This document provides an overview of general surgery, including pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative procedures. It defines surgery and discusses its history, classifications based on urgency, risk, and purpose. The pre-operative stage involves diagnosis, assessments, consent, and preparation. The intra-operative stage is the surgery. The post-operative stage focuses on recovery and can involve complications. Overall, the document covers the key aspects and stages of general surgical operations and interventions.

1. SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND
INTERVENTIONS.
PRE AND POST-OPERATIVE
PROCEDURES.
SUBJECT : General Surgery
PROJECT BY: Shivangi Singh
NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
O.O BOGOMOLETS

2. WHAT IS SURGERY?
• Surgery is a procedure that involves
cutting of a patient's tissues or closure of
a previously sustained wound.
Or
• Surgery is defined as the treatment of
injuries or disorders of the body by
incision or manipulation, especially with
instruments.

3. HISTORY: INVENTION
Sushruta
Sushruta samhita (Sushruta's
compendium) which is one of the oldest
treatise dealing with surgery in the world
indicates that he was probably the first
surgeon to perform
plastic surgical operations.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF SURGERY

5. SURGERY BASED ON URGENCY
ELECTIVE SURGERY
- Pre-planned.
- By choice.
- Availability of patients, surgeon and facility.
- Example: Hernia repair, Cataract extraction.

6. - Short time frame procedural.
- Must be done in 24 – 48 hours.
- Example: Removal of gall bladder,
Amputation.
SURGERY BASED ON URGENCY
URGENT SURGERY

7. - Immediate action required.
- Special care and expertise needed.
- Example: Cardiac tamponade, Acute
airway obstruction.
SURGERY BASED ON URGENCY
EMERGENCY SURGERY

8. Major Surgery
o Requires hospitalization and specialized care
o Higher degree of risk
o Greater risk of Postoperative complications
Minor Surgery
o Low risk and few complications.
o Mostly elective
SURGERY BASED ON RISK

9. - Surgeries to make or confirm a diagnosis.
- Also known as exploratory surgeries.
- Example: Biopsy, Broncho scopy,
Endo scopy
SURGERY BASED ON PURPOSE
DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY

10. - Surgeries to remove a diseased body
part.
- Example: Appendectomy, Tumor removal
surgery.
SURGERY BASED ON PURPOSE
ABLATIVE SURGERY

11. - Surgeries to relieve or reduce intensity of
an illness.
- It is not curative.
- Example: Colostomy, Nerve root
resection.
SURGERY BASED ON PURPOSE
PALLIATIVE SURGERY

12. - Surgeries to restore function to traumatized or
malfunctioning tissue or to improve self-
concept.
- Example: Scar revision, Plastic surgery, Breast
reconstruction.
SURGERY BASED ON PURPOSE
RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

13. - Surgeries to replace organs or structures that
are diseased or malfunctioning.
- Example: Kidney, Liver, Heart Transplant.
SURGERY BASED ON PURPOSE
TRANSPLANTATION SURGERY

14. STAGES OF
SURGICAL
INTERVENTION

15. CATEGORIES OF PATIENTS OF PLANNED
SURGERY
• 1st – Practically healthy people
• 2nd- the patients with mild diseases without functional disorder
• 3rd- the patients with severe diseases and functional disorders
• 4th- the patients with severe diseases threatening their life with
or without surgery.
• 5th- death of a patient can be expected within 24 hours after
surgery
• Urgent surgeries :
• 6th- patients with condition of category 1st and 2nd
• 7th- patients with condition 3rd-5th category.
Based on American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) suggested
Classification based on patient physical condition:

16. PRE-OPERATIVE
Preparation and process done during the Pre-operative phase
- Diagnosis
- Pre-operative assessment
- Obtaining informed consent
- Pre-operative teaching
- Physical preparation of Patient
- Psychological preparation of Patient
- Premedication
It is the period from the moment of admission of the patient into the surgical
in-patient department till the moment of surgery

17. INTRA OPERATIVE CARE
- Extends from the time the Patient is admitted to the operating
room, to the time of anesthesia administration.
- Also includes performance of surgical procedure and time until
the Patient is transported to the recovery room or post
anesthesia care unit (PACU)

18. POST-OPERATIVE
It is the period of time from the moment of finishing the
operation until patient’s complete recovery and restoration of
his work capacity.
It can be divided into 3 stages:
EARLY: 5-6 days after surgery
LATE: until the moment of discharge from hospital.
DISTANT : till the moment of complete recovery and restoration of work
capacity.

19. COMPLICATIONS
• After surgery doctor should closely monitor the process of wound healing. On the
next day should change the bandage if needed.
• Suture removal should be done according to the type of surgery and patient’s age
otherwise the sutures can get reopen.
• Frequent vomiting is not normal. It maybe a sign of not proper cleaning of
digestive tract or obstruction of in stomach or intestine.
• Respiratory complications may develop. Pneumonia is very frequent.
• Thrombosis and embolism may also occur.
• Also the wound site should be cleaned and monitor as there can be chances of
infections as well. Hematomas, infiltrates, abscesses are very common.

20. REFERENCES
• GENERAL SURGERY – WWW. MEDPUBLISH.COM
• MANIPAL MANUAL OF SURGERY

21. THANK YOU