system. The document concludes that considering these IDS techniques can help make MANETs more secure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
Security attacks and solutions in vehicular ad hoc networks a surveypijans
This document summarizes a survey of security attacks and solutions in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses several types of attacks that can occur in VANETs, including Sybil attacks, wormhole attacks, and spoofing attacks. It also reviews related work on VANET security and categorizes existing attacks. The document outlines security requirements for VANETs such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, privacy, and non-repudiation. It provides examples of how different attacks can be carried out and potential solutions to counter each type of attack.
A Study on Evaluation of DoS Attacks in WiMAX NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks in WiMAX networks. It begins by introducing the abstract, which notes that security is a primary concern in wireless networks due to their potentially hostile environments. The document then examines different schemes for handling DoS attacks in WiMAX networks. Specifically, it investigates the various vulnerabilities in WiMAX networks that make them susceptible to DoS attacks, such as the lack of secure boundaries, threats from compromised nodes inside the network, and lack of centralized management. The goal is to study different approaches for detecting and preventing DoS attacks against WiMAX resources with limited bandwidth and battery power.
Compared to wired networks, Ad hoc networks are more vulnerable to security attacks
due to the lack of trusted centralized authority, lack of trust relationships between nodes. This paper
focuses on Sybil attack and its detection. A malicious node can generate and control a large number
of logical identities on a single device. This gives the illusion to network as these are different
legitimate nodes. An algorithm is proposed using position verification to detect the Sybil attack. The
algorithm is implemented in Network Simulator and the throughput, and packet delivery ratio with
and without Sybil attack.
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
A Survey of Key Management Framework for Wireless Mobile EnvironmentAM Publications,India
This document provides a summary of key challenges and approaches for key management in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how MANETs have dynamic topologies and limited resources, posing security challenges. It reviews how cryptography is used to provide security but requires effective key management. It surveys research on asymmetric, symmetric, and group key management schemes proposed for MANETs. It also discusses trust models for key distribution, including centralized models using a trusted third party and decentralized models without a central authority.
The apt identification and blocking through ids in manetijctet
This document summarizes research on detecting and blocking advanced persistent threats (APTs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) through an intrusion detection system (IDS). The research proposes applying an IDS to identify and prevent APT attacks from malware like viruses, worms, and trojan horses that could spread in the dynamic MANET topology and degrade network performance. The IDS would monitor nodes, identify suspicious activity based on differences from normal behavior patterns, and block identified attackers to secure the MANET from unauthorized access and data theft or modification by APTs.
In Vehicular Communication, the security system against the attacker is very important. Sybil attacks have been regarded as a serious security threat to ad hoc networks and sensor networks. It is an attack in which an original identity of the vehicle is corrupted or theft by an attacker to creates multiple fake identities. Detecting such type of attacker and the original vehicle is a challenging task in VANET. This survey paper briefly presents various Sybil attack detection mechanism in VANET.
This document discusses security issues in mobile ad hoc networks. It outlines several current problems including the lack of secure boundaries and threats from compromised nodes. It also reviews common attack types like impersonation and routing attacks. The document then summarizes security schemes used to address these issues, such as intrusion detection techniques using IDS agents and cluster-based intrusion detection. Specific attacks like wormhole and rush attacks are defined along with defenses like packet leashing and secure neighbor detection.
A Review Paper on Network Layer attacks in MANETsijsrd.com
The security issues are the major consideration while implementing Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Misbehavior of any node can do serious implications in this kind of dynamic network. A malicious or selfish node wants to preserve own resources along with using the services of other nodes and consumed their resources. Malicious nodes can break the rules and reduce the performance of well-behaved nodes significantly. This paper describes the different attacks and analysis of within Network Layer in MANETs.
This document summarizes a survey on attacks against mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses their unique characteristics and vulnerabilities. It then categorizes the different types of attacks that can occur in MANETs based on their nature (active vs passive), location (external vs internal), and which layer of the protocol stack they target (physical, data link, network, transport, etc.). Specific attacks are defined at each level. The document aims to provide an overview of the security issues in MANETs and different classifications of attacks.
DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE DETECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS IN MOBILE AD-...IJNSA Journal
This document summarizes research on developing a distributed intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using dynamic neural networks. The system uses learning vector quantization neural networks distributed across nodes to identify patterns of network attacks. In a simulation of 18 nodes, the system successfully detected 80% of man-in-the-middle attacks on the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. The distributed nature of the neural network approach helps overcome limitations of bandwidth and connectivity in MANETs compared to traditional centralized intrusion detection systems.
This document discusses security issues and attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It outlines the general objectives of analyzing flooding attacks on MANETs and preventing such attacks for networks with high node mobility. It describes common attacks on MANETs such as flooding attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Byzantine attacks. The document also discusses security mechanisms for MANETs including preventive cryptography-based approaches and reactive intrusion detection system approaches. It stresses the need for comprehensive security solutions to deal with the diverse attacks that are facilitated by the open and dynamic nature of MANETs.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and no centralized authority. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router. So each node can participate to transfer data packet to destination node but suppose one node in network is removed at time it is very difficult to maintain the information about all node. The main advantage and disadvantage of MANETs provides large number of degree of freedom and self-organizing capability of that make it completely different from other network. Due to the nature of MANETs, to design and development of secure routing is challenging task for researcher in an open and distributed communication environments. In MANET, the more security is required in comparison to wired network. If source node chooses this fake route, malicious nodes have the option of delivering the packets or dropping them.
Keywords: MANETs, Security, Cryptography.
