1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
Mass media finishing techniques improve part performance and service life, and these processes can be tailored or modified to amplify this effect. Although the ability of these processes to drive down deburring and surface finishing costs when compared to manual procedures is well known and documented, their ability to dramatically effect part performance and service life are not. This facet of edge and surface finishing deserves closer scrutiny and this is also true of larger and more complex parts – only more so
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Mass media finishing techniques improve part performance and service life, and these processes can be tailored or modified to amplify this effect. Although the ability of these processes to drive down deburring and surface finishing costs when compared to manual procedures is well known and documented, their ability to dramatically effect part performance and service life are not. This facet of edge and surface finishing deserves closer scrutiny and this is also true of larger and more complex parts – only more so
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Dr. R. Narayanasamy - Forming and fracture behavior of stainless steel 430 gr...Dr.Ramaswamy Narayanasamy
Presentation on Forming and fracture behavior of stainless steel 430 grade sheet metal by Dr. R. Narayanasamy, Retired Professor (HAG), Department of Production Engineering, NIT - Trichy
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
Turbo-Abrasive Machining in the Continuous Flow Environment Dr Michael Massarsky. Turbo-Finish Corporation, 917 518 8205 michael@turbofinish.com
turbofinish.wordpress.com
SPRING BACK PREDICTION OF SHEET METAL IN DEEP DRAWING PROCESSIAEME Publication
Spring back is one of the most significant phenomenon that affect the accurateness of the sheet metal parts. In order to obtain fixed tolerances for the formed parts it is highly recommended to use such process parameters/tool geometry that allow a considerably diminishing of the spring back amount. A Finite Element (FE) model is developed for the 2- D numerical simulation of sheet metal deep drawing process (Parametric Analysis) by using HYPERFORM with the appropriate material properties (anisotropic material) and simplifies boundary conditions
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Press tool operations, Shearing action, Shear operations, Numerical problems, Drawing, Draw die design, Spinning, Bending, Stretch forming, Embossing and coining, Types of sheet metal dies, Analysis of sheet metal
Dr. R. Narayanasamy - Forming and fracture behavior of stainless steel 430 gr...Dr.Ramaswamy Narayanasamy
Presentation on Forming and fracture behavior of stainless steel 430 grade sheet metal by Dr. R. Narayanasamy, Retired Professor (HAG), Department of Production Engineering, NIT - Trichy
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
TALAT Lecture 3300: Fundamentals of Metal FormingCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a brief review of the fundamental terms and laws governing metal forming at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. This lecture is a necessary prerequisite to understand the more specific treatment of metal forming subjects such as forging, impact extrusion and sheet metal forming in the subsequent TALAT This lectures 3400 to 3800. General background in production engineering, machine tools is assumed.
This presentation was delivered to SME's Leadership and Board of Directors to illustrate the potential advantages of SME collaborating and working with other professional groups.
It's the Finish that Counts. Technical Magazine article reprint.Dave Davidson
A conventionally produced surface (turned, milled,
ground, EDM) is typically Gaussian in nature, that is,
the peak and valley distribution is pretty much equal
in height. This type of surface can be very unstable and
unpredictable when wear and load bearing are considered. The images in Figure 1 demonstrate this type of
surface.
There are many ways to produce plateaued surfaces.
They are varied in approach but all have the ability to
control the surface peak characteristics separately for
the valley characteristics. Methods that are used to improve surfaces for performance and increased service life include centrifugal barrel finishing, turbo-abrasive machining (aka Turbo-Finish) and isotropic micro-finishing with vibratory finishing equipment. For additional technical information and/or elp with free sample part processing contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.om
Here is a detailed PPT on the topic related to Basic terms of surface finish, Lay, Reasons for controlling surface roughness, factors affecting surface roughness.
Turbo abrasive machining tech paper - 2016Dave Davidson
INTRODUCTION: Turbo-Finish technology (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining) is a dry, high-speed spindle finishing process that utilizes abrasive fluidized bed technology, and high speed part rotation to develop extremely rapid and uniform edge and surface conditioning on aerospace, automotive and industrial parts. Polishing, deburring and edge radiusing are accomplished anywhere that the media can access. This finishing technology can develop isotropic surface finishes s while developing consistent round edges on any exposed sharp edged features.
The tribological properties of textured surfaces of brass and aluminum were compared with untextured surfaces of the same specimens. This was done to research the effect of micro-dimples and their geometry parameters in reducing the wear of samples tested under lubricated contact with a ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer.
