A wound is an injury that breaks the skin or other external surface. There are two main types of wounds - open wounds caused by cuts, lacerations, abrasions, punctures or gunshots, and closed wounds like bruises, blood tumors or crush injuries. Wound closure can be primary, where the wound is immediately sealed, secondary where it closes on its own over time, or delayed primary where it is closed after repeated cleaning. The phases of healing are inflammatory, proliferative and maturational, involving processes like blood clotting, new cell and blood vessel growth, and scar formation. Factors that can affect healing include infection, nutrition, steroids, mechanical forces, age, radiation, and diseases like

1. WOUND HEALING

2. Wound
 A wound is an injury, especially one in
which the skin or another external
surface is torn, pierced, cut, or
otherwise broken.

3. Wound types
1- open
Incisions or incised wounds, caused by a clean,
sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a
glass splinter.
 Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds caused by
some blunt trauma.

4. Abrasions (grazes), superficial wounds in which the
topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis) is scraped off.
Puncture wounds, caused by an object puncturing the
skin, such as a nail or needle.
Penetration wounds, caused by an object such as a knife
entering and coming out from the skin .
Gunshot wounds, caused by a bullet or similar projectile
driving into or through the body

5. 2-Closed
 Contusions, more commonly known as bruises,
caused by a blunt force trauma that damages
tissue under the skin.
 Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused
by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes
blood to collect under the skin.
 Crush injury, caused by a great or extreme
amount of force applied over a long period of
time.

6. Types of wound closure
 Primary closure
 Delayed primary closure
 Secondary closure

7. Primary closure
 First intention closure
 Immediately sealed wounds with simple suturing,
skin graft placement, or flap closure
 Eg. emergency laceration repair,
closure of the surgical wound

8. Primary closure

9. Secondary closure
 No active intent to seal the wound
 The wound is closed by reepithelization and
contraction with some deposition of scar tissue

10. Secondary closure

11. Delayed primary closure
 Tertiary intention
 Surgical intervention, such as suturing, skin graft
replacement, or flap design, after repeated
debridement and antibiotics therapy

12. Delayed primary closure

13. Phases of Healing
 Inflammatory (Reactive)
Haemostasis Inflammation
 Proliferative (Regenerative/Reparative)
Epithelial migration proliferation Maturation
 Maturational (Remodeling)
Contraction scarring Remodeling

14. Phases of Wound Healing
A. Inflammatory or reactive phase
Events
1. Increase vascular permeability
2.Chemotaxis
3.Secretion of cytokines
4.Growth factor

15. Phases of Wound Healing
B. Proliferative phase
Goal: granulation tissue formation
Events:
1. Angiogenesis
2.Fibroplasia
3.Epithelization

16. Phases of Wound Healing
C. Maturation phase
Goal: scar contraction with collagen cross-
linking, shrinking and loss of edema
Events:
1. Scarring
2.Contraction
3.Remodeling of scar

17. Factors affecting Wound Healing
 Infection
 Nutrition ( proteins, vit.C, vit.A, Zn, Fe)
 Steroids / Adriamycin
 Mechanical factors
(a) Increased pressure/torsion)
(b) Ischemia
 Malnutrition
 Advanced age
 Ionising Radiation
 Diabetes Mellitus