A comparitive study of efficient anonymous routing protocols in maneteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Security Issues & Challenging Attributes in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)IRJET Journal
This document discusses security issues and challenges in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and their key features. It then discusses different types of security attacks on MANETs, including active attacks like black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and flooding attacks. It also covers passive attacks like eavesdropping. It analyzes security threats at different layers of the OSI model. Some of the major security challenges in MANETs are the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic network topology, and limited resources. The document concludes that security is a major concern for applications using MANETs and more work is needed to develop efficient security algorithms for these networks.
This document summarizes an article about intrusion detection systems (IDS) for secure mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the distributed and cooperative architecture of IDS for MANETs, where each node runs an IDS agent to detect intrusions locally and cooperate with other nodes. It describes several IDS approaches for MANETs including the Watchdog technique to detect misbehaving nodes, the Pathrater technique to find routes without those nodes, and the CORE technique which uses a collaborative reputation system. The document concludes that considering these IDS techniques can help make MANETs more secure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
Security attacks and solutions in vehicular ad hoc networks a surveypijans
This document summarizes a survey of security attacks and solutions in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses several types of attacks that can occur in VANETs, including Sybil attacks, wormhole attacks, and spoofing attacks. It also reviews related work on VANET security and categorizes existing attacks. The document outlines security requirements for VANETs such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, privacy, and non-repudiation. It provides examples of how different attacks can be carried out and potential solutions to counter each type of attack.
A Study on Evaluation of DoS Attacks in WiMAX NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks in WiMAX networks. It begins by introducing the abstract, which notes that security is a primary concern in wireless networks due to their potentially hostile environments. The document then examines different schemes for handling DoS attacks in WiMAX networks. Specifically, it investigates the various vulnerabilities in WiMAX networks that make them susceptible to DoS attacks, such as the lack of secure boundaries, threats from compromised nodes inside the network, and lack of centralized management. The goal is to study different approaches for detecting and preventing DoS attacks against WiMAX resources with limited bandwidth and battery power.
Compared to wired networks, Ad hoc networks are more vulnerable to security attacks
due to the lack of trusted centralized authority, lack of trust relationships between nodes. This paper
focuses on Sybil attack and its detection. A malicious node can generate and control a large number
of logical identities on a single device. This gives the illusion to network as these are different
legitimate nodes. An algorithm is proposed using position verification to detect the Sybil attack. The
algorithm is implemented in Network Simulator and the throughput, and packet delivery ratio with
and without Sybil attack.
HANDLING CROSS-LAYER ATTACKS USING NEIGHBORS MONITORING SCHEME AND SWARM INTE...Editor IJCATR
The standard MAC protocol widely used for Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is IEEE 802.11.
When attacks in MAC layer are left as such without paying attention, it could possibly disturb channel access and
consequently may cause wastage of resources in terms of bandwidth and power. In this paper, a swarm based detection
and defense technique is proposed for routing and MAC layer attacks in MANET. Using forward and backward ants,
the technique obtains mean value of nodes between the first received RREQ and RREP packets. Based on this
estimation, the source node decides the node as valid or malicious. Moreover the MAC layer parameters namely
number of neighbors identified by the MAC layer, number of neighbors identified by the routing layer, the number of
recent MAC receptions and the number of recent routing protocol receptions are used to determine the node state. The
source node uses these two node state estimation techniques to construct the reliable path to the destination. This
proposed technique improves the network performance and at the same time prevents attackers intelligently.
A Survey of Key Management Framework for Wireless Mobile EnvironmentAM Publications,India
This document provides a summary of key challenges and approaches for key management in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how MANETs have dynamic topologies and limited resources, posing security challenges. It reviews how cryptography is used to provide security but requires effective key management. It surveys research on asymmetric, symmetric, and group key management schemes proposed for MANETs. It also discusses trust models for key distribution, including centralized models using a trusted third party and decentralized models without a central authority.
The apt identification and blocking through ids in manetijctet
This document summarizes research on detecting and blocking advanced persistent threats (APTs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) through an intrusion detection system (IDS). The research proposes applying an IDS to identify and prevent APT attacks from malware like viruses, worms, and trojan horses that could spread in the dynamic MANET topology and degrade network performance. The IDS would monitor nodes, identify suspicious activity based on differences from normal behavior patterns, and block identified attackers to secure the MANET from unauthorized access and data theft or modification by APTs.
In Vehicular Communication, the security system against the attacker is very important. Sybil attacks have been regarded as a serious security threat to ad hoc networks and sensor networks. It is an attack in which an original identity of the vehicle is corrupted or theft by an attacker to creates multiple fake identities. Detecting such type of attacker and the original vehicle is a challenging task in VANET. This survey paper briefly presents various Sybil attack detection mechanism in VANET.
This document discusses security issues in mobile ad hoc networks. It outlines several current problems including the lack of secure boundaries and threats from compromised nodes. It also reviews common attack types like impersonation and routing attacks. The document then summarizes security schemes used to address these issues, such as intrusion detection techniques using IDS agents and cluster-based intrusion detection. Specific attacks like wormhole and rush attacks are defined along with defenses like packet leashing and secure neighbor detection.
A Review Paper on Network Layer attacks in MANETsijsrd.com
The security issues are the major consideration while implementing Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Misbehavior of any node can do serious implications in this kind of dynamic network. A malicious or selfish node wants to preserve own resources along with using the services of other nodes and consumed their resources. Malicious nodes can break the rules and reduce the performance of well-behaved nodes significantly. This paper describes the different attacks and analysis of within Network Layer in MANETs.