Technical article reprint on the high-speed and high-intensity and high-quality Centrifugal iso-Finishing method.. The methods used widely on aerospace, motorsports, automotive, medical, dental, orthodontic and jewelry manufactured parts. For additional information contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com. Ask about the free sample part finishing program.
See also the technical blog at https://dryfinish.wordpress.com
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing Technical article as seen in Products Finishing mag...Dave Davidson
This high-speed, high-intensity mass finishing
method can improve part performance. Centrifugal iso-finishing can be used not only for deburring and edge-contour, but also to
develop surface finish attributes that improve the performance,
surface integrity and service life of components.
A High-Speed, High-Energy Alternative
Centrifugal iso-finishing is a high-speed and high-intensity
mass finishing method in which abrasive or polishing materials are caused to interact with part edges and surfaces
with 10 times the surface pressure of low-energy finishing
methods. What this means, in practical terms, is that it is
possible to produce very refined surface finishes in abbreviated process cycle times. It also means that parts with
complex and detailed geometries can be deburred with a
minimum of manual intervention.
Technical article on Centrifugal Iso-Finishing for deburring and polishing.
Contact:
Dave Davidson
Deburring/Finishing Technologist
SME Tech Community Advisor
dryfinish@gmail.com | 509.230.6821
http://dryfinish.wordpress.com
http://about.me/dave.davidson
http://partsfinished.wordpress.com
Finished part portfolio: https://www.flickr.com/photos/72325472@N04/albums/72157686262863672
________________________
Free Sample Processing
Contract Deburring and Finishing Services
High Energy Finishing Equipment and Process Development
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Turbo-Finish and premature fatigue failure prevention and life extension. Turbo-Finish’s unique ability to produce isotropic surfaces on rotating parts can make them much less susceptible to problems associated with crack propagation. Additionally, the elimination of stress risers, and the generation of round edges are used to help extend component life. Rotating parts can especially benefit from the Turbo-Finish process. Disks and other rotating parts can all benefit from this surface and edge conditioning. Highly finished surfaces also tend to pick up less residual contaminants from operations. and smooth isotropic surfaces generate less turbulent air flow across their surfaces. Additionally, the Turbo-Finish process imparts beneficial compressive residual stress. As critical features of the part are processed simultaneously, it can produce a stress equilibrium throughout the entire part. One of the signature advantages of the process is that it is capable of producing peening like metal surface improvement effects, while simultaneously developing isotropic surfaces and deburring and edge-contouring sharp edged features
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing is a high-speed, high-quality and hands-free method for deburring, smoothing, surface-0finishing, burnishing and polishing of work-pieces and parts. Contact Dave Davidson for additional technical information and assistance with getting your parts sample finished. Contact me at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com See also dryfinish.wordpress.com
Modern machine-shop-apr-18 centrifugal isofinishing crnakshaftsDave Davidson
See the technical article on Centrifugal Iso-Finishing on surface finish and it's effect on engine components in the Motorsports Industry terms of performance improvement.
Contact D. A. (Dave) Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com for additional information or help with free sample finishing.
Iso-Finishing sample part finishing application formDave Davidson
Free sample part processing and quotations for deburring, finishing or polishing of your production parts.
(1) Download the Word document form into your computer.
(2) Complete the form and include a paper copy with your sample parts to being shipped to the Isofinishing address shown on the form
MFI full finishing product catalog with technical assistance infoDave Davidson
Mass Finishing Equipment and Supply Catalog includes equipment, finishing media, supplies and accessories. Features Centrifugal Iso-Finishing equipment for high-speed and hands-free deburring, finishing and polishing. For technical assistance and help with arranging for free sample finishing of your parts contact Dave Dagvidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Modern machine shop interviews Dave Davidson about Gear finishing processes. For additional technical information and assistance with sample part finishing contact Dave Davidson | ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com # #machining #polishing #finish #cnc #manufacturingengineering #automotiveindustry #finishing #deburring #leanmanufacturing #aerospace #massfinishing #grinding #automotive #leanmaufacturing #gears
BV PRODUCTS - Bowl and Tub Vibratory Finishing SystemsDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
BV PRODUCTS VIBRATORY FINISHING SYSTEMS FOR DEBURRING AND FINISHINGDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
BV Products - Vibratory Finishing machinery for deburring and polishingDave Davidson
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built-in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more.
Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Vibratory finishing machines designed, engineered and built in Australia that out-perform and out-last vibratory finishing machines costing much more. Robust design with direct-drive motor and integrated parts/media separation for economical vibratory finishing of metal parts. BV Products has been perfecting its unique all cast polyurethane vibratory finishing machines with direct-drive motion generators for almost 40 years to make them the most innovative and most cost-effective surface finishing solution in the industry. Contact Dave Davidson: ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing for Additive Manufactured PartsDave Davidson
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing Technology is used on 3D Printed and conventional CNC precision machined components for deburring, finishing and polishing. It is a high-speed, high-quality hands-free finishing method that produces highly refined surface finishes in a fraction of the time required by other equipment (10 times faster, in many cases) Free sample finishing of your parts is available, contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-tech-group.com
Centrifugal iso finishing sample processingDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing contract services Dave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing - part dividersDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Final vibratory iso-finishing processesDave Davidson
High-Speed iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing - Equipment descriptionDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish
https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
Centrifugal iso finishing - how it worksDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and iso-finish polishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish https://lnkd.in/gFjetZk
For additional information CONTACT Dave Davidson | dryfinish@gmail.com | https://en.gravatar.com/dryfinish
Wherever metals come into contact with each other contact stresses and friction occur. Both these conditions regulate and reduce the performance and compromise the design.
of the component. Super-finishing or CASF (Chemically Accelerated Surface Finishing) is a means of regaining those losses by producing a superfine finish where it is most needed.
Centrifugal iso finishing for High-Performance SurfacesDave Davidson
High-Speed, Hands-free deburring, iso-finishing and polishing of manufactured and 3D printed parts. Contact Dave Davidson for free sample finishing, technical assistance and contract deburring and finishing at dryfinish@gmail.com | https//about.me/dave/davidson | See the videos at https://dryfinish.wordpress.com
CONTACT: Dave Davidson
Debuuring/Finishing Technologist
dryfinish@gmail.com | 509.230.6821
https://partsfinished.wordpress.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Surface condition impacts part performancwe
1. AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
Surface Condition Impacts Part Performance
Burrs, edges can negatively influence function of components.
By David A. Davidson, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Chair: Deburring, Edge-Finish
and Surface Conditioning Technology Committee
T
he role of mass finishing processes—such as
barrel tumbling, vibratory, centrifugal, and
spindle finishing—as a method for removal of
burrs, developing edge contour, and smoothing and
polishing parts has been well established and docu-
mented for many years. These processes have been
used in a wide variety of part applications to promote
safer part handling (by attenuation of sharp part
edges); improve the fit and function of parts when
assembled; and produce smooth, even micro-finished
surfaces to meet either functional or aesthetic crite-
ria or specifications. Processes for developing specif-
ic edge and/or surface profile conditions on parts in
bulk are used in industries as diverse as the jewelry,
dental, and medical implant sectors on up through
the automotive and aerospace fields.
Less well known and less clearly understood is the
role specialized variants of these types of processes
can play in extending the service life and perform-
ance of components in demanding manufacturing or
operational applications.
Industry has always been looking to improve sur-
face condition to enhance part performance, and this
technology has become much better understood in
recent years. Processes are routinely utilized to
specifically improve life of parts and tools subject to
failure from fatigue and to improve their perform-
ance. These improvements are mainly achieved by
enhancing part surface texture in a number of dif-
ferent, and sometimes complementary, ways.
In his recently published “Mass Finishing
Handbook” author LaRoux Gillespie a chapter titled
“Process Side Effects” notes some of these potential
improvements and comments on negatives that can
be caused by incorrect process selection:
“In addition to removing burrs and improving sur-
face finishes, mass finishing can at the same time
xx www.metalfinishing.com
Figure 1: Increasingly sophisticated methods for measuring sur-
face condition have been developed in recent years to assist
engineers in analyzing and understanding surface conditions
and textures and their relationship to part performance. Often,
these methods are used to understand how surface finish tex-
tures meet operational requirements after parts have been
machined and finished. As in the case shown above, they are
also used in forensic applications to measure current surface
condition in terms of determining potential remaining opera-
tional service life. The diagram shown here depicts a 1.5 mm x
7.5 mm of a gear tooth wear area. A computer-enhanced 3-D
characterization is shown on the diagram to the left; the two
diagrams to the right show a 2-D surface profile trace.The part
in question is part of a gear-box built by Hamilton Sundstrand
for the space shuttle. (Photo courtesy of Jack Clark; Zygo Corp.,
Middlefield, Conn.
