Surgical ophthalmic Eye instruments PDF Catalogue High Quality
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Enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration are surgical procedures involving removal of parts or all of the eye and orbit. Enucleation removes the entire globe while preserving orbital structures. Indications include retinoblastoma and melanoma. Evisceration removes intraocular contents while preserving the sclera. It is used for painful blind eyes and infections. Exenteration removes all orbital contents, including soft tissues. It is performed for orbital malignancies or infections to obtain tumor-free margins. Complications can include bleeding, infection, and implant issues. Different types of implants are used depending on the procedure and goals.
Ectropion and entropion
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy and microscopic structure of the retina. Key points include:
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LIMBUS… • The limbus forms the border between the transparent cornea and opaque sclera, contains the pathways of aqueous humour outflow, and is the site of surgical incisions for cataract and glaucoma
2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
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The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It discusses the position, dimensions, surfaces, parts and zones of the lens. It describes the biochemistry of the lens including its water, protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid content. It explains the metabolic activities of the lens such as glucose metabolism and protein synthesis and breakdown. It discusses permeability, transport mechanisms and the role of various components in maintaining lens transparency.
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Amblyopia
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- Amblyopia is reduced visual acuity or function in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses and is caused by abnormal visual development.
- It is classified based on etiology such as strabismic, anisometropic, form deprivation, and organic causes.
- Clinical features include reduced visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and function testing.
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LIMBUS… • The limbus forms the border between the transparent cornea and opaque sclera, contains the pathways of aqueous humour outflow, and is the site of surgical incisions for cataract and glaucoma
2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
3. CONTINUE…. • In the area near limbus, the conjunctiva, tenon’s capsule & the episcleral tissue are fused into a dense tissue which is strongly adherent to corneo scleral junction.It is preferred site for obtaining a firm hold of the eyeball during ocular surgery. • The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. • The Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridge known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population. The palisades of Vogt are more common in the superior and inferior quadrants around the eye
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Concomitant strabismus is a type of manifest squint where the amount of deviation remains constant in all directions of gaze and there is no limitation of ocular movements. It can be caused by sensory obstacles like refractive errors, motor obstacles like abnormalities of extraocular muscles, or central obstacles like deficient development of fusion faculty. The main types are esotropia (inward deviation), exotropia (outward deviation), and hypertropia (vertical deviation). Treatment involves correcting refractive errors, amblyopia treatment, orthoptic exercises, and squint surgery to weaken strong muscles or strengthen weak muscles as needed.
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Dr. Shreeji Shrestha provides an overview of perimetry, beginning with an introduction to the visual field and its importance in mapping disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathway. The document then discusses different types of perimetry, including kinetic, static, bedside, and formal perimetry. Key terms used in perimetry are defined, such as threshold, isopter, and decibel. Factors that can affect sensitivity are reviewed. Common visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma and their progression are described. Emerging techniques like short wavelength automated perimetry and frequency doubling technology are also summarized.
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Trabeculectomy is the gold standard glaucoma surgery for lowering intraocular pressure. It involves creating a fistula between the anterior chamber and subconjunctival space to bypass the trabecular meshwork. Complications include hypotony from overfiltration, flat or shallow anterior chambers, elevated pressure, hemorrhage, and infection. Careful surgical technique and postoperative management can help prevent or address complications and optimize outcomes.
Cover tests
Cover tests are used to objectively determine the presence, type, and amount of ocular misalignment. The cover-uncover test involves occluding one eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. If no movement is seen, the uncover test is performed to detect latent strabismus. The alternate cover test dissociates binocular vision by alternately occluding each eye. The simultaneous prism and cover test measures the tropia component without dissociating the phoria. Cover tests are important for diagnosing manifest and latent strabismus.
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Tonometry
This document discusses various methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including direct and indirect techniques. Direct manometry involves inserting a needle into the eye, while indirect methods include indentation tonometry using the Schiotz tonometer, various types of applanation tonometry (Goldmann, Perkins, pneumatic, Tono-Pen), and non-contact tonometry. Factors like ocular rigidity, corneal thickness and curvature can influence tonometry readings. Newer methods like the dynamic contour tonometer and ocular response analyzer aim to provide measurements less affected by corneal properties.
Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is a technique used to objectively measure the refractive error of the eye. Light is directed into the patient's eye to illuminate the retina, and the observer views the resulting reflex to determine the refractive state. There are different types of retinoscopes and techniques used. By observing properties of the fundal reflex such as direction and speed of motion, the observer can determine if the eye is emmetropic, hyperopic, or myopic, and approximately how much refractive error is present. Further testing is done to refine the prescription and determine any astigmatism. Retinoscopy provides an efficient initial objective refraction.
Trabeculectomy
A surgical procedure featuring a partial thickness scleral flap that creates a fistula between AC and subconjunctival space for filtration of aqueous and creation of conjunctival bleb in an effort to lower IOP
anatomy & physiology of lens
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It discusses the position, dimensions, surfaces, parts and zones of the lens. It describes the biochemistry of the lens including its water, protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid content. It explains the metabolic activities of the lens such as glucose metabolism and protein synthesis and breakdown. It discusses permeability, transport mechanisms and the role of various components in maintaining lens transparency.
Anatomy of uvea
The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It develops from both neuroectoderm and vascular mesoderm. The iris develops fully by age 5, with pigmentation continuing after birth. The ciliary body appears by 9 weeks and is fully developed by 6 months gestation. The choroid layers are seen by 5 months gestation. The uvea regulates light entry and provides blood supply to the outer retina. Congenital anomalies include heterochromia, polycoria, persistent pupillary membranes, and colobomas. Uveitis is inflammation of the uveal tract.
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Gonioscopy presentation
Gonioscopy refers to techniques for examining the anterior chamber angle of the eye to evaluate and classify normal and abnormal angle structures. It involves using specialized lenses and lights to view the iridocorneal angle. There are two main methods: direct gonioscopy uses large contact lenses requiring saline, while indirect uses smaller lenses with mirrors or prisms that utilize tear film. Gonioscopy is used to diagnose angle-closure glaucoma and other conditions by allowing visualization of the trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and other angle structures. Indentation gonioscopy, where the lens is pressed against the cornea, can differentiate appositional from synechial angle closure. Proper technique and
Amblyopia
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment methods. The key points are:
- Amblyopia is reduced visual acuity or function in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses and is caused by abnormal visual development.
- It is classified based on etiology such as strabismic, anisometropic, form deprivation, and organic causes.
- Clinical features include reduced visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and function testing.
- Treatment involves occlusion of the non-amblyopic eye using patches or glasses, along with visual stimulation techniques for the amblyopic eye
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
Management of Post Operative Pain: to make doctors conscious about the benefi...
Multimodal analgesia.
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India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]
According to the TechSci Research report titled "India Home Healthcare Market - By Region, Competition, Forecast and Opportunities, 2029," the India home healthcare market is anticipated to grow at an impressive rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the rising demand for managing health issues such as chronic diseases, post-operative care, elderly care, palliative care, and mental health. The growing preference for personalized healthcare among people is also a significant driver. Additionally, rapid advancements in science and technology, increasing healthcare costs, changes in food laws affecting label and product claims, a burgeoning aging population, and a rising interest in attaining wellness through diet are expected to escalate the growth of the India home healthcare market in the coming years.
Browse over XX market data Figures spread through 70 Pages and an in-depth TOC on "India Home Healthcare Market”
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