This document summarizes a survey on attacks against mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses their unique characteristics and vulnerabilities. It then categorizes the different types of attacks that can occur in MANETs based on their nature (active vs passive), location (external vs internal), and which layer of the protocol stack they target (physical, data link, network, transport, etc.). Specific attacks are defined at each level. The document aims to provide an overview of the security issues in MANETs and different classifications of attacks.
DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE DETECTION OF DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS IN MOBILE AD-...IJNSA Journal
This document summarizes research on developing a distributed intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using dynamic neural networks. The system uses learning vector quantization neural networks distributed across nodes to identify patterns of network attacks. In a simulation of 18 nodes, the system successfully detected 80% of man-in-the-middle attacks on the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. The distributed nature of the neural network approach helps overcome limitations of bandwidth and connectivity in MANETs compared to traditional centralized intrusion detection systems.
This document discusses security issues and attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an introduction to MANETs and their characteristics. It outlines the general objectives of analyzing flooding attacks on MANETs and preventing such attacks for networks with high node mobility. It describes common attacks on MANETs such as flooding attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Byzantine attacks. The document also discusses security mechanisms for MANETs including preventive cryptography-based approaches and reactive intrusion detection system approaches. It stresses the need for comprehensive security solutions to deal with the diverse attacks that are facilitated by the open and dynamic nature of MANETs.
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and no centralized authority. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router. So each node can participate to transfer data packet to destination node but suppose one node in network is removed at time it is very difficult to maintain the information about all node. The main advantage and disadvantage of MANETs provides large number of degree of freedom and self-organizing capability of that make it completely different from other network. Due to the nature of MANETs, to design and development of secure routing is challenging task for researcher in an open and distributed communication environments. In MANET, the more security is required in comparison to wired network. If source node chooses this fake route, malicious nodes have the option of delivering the packets or dropping them.
Keywords: MANETs, Security, Cryptography.
Ad-hoc networks are an emerging area of mobile computing and an efficient paradigm for multicast communication. The security challenges faced by the network due to their inherent unique characteristics are exacerbated in case of multicast communication. Group communication in ad hoc network is susceptible to a host of outsider and insider attacks. The security solutions proposed for the outsider attack cannot be directly applied to the insider attack due to their disparate behavior. The compromise and subversion of the authenticated, trusted and participating node in the network leads to Byzantine attack or behavior. Attacks where adversaries have full control of a number of authenticated devices and behave arbitrarily to disrupt the multicast routing are referred to as Byzantine attacks. Online auction network inherently embracing multicast technology has been taken as the case study. The implications of the Byzantine attack in the online auction Network have been studied. Besides the existing network performance parameters like delay, jitter, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) another parameter
by name Immediate Neighbor Aware Vouch Count ( INAVC) is included to proactively select a fault free multicast route. This proactive parameter is dynamic and reflects the true multicast architecture in adhoc network thereby enabling to instantly prune the Byzantine adversary. Providing robust and resilient defense solutions to subvert this attack in auction Network becomes the focus of this paper.
This document summarizes research on injecting black hole and wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides background on MANETs and discusses their vulnerabilities to security attacks due to open wireless medium and dynamic topology. The document then describes how the researchers implemented black hole and wormhole attacks against the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol using the NS-2 network simulator. The simulation results showed that both attacks decreased network performance by reducing throughput and increasing packet loss. The research highlighted security as an ongoing challenge for MANET routing protocols.
This document summarizes research on injecting black hole and wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides background on MANETs and discusses their vulnerabilities to security attacks due to open wireless medium and dynamic topology. The document then describes how the researchers implemented black hole and wormhole attacks against the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol using the NS-2 network simulator. The simulation results showed that both attacks reduced network performance by decreasing throughput and increasing packet loss over time compared to a normal network without attacks.
Energy Efficient and Secure, Trusted network discovery for Wireless Sensor Ne...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed energy efficient and secure trusted network discovery framework for wireless sensor networks called TARF. The framework aims to secure routing against attacks like sinkhole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks by evaluating the trustworthiness of neighboring nodes. It identifies untrustworthy nodes and routes around them. TARF also aims to be energy efficient. It uses elliptic curve cryptography for encryption and maintains a neighborhood table with trust and energy cost values to select low-cost, trusted next hop nodes for routing. The framework generates network certificates, starts sensor nodes, creates a trusted center, and has nodes find neighbors to select routing paths while avoiding attackers. Simulation results show certificate generation, node interfaces, the trusted center, and a node finding
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK UNDER HELLO FLOOD ATTACKIJCNCJournal
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is highly used in many fields. The network consists of tiny lightweight
sensor nodes and is largely used to scan or detect or monitor environments. Since these sensor nodes are
tiny and lightweight, they put some limitations on resources such as usage of power, processing given task,
radio frequency range. These limitations allow network vulnerable to many different types of attacks such
as hello flood attack, black hole, Sybil attack, sinkhole, and many more. Among these attacks, hello flood is
one of the most important attacks. In this paper,we have analyzed the performance of hello flood attack and
compared the network performance as number of attackers increases. Network performance is evaluated
by modifying the ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol by using NS2 simulator. It
has been tested under different scenarios like no attacker, single attacker, and multiple attackers to know
how the network performance changes. The simulation results show that as the number of attackers
increases the performance in terms of throughput and delay changes.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because
they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity
in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network
performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the
number of black hole attacks increases.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS PERFORMANCEijgca
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile stations with wireless interfaces which form a temporary network without using any central administration. MANETs are more vulnerable to attacks because they have some specific characteristics as complexity of wireless communication and lack of infrastructure. Hence security is an important requirement in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the attacks against network integrity in MANETs is the Black Hole Attack. In this type of attack all data packets are absorbed by malicious node, hence data loss occurs. In this paper we investigated the impacts of Black Hole attacks on the network performance. We have simulated black hole attacks using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and have measured the packet loss in the network without and with a black hole attacks. Also, we measured the packet loss when the number of black hole attacks increases.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of black hole attacks on the performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study used the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) to simulate black hole attacks on MANETs using the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. It found that the packet delivery ratio decreased significantly when black hole nodes were introduced that dropped packets instead of forwarding them as they should. Increasing the number of black hole nodes caused an even more dramatic decrease in the packet delivery ratio.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of black hole attacks on the performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study used the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) to simulate black hole attacks in MANETs using the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. It was found that the packet delivery ratio decreased significantly when black hole attacks were introduced. Additionally, the packet delivery ratio decreased dramatically as the number of black hole nodes increased.