Figure 2A and 2B: In before-and-after comparisons, burr
removal, hole-edge radius, and interior surface finish developed
by Abrasive Flow Machining method (AFM). In many applica-
tions, developing edge and interior hole surface quality are CTQ
(critical to quality) and overall performance of the part, espe-
cially if non-turbulent air flow and air-flow efficiency are impor-
tant part attributes. Easily discerned in the comparison of the
two close-up photographs is the isotropic surface finish charac-
teristic of the finished part. (Photo courtesy of Extrude-Hone
Corp., Irwin, Pa.)
Figure 3 — Surface finish values of the small holes seen along the
edge of the foil area of the blade here are critical to cooling of the
blade. Improved and less turbulent flow due to high quality of
interior hole surfaces can be critical to function and performance
of the part. (Photo courtesy of Extrude-Hone, Irwin, Pa.)
2. change other key attributes of parts, some for the
worse and others for the better. In addition to
removing burrs, mass finishing can:
• Radius or blunt part edges;
• change part dimensions (0.000050 in.–0.003 in.);
• change a part’s surface finish;
• compact a part’s surface pores;
• clean a part’s oily and dirty surfaces;
• remove oxides and heavy scale from parts;
• change a part’s flatness;
• prevent soldering (if wrong abrasives are used);
• create large compressive stresses in part;
• improve or worsen corrosion rates;
• change part luster;
• change part color;
• change friction;
• and decontaminate radioactive surfaces.
AEROSPACE EDGE/SURFACE QUALITY
CONCERNS
Sometimes, to fully understand the significance of
edge and surface quality issues, it is important to
understand the magnitude of the consequences
when edge and surface condition receive insufficient
attention. Gillespie, when summarizing some points
made in an aerospace forum regarding edge and
surface quality issues, noted that important service
and operational considerations can be heavily
impacted by edge and surface condition quality:
Fatigue life, stresses, and strain: Fatigue life
increases with decreasing surface roughness, and
smoother surfaces have less preload loss when they
are part of a mechanically fastened joint. Burrs
increase stress concentration at hole edges, which
already have three times the net section stress at the
edge. Therefore, removing burrs decreases stress con-
centration, which increases fracture resistance and
fatigue life. Lastly, burrs can interfere with proper
seating of mechanical fasteners, so removing them
reduces damage to fasteners and clamped components
during assembly.
Sharp corners increase stress concentration, so
increasing radii decreases stress concentration,
which increases fracture resistance and fatigue life.
If water creeps under interfaces via higher surface
roughness and fills up a cavity or interface, then
freezes, it could create high stresses and/or acceler-
ate material fracture, not to mention stress corro-
sion cracking at scores from the hidden, trapped
water/chemicals.
One author notes, “Sharp corners, burr holes, etc.
increase not only the stress but the strain as well.
Looking at the strain we can have three different
situations:
1. The strain can be inside the linear behavior.
(Under the yield limit).
2. The strain can be between the ultimate and the
yield limit.
3. The strain can reach the ultimate limit.
If the third situation is going to occur, the cracks
can develop because of material failure. In this case,
the crack can also reach the material’s “critical
value.” For this reason, round the corners, deburring
the holes, and finishing the surfaces will help to
pass from the third to the first situation.”
Almost without exception fatigue cracks start at
the surface of a part rather than internally. One pos-
sible reason may be that the highest stresses are
usually found at the surface (e.g., bending and tor-
sion) and the surface is vulnerable to stress raisers,
such as machining notches, scratches, and pits.
Surface finish affects the strength of a part subject-
ed to fatigue loading because most machining oper-
ations leave a notch pattern and fatigue cracks usu-
ally originate in a notch.”
Corrosion and coating impact: Poor surface
finish introduces millions of new points for crevice
corrosion on the surface. Also, a rough surface can
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
xx www.metalfinishing.com
Figure 5: Impeller-like parts can be processed with Centrifugal
Barrel Finishing (CBF); Turbo-Finish (TAM), and Abrasive Flow
Machining (AFM) methods to produce uniform edge contours,
but part performance is enhanced by the isotropic and plateaud
surfaces created in the foil area of the part.
Figure 4: Aircraft engine vane segments can be deburred,
radiused, and are polished with a number of different methods.
These components processed with centrifugal barrel finishing
(CBF), which has developed needed edge and surface finishes
while developing high-quality surfaces with useful stress and
isotropic characteristics.
3. February 2007 xx
make it difficult to get good
results with non-destructive
testing methods like die pene-
trants—especially when the
roughness is in a pattern (such
as produced by flycutting or
milling). Rougher surfaces or
sharper exterior edges can
scratch coated or painted sur-
faces during assembly and might
allow hidden corrosion to spread
underneath what might tem-
porarily appear as good finishes.