This document discusses detection of collision attacks in wireless sensor networks using rule-based packet flow rates. It proposes detection algorithms that monitor the packet flow rate to the base station node. The algorithms aim to have low false detection and tolerance rates and quickly detect attacks. Simulation results show the algorithms achieve these goals. The document also reviews related work on intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks.
1- Mobile ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by an
autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected
via wireless links.
2- Multihop communication- node communicate with the
help of two or more node from source to destination.
3- No existing fixed infrastructure or centralized administration –No base station.
4- Mobile nodes are free to move randomly-Network topology changes frequently
5- May Operate as standalone fashion or also can be connected to the larger internet.
6- Each node work as router
Primary Goals of Security in MANET
To assure a reliable data transfer over the communication networks and to protect the system resources a number of security services are classified in five categories:-
1-Authentication:- The process of identifying an individual , usually based on a username and password.
2- Confidentially:- Confidentiality aims at protecting the data from disclosure to unauthorized person.
Network attacks against confidentiality
* Packet capturing
Password attack
Port scanning
Dumpster Diving
Wiretapping
Phishing and Pharming
2-Non repudiation:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
3- Integrity:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
network attack against integrity
Salami attack
trust relationship attacks
Man in the middle attack
Session hijacking attacks
4- Availability:- Its ensure that data ,network resources or network services are available to legitimate user when required.
network attack against availability
Denial of services attacks
Distributed denial of services attack
SYN flood attacks and ICMP flood attacks
Electrical power attacks
Server Room environment attacks
Key management
The security in networking is in many cases dependent on proper key management.
Key management consists of various services, of which each is vital for the security
of the networking systems
* Trust model:-Its must determine how much different element in the network can trust each other.
* Cryptosystem:- Public and symmetric key mechanism can be applied .
* Key creation:- It must determine which parties are allowed to generate key to themselves.
* Key storage :- In adhoc network any network element may have to store its own key and possibly key of other element as well.
* Key distribution:- The key management service must ensure that the generated keys are securely distributed to their owners.
A Secure Intrusion Detection System against DDOS Attack in Wireless Ad-Hoc Ne...IJERA Editor
MANET (Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a technology which are used in society in daily life an
activities such as in traffic surveillance, in building construction or it’s application is used in battlefield also. In
MANET there is no control of any node here is no centralized controller that’s why each node has its own
routing capability. And each node act as device and its change its connection to other devices.
The main problem of today’s MANET is a security, because there is no any centralized controller. Our main aim
is that we protect them from DDOS attack in terms of flooding through messages, packet drop, end to end delay
and energy dropping etc. For that we are applying many techniques for saving energy of nodes and identifying
malicious node and types of DDOS attack and in this paper we are discussing this technique.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EAVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents
sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face
between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless
devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET
is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as
router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The
nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The
main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret
information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in
identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper,
we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol
in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found
that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol ...ijwmn
The document analyzes the impact of an eavesdropper on the energy consumption of the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Simulations were conducted using the QualNet simulator for 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 nodes. The results show that the presence of an eavesdropper degrades network performance and increases energy consumption compared to the standard AODV protocol. Specifically, throughput was lower, delay and jitter were higher, and transmit energy usage increased in scenarios with an eavesdropper node. The eavesdropper attracts network traffic, forcing nodes to transmit more and reducing overall efficiency.
Revisiting the experiment on detecting of replay and message modificationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes methods for detecting message modification and replay attacks in ad-hoc wireless networks. It begins with background on security issues in wireless networks and types of attacks. It then reviews existing intrusion detection systems and security techniques. Related work that detects attacks using features from the media access control layer or radio frequency fingerprinting is also discussed. The paper aims to present a simple, economical, and platform-independent system for detecting message modification, replay attacks, and unauthorized users in ad-hoc networks.