The physics, electrochemistry,
etc., are well documented about
applying a coating to a sharp
edge. When using any type of
electrically catalyzed process
(anodizing, electrocoating, elec-
trostatic spray painting, etc.)
current density fluctuations pre-
vent the build-up of a uniform
coating thickness. Variations in
coating thickness have many
negative aspects, such as vari-
able friction at joint surfaces,
areas for localized corrosion, pit-
ting, galvanic cells, etc. Corrosion
fatigue and stress corrosion
cracking are obvious concerns.
Joint friction and preloads:
Also, with riveted structure, fric-
tion (due to the clamping force of
the fasteners) between faying
surfaces in a joint serves a cou-
ple important functions. First,
the friction provides a bit of
“shear preload”—the joint can
take a certain amount of shear
without loading the fasteners or
sheet in bearing. The greater
the friction, the more resistant
the joint will be to working loose
and smoking rivets. This ties in
nicely to the second function: high
frequency (engine) vibrations
throughout the structure are
damped or dissipated through
joint friction. The greater the fric-
tion, the greater the high-frequen-
cy-fatigue resistance of a mechan-
ically fastened joint.
If a burr is sitting between the
fastened sheets preventing good
contact of the faying surfaces,
much of this friction is lost. A
higher surface roughness will
lead to higher friction forces to
overcome when torquing a bolt.
This means that less preload (Fi)
will be developed, with a corre-
sponding decrease in load at
which gapping occurs [Fi/(1-C)],
which increases chances for
leaks (stuff coming out, or stuff
going in), and also leads to worse
fatigue performance (higher
alternating tensile stresses). A
higher surface roughness may
also lead to preload relaxation—
exacerbating all of the above.
As one reader noted, “This is
the classic ‘shanking and sheet
gapping’ syndrome, caused by
burrs and ‘liberated burrs’
[chips].” Rough surfaces provide
less surface area of contact, giv-
ing rise to higher and very local-
ized contact stresses. If flavored
with a little salt mixed in and
throw in some corrosion, this
could be a disaster.
Good seating: A fastener hole
with a good, sharp, burred corner
will have obvious problems with
seating when met with a fasten-
er that has a radiused junction
between head and shank. Poor
bonding of structures, in light-
ning strikes, can cause cata-
strophic local structural failure.
Static discharge: Sharp out-
side corners on structure act as
electrical charge concentrators,
and can be a static discharge haz-
ard. For the same reason, sharp
corners can cause undesirable
results in electroplating opera-
tions. One reader asks, “If an over-
ly rough surface causes corrosion,
could this joint develop a static
charge?” If there are two conduc-
tive metal surfaces separated by a
dielectric (oxide) and you add some
movement or vibration—presto—
static charge because of rough sur-
faces (as opposed to burrs).
Issues between moving
parts: Mating faces must be
finely machined (or finished) to:
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
Figure 6: Centrifugal bar-
rel finishing was used to
change the character of
surfaces on this titanium
test coupon. Centrifugal,
vibratory, and AFM meth-
ods are being used to
change surface character-
istics that can affect part
performance. The upper
coupon is typical of as
machined (milling cutter-
path or ground) surfaces
with a positively skewed
surface has been altered
to exhibit a plateaued
surface with attenuated
or blended peaks, shown
in the lower test coupon.
Figure 7: Centrifugal barrel machine
preparing to process aircraft vane seg-
ments, deburring vane edges and also
smoothing and polishing the foil surface
areas simultaneously. (Photo courtesy
of Tom Mathisen, MFI.)
4. xx www.metalfinishing.com
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
• Avoid friction;
• avoid heat due to friction. Excessive heat may
change the properties of the material surface, with
unpredictable consequences;
• have better lubrication. The active film in a fine
machined surface will be more efficient because
there will be more surface in contact with the
lubricant. This will permit better heat transfer
from the part to the lubricant (there is a limit to
how fine a finish a surface should have. The auto-
motive industry intentionally adds some surface
patterns to hold the oil in internal combustion
engines;
• excessive roughness may develop high material
wear, leading to high play, and high replace fre-
quencies of the parts;
• roughness produces friction as stated above.
Friction can lead to electricity (tribo-electric
effect). Electricity can lead to corrosion.
Electrical issues: As noted above, friction
between rough surfaces will create electrical energy.
That energy can create an accelerated galvanic-cor-
rosion anode or cathode site, if all (most) other sur-
faces are coated or insulated. Burrs are sources of
static discharge.