This document discusses security challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and provides an overview of several secure routing protocols proposed to address these challenges. It begins by introducing MANETs and explaining that routing in MANETs is difficult due to their dynamic topology. It then discusses common security goals for routing protocols, such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Several attacks on MANET routing protocols are described, including passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like wormhole and blackhole attacks. The document proceeds to summarize several existing secure routing protocols for MANETs, such as DSDV, SAODV, SRP, and TORA, focusing on how each protocol aims to provide routing security. It concludes
This document discusses security challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and reviews several secure routing protocols proposed to address these challenges. It begins by introducing MANETs and explaining that routing in MANETs is difficult due to the dynamic topology. It then discusses common security goals for routing protocols like confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Several attacks on MANET routing protocols are described, including passive attacks like eavesdropping and active attacks like wormhole and blackhole attacks. The document proceeds to review six secure routing protocols for MANETs - DSDV, SAR, SAODV, SRP, Secure AODV using RSA signatures, and TORA - and describes their approaches to providing routing security. It concludes
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EFFICIENT DETECTION OF SYBIL ATTACK BASED ON CRYPTOGRAPHY IN VANET
1. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.6, November 2011
DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2011.3614 185
EFFICIENT DETECTION OF SYBIL ATTACK BASED
ON CRYPTOGRAPHY IN VANET
Mina Rahbari1
and Mohammad Ali Jabreil Jamali2
1
Department of Computer Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shabestar, Iran
mina_rahbari@yahoo.com
2
Department of Computer Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shabestar, Iran
m_jamali@itrc.ac.ir
ABSTRACT
Vehicular communications play a substantial role in providing safety transportation by means of safety
message exchange. Researchers have proposed several solutions for securing safety messages. Protocols
based on a fixed key infrastructure are more efficient in implementation and maintain stronger security
in comparison with dynamic structures. The purpose of this paper present a method based on a fixed key
infrastructure for detection impersonation attack, in other words, Sybil attack, in the vehicular ad
hoc network. This attack, puts a great impact on performance of the network. The proposed method,
using an cryptography mechanism to detection Sybil attack. Finally, using Mat lab simulator the
results of this approach are reviewed, This method it has low delay for detection Sybil attack,
because most operations are done in Certification Authority, so this proposed schema is a efficient
method for detection Sybil attack.
KEYWORDS
VANET, Sybil attack, Cryptography, Certification Authority
1. INTRODUCTION
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a specific type of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)
that provides communication between (1) nearby vehicles and (2) vehicles and nearby roadside
equipments. VANETs are one way to implement Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), a
technique for imparting information and communication technology to transport infrastructure
and vehicles. It is based on IEEE 802.11p standard for Wireless Access for Vehicular
Environment (WAVE). These networks have no fixed infrastructure, and they rely on the
themselves for implementing any network functionality. A VANET is a decentralized network
as every node performs the functions of both host and router. The main benefit of VANET
communication is enhancement of passenger safety by exchanging warning messages between
vehicles. VANETs differ from MANETs in high mobility of nodes, large scale of networks,
geographically constrained topology, and frequent network fragmentation. Most of the research
on VANET is focused on Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and the network layer .
VANETS aim to build applications such as collision avoidance, route changing, and so on.
Security of vehicular networks is still largely an explored area. VANET, being a wireless
network, inherits all the security threats that a wireless system has to deal with. VANET
security is critical because a poorly designed VANET is vulnerable to network attacks, and this
can compromise the safety of drivers. A security system should ensure that transmission comes
from a trusted source and is not a tampered en-route by other sources. It should also strike a
balance with privacy because implementing security and privacy together in a system is
2. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.6, November 2011
186
contradictory. There are various types of possible attacks on VANETs. It is imperative that
VANET security should be capable of handling every type of attack. VANET security is
different from that of wireless and wired networks because of its unique characteristics of
mobility constraints, infrastructure-less framework, and short duration of link between nodes. In
a wired network, infrastructure has components for specific functions, for example, routers
decide the route to destination while network hosts send and receive messages. Security
implementation is relatively easy as networks need to be physically tampered for
eavesdropping. Wireless networks use infrared or radio frequency signals to communicate
among devices. These networks can be either (a) infrastructure based or (b) infrastructure-less.
Infrastructure-based wireless networks are based on Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) switches, MSCs, base stations, and mobile hosts. In ad-hoc networks, a type of
infrastructure-less wireless networks, nodes perform all operations such as routing, packet
forwarding, and network management, and so on. The existing security solutions use traditional
digital signature and certificates using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).
In VANETs, primary focus of security is on safety-related applications. Non safety applications
have less stringent security requirements. There is no prior trust relationship between the nodes
of VANETs because of its infrastructure-less nature. Any node can join and leave the network
at anytime without informing other nodes in vicinity. Cooperative security schemes are more
efficient in VANETs as node misbehavior can be detected through collaboration between the
number of nodes by assuming that majority of nodes are honest.
In vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), vehicles are exchanged information such
as their status, accidental, potentially dangerous situations and … In the form
of messages between each other. With interpreting and processing these messages, drivers
become aware of the situation and appropriate decisions are taken to prevent accidents.
Obviously, the publication of false information in addition to reduce network performance lead
to financial and even physical damage. Sybil attack, is a serious threat as it impairs the
functionality of VANETs. In this attack, an attacker node sends messages with multiple
identities to other nodes in the network. The attacker simulates several nodes in the network.
The node spoofing the identities of other nodes is called malicious node/Sybil attacker, and the
nodes whose identities are spoofed are called Sybil nodes. Almost every other attack can be
launched in a network in the presence of Sybil attack. One possibility could be an illusion of a
traffic jam or accident so that other vehicles change their routing path or leave the road for the
benefit of the attacker. Sybil attacker can also inject false information in the networks via some
fabricated nonexistent nodes [1 , 2 , 3].
Using a node with nature of Sybil, may are affected on some types of network services such as
routing, data traffic congestion in the network, fair allocation of resources, make decisions,
recognition abuse any may reduce performance and quality of services in these networks.
purpose of this paper present a method for detection impersonation attack based on
cryptography.