Burrs and surface roughness will both interfere
with good, uniform surface contact between faying
surfaces in a mechanical joint. This increases the
electrical resistance of the joint and, if severe, can
cause problems with electrical bonding of structure;
interfering with effective grounding of electrical
equipment and/or antennae, and become a minia-
ture plasma cutter in the event of a lightning strike.
Current density due to sharp edges and burrs can
cut through protective coatings on mating surfaces
and radii, providing a minute area of “clean metal”
electrical path to drive corrosion dramatically worse
than if no protective coating were there to begin
with due to the extremely high resultant current
density. The hole-punching force of high current
density results in stress risers to enhance SCC and
corrosion fatigue. For aircraft assemblies, sharp
edges become spark over points whenever voltage is
applied (static, lightning strikes, etc.)
Hydraulic and gas leaks: Higher values of sur-
face roughness (and burrs) increase leakage rate
under/around gaskets and seals. Nipping gaskets,
seals, and O-rings on sharp edges during installation,
or scouring them on rougher surfaces during opera-
tion of rotating equipment, can accelerate leakage.
Sometimes a surface that is finished too well can
hinder sealing. O-rings need something to hold on to
—if your surface finish is too fine and the compres-
sion on the O-ring is too light, the O-ring is likely to
fail. In one industry, engineers specify 63ra for most
surfaces that will contact a secondary sealing ele-
ment. (They do, however, require flatness and sur-
face finish to an extreme on other parts—millionths
of an inch for mechanical seal faces). There are
times when a sharp edge is needed. Labyrinth seals
in gas turbines spring to mind, as do squealer tips
on compressor blades.
Peening issues: Excessive surface roughness can
sometimes be an indication of over-peening, which
negates the beneficial aspects of compressive resid-
ual stress. Aluminum and magnesium are especial-
ly prone to over-peening, which results in many
localized areas of increased stress. Problems with
fracture (stress intensity) and fatigue (crack nucle-
ation sites) are then possible/probable. Joint prob-
lems can arise from excessive surface roughness,
and over-peening is yet another method for creating
surface roughness.
Shot peening, mass finishing, surface polishing,
deburring, and rounding off all add a sustained com-
pressive stress into the material. This stress will
counteract the tensile stress caused by a crack and
help to contain its propagation.
EDGE AND SURFACE CONDITIONS THAT
INFLUENCE PART PERFORMANCE
To understand how edge and surface quality can
impact part performance, some understanding of
how part surfaces developed from common machin-
ing, grinding, and other methods can negatively
influence part function over time. A number of fac-
tors are involved:
Positive vs. negative surface skewness: The
skew of surface profile symmetry can be an important
surface attribute. Surfaces are typically characterized
as being either negatively or positively skewed. This
surface characteristic is referred to as Rsk (Rsk–skew-
ness–the measure of surface symmetry about the mean
line of a profilometer graph). Unfinished parts usually
display a heavy concentration of surface peaks above
this mean line (a positive skew).
It is axiomatic that almost all surfaces produced
by common machining and fabrication methods are
positively skewed. These positively skewed surfaces
have an undesirable effect on the bearing ratio of
surfaces, negatively impacting the performance of
parts involved in applications where there is sub-
stantial surface-to-surface contact. Specialized high-
energy finishing procedures can truncate these sur-
face profile peaks and achieve negatively skewed
surfaces that are plateaued, presenting a much
higher surface bearing contact area. Anecdotal evi-
dence confirms that surface finishing procedures
5. 5 Metal Finishing
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
tailored to develop specific
surface conditions with this
in mind can have a dramatic
impact on part life. In one
example, the life of tooling
used in aluminum can
stamping operations was
extended 1,000% or more by
improved surface textures
produced by mechanical sur-
face treatment.
Directionalized vs. ran-
dom (isotropic) surface
texture patterns: Somewhat
related to surface texture
skewness in importance is the
directional nature of surface
textures developed by typical
machining and grinding
methods. These machined
surfaces are characterized by
tool marks or grinding pat-
terns that are aligned and
directional in nature. It has
been established that tool or
part life and performance can
be substantially enhanced if
these types of surface tex-
tures can be altered into one
that is more random in
nature. Post-machining
processes that utilize free or
loose abrasive materials in a
high-energy context can alter the
machined surface texture sub-
stantially, not only reducing sur-
face peaks, but generating a sur-
face in which the positioning of
the peaks has been altered appre-
ciably. These “isotropic” surface
effects have been demonstrated to
improve part wear and fracture
resistance, bearing ratio and
improve fatigue resistance.