2. ATTACKS ON VEHICULAR NETWORKS
Before designing any security solution for VANETs [17,18], we should know different types of
security threats, their capabilities, and the types of attackers also.
2.1. Classification of Attackers
Attackers can be classified according to scope, nature, and behavior of attacks [19,20]. Some
types of attackers are discussed in following paragraph:
1. Some attackers eavesdrop only on the wireless channel to collect traffic information which
may be passed onto other attackers. As these attackers do not participate in the communication
process of the network, they are called passive attackers. On the other hand, some attackers
either generate packets containing wrong information or do not forward the received packets.
3. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.6, November 2011
187
These are called active attackers.
2. Attacker may be an authentic member of a VANET having authentic public keys and access
to other members of the network. Such attackers are called insider. Outside attackers (outsider)
are intruders and they can launch attacks of less diversity.
3. Some attackers are not personally benefited from the attack. Their aim is to harm other
members of the network or disrupt the functionality of a VANET. These attackers are
malicious.
On the other hand, rational attacker seeks personal benefit and is more predictable in terms
of type and target of the attack.
4. Local attacker launches an attack with a limited scope, that is, an attack is restricted to
a particular area. An attack can be extended, where an attacker can control several entities
distributed across the network.
2.2. Types of Attacks
Owing to the large number of autonomous network members and the presence of human factor,
misbehavior of nodes in future vehicular networks cannot be ruled out. Several types of attacks
[20] have been identified and classified on the basis of layers used by the attacker. At the
physical and link layer, an attacker can disturb the network system by overloading the
communication channel with useless messages. An attacker can inject false messages or
rebroadcast an old message also. Some attackers can tamper with an OBU or destroy an RSU.
At network layer, an attacker can insert false routing messages or overload the system with
routing information. Privacy of drivers can be disclosed by revealing and tracking the position
of drivers. Some of these attacks are briefly explained subsequently.
2.2.1. Bogus Information
In this case, attackers are insiders, rational, and active. They can send wrong information in the
network so that it can affect the behavior of other drivers. For example, an adversary can inject
wrong information about a nonexistent traffic jam or an accident diverting vehicles to other
routes and freeing a route for itself.
2.2.2. Cheating with Sensor Information
This attack is launched by an attacker who is insider, rational, and active. He uses this attack to
alter the perceived position, speed, and direction of other nodes in order to escape liability in
case of any mishap.
2.2.3. ID Disclosure
An attacker is insider, passive, and malicious. It can monitor trajectories of a target vehicle and
can use this information for determining the ID of a vehicle.
2.2.4. Denial of Service (DOS)
Attacker is malicious, active, and local in this case. Attacker may want to bring down the
network by sending unnecessary messages on the channel. Example of this attack includes
channel jamming and injection of dummy messages.
2.2.5. Replaying and Dropping Packets
An attacker may drop legitimate packets. For example, an attacker can drop all the alert
messages meant for warning vehicles proceeding toward the accident location. Similarly, an
attacker can replay the packets after that event has been occurred to create the illusion of
accident.
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2.2.6. Hidden Vehicle
This type of attack is possible in a scenario where vehicles smartly try to reduce the congestion
on the wireless channel. For example, a vehicle has sent a warning message to its neighbours
and it is awaiting a response. After receiving a response, the vehicle realizes that its neighbour
is in a better position to forward the warning message and stops sending this message to other
nodes. This is because it assumes that its neighbour will forward the message to other nodes. If
this neighbor node is an attacker, it can be fatal for the system.
2.2.7. Worm Hole Attack
It is challenging to detect and prevent this attack. A malicious node can record packets at one
location in the network and tunnel them to other location through a private network shared with
malicious nodes. Severity of the attack increases if the malicious node sends only control
messages through the tunnel and not data packets.
2.2.8. Sybil Attack
In this attack, a vehicle forges the identities of multiple vehicles. These identities can be used to
play any type of attack in the system. These false identities also create an illusion that there are
additional vehicles on the road. Consequence of this attack is that every type of attack can be
played after spoofing the positions or identities of other nodes in the network.
3. DETECTION OF SYBIL ATTACK
In literature, different techniques are proposed for detection of Sybil attack in VANETs. Sybil
attacks are always possible in the absence of any logical centralized authority. As there is no
centralized entity in VANETs, detection of Sybil attacks is very difficult. Some constraints such
as validating all entities simultaneously by all nodes and strict coordination among entities are
necessary for detection of a Sybil attack. Some techniques are described below.
3.1. Directional Antenna
This technique, can be used to detect Sybil attack discussed in[3]. This method is
used to direction of arrival packets and It checks whether the messages has been come
from forged neighbours or neighbours real. This method is not perfect because
it sometimes does not detect some attacks.
3.2. Propagation Model
Sybil attack can also be detected by using a propagation model as described in[4,5,6]. In this
technique, the received signal power from a sending node is matched with its claimed position.
By using this method, received signal power can be used to calculate the position of the node. If
both the positions (calculated and claimed) do not match, this may be a Sybil node. This
technique is unsuitable for detection of a Sybil attack as a malicious node can use the same
propagation model to compute the transmission signal strength required to fool detection
system in estimating the next position of the node. Signal strength approach has a limited
accuracy. Small-scale attacks cannot be detected. It is very difficult for a malicious vehicle to
change signal strength distribution. Any change in signal strength will, therefore, be detected by
a receiver. If each vehicle is given limited space, malicious vehicles can fabricate only few
Sybil nodes. More realistic radio propagation model is required to support high mobility of
nodes in VANETs.
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3.3. Resource Testing
This technique, can be used to detect Sybil attack discussed in[4,6,7,15]. It is assumed that
every physical entity is equipped with limited computational resources. A typical puzzle is
given to all the nodes in the network for testing computational resources. If resources of a
single node are used to simulate multiple entities, any particular entity will be resource
constrained in computation, storage, and bandwidth. This approach is not suitable as an attacker
may have more computational resources when compared with honest nodes. Yet another
problem is that this technique may create network congestion because more number of
requests/replies are used for identification of nodes. Radio resource testing can also be used for
detecting Sybil nodes. It is based on the assumption that any node has only one radio so any
radio cannot send and receive more than one channel at a time. This technique also fails
because the attacker can use multiple radio devices simultaneously.
3.4. Detection and localization of nodes
This technique, can be used to detect Sybil attack discussed in [5,8]. This method is based
on finding the physical location of nodes and comparing it with the vehicle's position is to
claim . so this attack is discovered . This solution is the geometric method and also uses data
obtained from GPS.
3.5. Public Key Cryptography
Security issue of Sybil attacks can be solved by using public key cryptography and
authentication mechanism as described in [10,11]. In this security solution, signatures are
combined with digital certificates and asymmetric cryptography is used. Certificates are issued
by CA and there is a hierarchy of these CAs. For each region, there is one CA. These CAs
communicate with each other through secure channel and keep track of issued certificates used
by every signed message. This technique can prevent Sybil attacks as only messages with valid
certificates are considered and invalid messages are ignored. The only requirement is that
each node should be assigned one certificate at a time. For privacy implementation, these
certificates are changed from time-to-time. But in VANETs, it is difficult to deploy PKI as
there is no guarantee of the presence of infrastructure. It is very complex, consumes large
memory, and time consuming as well.
3.6. Timestamp Series
This technique, can be used to detect Sybil attack discussed in [9] In this approach, proposed a
timestamp series approach to defend against Sybil attack in a vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) based on roadside unit support. it discover that it would be rare for arbitrary two
vehicles to pass through a few different RSUs (far apart from each other) always at the same
time. Therefore, if a traffic message sent out by any vehicle contains several timestamps issued
to this vehicle by the previously passed RSUs, Sybil attack can be detected if multiple traffic
messages contain very similar series of timestamps. This method has challenges, for example If
RSUs are located at intersections, it may make the Sybil attack detection difficult, so this
method not suitable approach to detect Sybil attack.
4. THE PROPOSED SCHEMA
The proposed schema uses encryption mechanism to detects attack and provides Four security
aspects are concerned in this method:
4.1. Authentication
Every receiver vehicle should make sure of message transmitter’s authority and authenticate it.
In normal network system, each vehicle must have a certificate for transmission, and this allows
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each vehicle to transmit even if it considered as adversary, common idea is the use of
Certificate Revocation List (CRL), CRL will keep the ability for the vehicle to transmit, if any
vehicle receives information from a revoked vehicle it will accept the information and apply the
id of the sender to the CRL, if the id in the list the receiver will ignore the message, otherwise it
will take it, this procedure causes network overhead for frequent retransmission of CRL and
causes high computation overhead for each vehicle when receiving any information, and again
allows the adversary vehicle to transmit, in some situations the receiving vehicle may accept the
information received from adversary, as not all vehicles have the updated CRL. In this work
provide each vehicle with special certificate; this certificate will insure the intention status of
the vehicle, a Valid Certificate (VC) will be given to the valid vehicle (I mean: not adversary),
and Adversary Certificate (AC) for adversary vehicle. Use of this idea cause to
performance is increased. Once, vehicle requested for key or send a message, if it has a Valid
Certificate key Be assigned to him else if it has a Adversary Certificate, not Be assigned to him
and Will not receive a message from it[10,11,14].
4.2. Non-repudiation
Every vehicle should put part of its personal information so it can be recognized in the case of
crime occurrence and insurance. Thus, repudiation becomes impossible by the transmitter.
vehicle’s identity should be attached to the message, so it can be tracked whenever desired and
Non-repudiation established. Accordingly, vehicle tracking is only allowed just for authorized
organization. So the vehicle should encrypt its identity and only authorized organizations is
capable of decryption. Hence, encryption of car’s identity should be done by means of assigned
public key (PU) from authorized organization and be put in a distinct field to inside original
message. Since vehicle’s identity is encrypted by a public key, other vehicles are not able to
recognize it and just authorized organization own the private key associated to the public key
can access its identity.
4.3. Privacy
Personal information of vehicles and drivers shouldn’t be accessible by other vehicles and the
anonymity should be preserved to stop tracking. The exception is for authorized organizations.
in this work we use private key to provided privacy.
4.4. Data Integrity
The transmitted message should contain valid information not to be altered by attackers.
the hash function in addition to encryption of messages ,it summarizes them, and so enhance
the network performance. Other methods of encryption are time consuming and reduce
network performance. so We to raise the efficiency use the hash function to encryption. Hash
message authentication codes (HMAC) sign packets to verify that the information received is
exactly the same as the information sent. This is called integrity. HMACs provide integrity
through a keyed hash, the result of a mathematical calculation on a message using a hash
function combined with a shared, secret key.
This method is easier to manage the CA, a city or a country are divided into the
different regions(n). It’s noticeable that one key pairs of authentication key and public key are
needed for message exchange in each region, thus regions under CA coverage should not have
any common area [7,8,10].