Residual tensile stress vs.
residual compressive stress.
Many machining and grinding
processes tend to develop resid-
ual tensile stresses in the surface
area of parts. These residual ten-
sile stresses make parts suscepti-
ble to premature fracture and
failure when repeatedly stressed.
Certain high-energy mass finish-
ing processes can be implement-
ed to modify this surface stress
condition, and replace it with
uniform residual compressive
stresses. Although, there are
many mechanical surface treat-
ments that will improve edge and
surface finish quality. A number
of processes are now specified
specifically because of their repu-
tation as performance-enhancing
processes, some of these are dis-
cussed below.
Abrasive flow machining
(AFM) is a process that, under
pressure, extrudes a semisolid
abrasive media that conforms to
the shape of the surface or pas-
sage that is being processed.
Polishing, deburring, and edge
radiusing are accomplished any-
where that the media can be
forced to flow. The abrasive flow
polished surface has no smeared
metal, and the radii generated
on any 90 degree edges are true
radii. The elimination of stress
risers, damaged metal layers,
and the generation of round
edges are used to help extend
component life.
Rotating parts can especially
benefit from the AFM process.
Fans, blisks, blades, disks, and
spacers can all benefit from this
surface and edge conditioning.
Highly polished surfaces also
tend to pick up less coke and car-
bon. This is especially important
on fuel systems components.
Blades and vanes located in both
the cool and warm sections of the
Figure 8: The Turbo-finish
method, more commonly
used for process rotating air-
craft engine parts, not only
deburrs and produces edge
contour, but also develops
compressive stress equilibri-
um and isotropic surface val-
ues that can be critical to
part life in service. (Courtesy
Dr. Michael Massarsky,
Turbo-Finish Corporation.)
Figure 9: Large aircraft frame
parts can be deburred, simi-
lar machinery can also be
used with steel media to
produce important residual
compressive stress in aircraft
frame components, an
important consideration for
large titanium components
such as the one illustrated
here. (Photo courtesy of
Samuel R.Thompson.)
6. 6 Metal Finishing
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
engine can also benefit from highly polished sur-
faces in less turbulent air flow across their surfaces.
The abrasive flow process imparts compressive
residual stress. Although it will never replace shot
peening, it is used to extend part life on components
that, by configuration, cannot be shot peened.
The process is used to enhance holes and slots
prior to eddy current inspection. Many components
that are being inspected as part of an engine over-
haul are hand polished (butterflied) prior to inspec-
tion. The hand process is inconsistent and time con-
suming. AFM can be managed so that only the coke
and carbon are removed, greatly optimizing the
inspection process. Small holes on fuel system com-
ponents and turbine blades and vanes can be flow
tuned to ±1%. By more efficiently tuning cooling air,
hot section components will last longer and require
less air. Fuel-delivery components benefit from more
uniformity in both spray shape and flow rate. AFM
is used as the final machining and sizing operation.
The AFM process can be used to control stock
removal to ±0.0001 of an inch.
CENTRIFUGAL BARREL FINISHING
Centrifugal barrel finishing (CBF) is a high-energy
finishing method (see Figure 4) that has come into
widespread acceptance in the last 25 to 30 years.
Although not nearly as universal in application as
vibratory finishing, many important CBF applica-
tions have been developed in the last few decades.
These kinds of processes are utilized widely within
the aerospace and aircraft engine industries
because of their ability to produce high-quality
isotropic surface finishes rapidly on parts, such as
turbine blades and vane segments and developing
useful compressive stress values simultaneously.
Two or four barrels are mounted at the periphery of
a large turret. Each barrel is loaded with media,
parts, and water to approximately 50% to 90% full.
During operation, rotation of the large turret creates
a centrifugal force on the media and parts inside each
barrel. This force compacts the load into a tight mass,
causing the media and parts to slide against each
other, removing burrs and creating superior finishes.
This action also reduces the cycle time needed to com-
plete the finishing of the parts by up to a factor of 30
over conventional vibratory and barrel equipment.
Turbo-finish and performance issues: This
technology has been demonstrated
to successfully impart compressive
stresses into critical areas of rotat-
ing parts in a fashion that is
unique. The method is also capable
of producing surface conditions at
these critical edge areas that contribute to increased
service life and functionality of parts that are severe-
ly stressed in service. Among these are: (1) the cre-
ation of isotropic surfaces; (2) the replacement of pos-
itively skewed surface profiles with negative or
neutral skews; and (3) the development of an overall
stress equilibrium in parts with a complex feature set.