},...,,{ 21 nRRRR =
φ=∩ ji RR i≤1 , nj ≤
, ji ≠
CAl, manages a local public key Which is valid only in its areas. CAh, is hold the
initial certification and information of vehicles.
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4.5. How It Works
Sybil attack detection phases is shown in Figure 1. in this figure malicious node with M, Sybil
node with S and The Node that is the identity of his spoofing with A is labaled.
In phase1, each vehicle should be registered in a group and receive its public authentication key
(AK) before any message transmission. For signing a message, the vehicle uses group
authentication key and encryption function and sends it along with original message to other
vehicle and RSU. Therefore it is not obligatory for each member to have other members’
private information such as their identity and public key for authenticating them. Receivers
verify a member’s authenticity by signature verification. It’s attained by reconfirmation of
encryption function with authentication key to the received message and comparing the result to
the signature. Also, receivers can make sure of transmitted data integrity [16].
},),(,{ IDhAK OBUCAMHM
OBUID, is as follows:
l
CAAKASKAAID MHIDHIDOBU ))}(|(,{=
In phase2, Because RSU don’t have a private key of CAl, so RSU can not decrypt
the message. it sending a request to CAl to decrypted of the OBUID, in this phase decrypted
only IDA.
In phase3, because CAl don’t have private key of vehicle A, so CAl can not decrypted
HSK(IDA|HAK(M)) , therefore send a request private key of vehicle A to the CAh.
In phase4, CAh reply private key of vehicle A to CAl and CAl attained by reconfirmation of
encryption function with key of vehicle A to the (IDA|HAK(M)) and comparing the result to the
HSK(IDA|HAK(M)). Also, CAl can detect the Sybil attack , if result of this comparison is
different. The Notations used during a Message transmission in 4 phase are shown in Tab.1.
Algorithm used for Sybil attack detection
1- EH(PUAK(M)) from source node S
2- EH(SKA(IDA| HAK(M))) from source node S
3- E(PUCA(IDA, HSKA(IDA| HAK(M)))) from node S
4- SEND(RQST(M,HAK(M),CAh,OBUId) from source node S to local RSU other
vehicle in local region)
5- EH(PUAK(M)) in RSU and IF(HAK(M)==HAK(M)) THEN go to step 7 else go to
step 6
6- REPORT to CAl “the message is fault”
7- D(SKCl(IDA, HSKA(IdA| HAK(M))) in CAl
8- REQST(PUA) to CAh
9- RPLY(PUA) to CAl
10- EH(SKA(IDA|HAK(M))) and IF(HSKA(IDA|HAK(M))==HSKA(IDA|HAK(M)))
THEN Sybil attack detect.
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Table 1. Notation
Notation Means
RQST Request from source node
RPLY Reply from VANET server
SEND Send key from VANET server to
destination
E (…) Encryption of Message
EH(…) Encryption of Message with hashing function
D (…) Decryption of Message
PUA Public key for source node A
SKA Private Key for source node A
M Original message
AK Shared key between all nodes is located in a area
HAK(M) Encryption message with Key AK
CAh Home CA or initial CA
CAl Local CA
IDA Identifier of vehicle
Figure 1. Phases of detection of Sybil attack
4.6. Analysis and Evaluation
A good security mechanism has short delay for encryption, decryption and key exchange. In
this proposed scheme is used Matlab tool for simulation. for sending safety message vehicles
generate message digest by means of HMAC function and encrypt ID with P-224 curve, in this
simulation number of messages that report accident is assume is 5 and number of vehicle is
variable to draw these diagrams.
The HMAC operation is very faster than encryption and its delay is not considerable in
comparison with encryption delay. In reception of message, the vehicle only generate message
digest with AK and compares it with received message digest that takes very short time. Other
decryption processes are accomplished by CA that does not influence overall delay. Since
frequency of safety message reception is more than its transmission, this method is acceptable.
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According above mentioned process, a total delay (D) occurs that this delay is related to factors
such as degree of closeness to RSU, connection style of components and overload of the
components (RSU, CA).
Execution time of this algorithm is low, because most operations are done in Certification
Authority, so the proposed method is a best method for detection of Sybil attacks.
Calculate of total delay:
Total delay= T1+T2+T3+T4 (1)
T1 means, delay of phase1(delay of broad cast the message to other vehicle and RSU ) and T2
means, delay of phase2(delay of actions in RSU, such as receive messages and
categorize messages based on type of event and management of key and compare message with
hashed message to find message encrypt with valid key) and T3 means delay of
phase3(encryption of messages in CAL) and T4 means delay of phase4(delay of receive key
from CAh).
Figure 2. Delay of detect Sybil along number of vehicle
Figure 3. Number of message along number of vehicle
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a method base on cryptography to detect Sybil attack in VANET. Result of
simulation shown that Execution time of this algorithm is low, because most operations is
done in Certification Authority, so the proposed method is a best method for detection of Sybil
attacks. The simulations indicates that, delay of detection Sybil attack depends on the number
of messages not to number of vehicles. In our future work we would like to discover location of
malicious node, because this nodes is important problem in this type of attacks, prevents of
other attacks if malicious nodes is identify. This proposed schema have a problem, that, if nodes
move to other rejoins, detection of Sybil attack does not work properly, so in future work we
would like to improved this method to detection of Sybil attack execute properly and
completely.
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Authors
Mina Rahbari is currently a researcher at
security in Ad hoc network, she is
student of master soft engineering in azad
Islamic university of shabestar, iran.