As previously mentioned, all common machining
and manual finishing methods produce uneven
stress hot-spots in machined parts. This occurs
because of the rapid rise and fall of temperature on
metal surfaces at the tool or wheel point of contact.
TAM not only produces beneficial compressive
stresses, but also in many cases, where all surfaces
and features are effected identically and simultane-
ously, can promote a stress equilibrium or uniformi-
ty throughout the entire part. Thus, TAM could be
looked at as a corrective after process for critical
parts that suffer from these machining-related sur-
face integrity issues.
The synergy involved in developing these kinds of
effects can add a potential value to service life, per-
formance, and functionality of parts that far exceeds
the value of the improvements to fit, function, and
aesthetics commonly associated with other mechan-
ical or mass finishing processes. Unlike single-point-
of-contact machining technologies, the technology is
relatively simple to control once process parameters
for a given part have been developed and, thus, has
the attributes of reliability and repeatability of sim-
pler mechanical (vs. digital feedback) technologies.
However, it accomplishes uniform results on very
complex parts that often cannot be achieved reliably
by other much more complex processes.
The technology involves developing a fluidized bed
of media in which the part to be processed is par-
tially immersed while being rotated. A wide variety
of differing results may be achieved by varying the
process parameters (media, process time, rotational
speed, etc.). Process results can be closely controlled
and are programmable, and are totally repeatable,
providing unequaled process quality control. The
process is dry, and involves no chemicals or environ-
mentally unfriendly materials.
VIBRATORY FINISHING LARGE AEROSPACE
COMPONENTS
Vibratory equipment can be designed to accommodate
Figure 10: Metallic media, such as the steel media shapes
illustrated here, have long been known to develop com-
pressive stress in barrel and vibratory finishing opera-
tions while burnishing, and cleaning part surfaces. This
capability is now being used in larger sized equipment to
strengthen large airframe components. Photo courtesy
of Abbott Ball Co.
7. 7 Metal Finishing
AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT PARTS FINISHING
aircraft components of extraordinary size. Large com-
ponents, such as aircraft engine cases and airframes,
can be finished with this method, not only cutting the
extensive costs related to manual deburring but
improving the uniformity and quality of edge and sur-
face finish quality. Additionally, these processes can
develop not only useful compressive stress but pro-
vide something very much like a stress equilibrium
enhancement throughout the part, as all part features
can be processed identically. Modified methods origi-
nally developed in the former Soviet Union with
metallic media can also be used to intensify this
effect, and has even been used to restore useful serv-
ice life to stressed or strained parts in overhaul cycles.
SUMMARY
Many parts that are subject to fatigue, fracture, or
wear can gain substantial improvements in life and
performance from alterations to their overall sur-
face texture. Improvements in overall smoothness,
load bearing ratio, surface profile skewness and
isotropicity can, in many instances, improve life and
performance and cut operational costs.
REFERENCES
Gillespie, LaRoux, “Mass Finishing Handbook,” Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, (New York, Industrial
Press) p. 61; 2007.
Gillespie, LaRoux, “Compiled Problems Caused by Burrs
and Sharp Edges,” (Spokane, Wash: Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, Deburring, Edge-Finish
and Surface Conditioning Technical Group, Spokane),
Newsletter, Vol 2, No. I, January 8, 2006, [Davidson,
D.A., ed.]; 2006.
Davidson, D.A., “Mass Finishing Processes,” 2005 Metal
Finishing Guidebook and Directory, 103(6A):78–89; 2005.
Massarsky, M. L., Davidson, D. A., “Turbo-Abrasive
Machining and Turbo-Polishing in the Continuous
Flow Manufacturing Environment”, SME Technical
Paper MR99-264, Conference Proceeding: 3rd
International Machining and Grinding Conference,
Cincinnati, Oct 4–7, 1999, Dearborn, Mich.: Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, 1999.
Gane, David H., Rumyantsev, H.T., Diep, Bakow, L.
“Evaluation of Vibrostrengthening for Fatigue
Enhancement of Titanium Structural Components on
Commercial Aircraft.” Ti-2003 Science and
Technology; Proceedings of the 10th World Conference
on Titanium, Hamburg Germany, 13–18 July 2003,
Edited by G. Lutejering and J Albrecht. Wiley-VCH,
Vol. 2. pp 1053–1058.
Massarsky, M. L., Davidson, D. A., “Turbo-Abrasive
Machining,” CODEF PROCEEDINGS, 7th International
Deburring Conference, Berkeley, Calif.: CODEF
[Consortium on Deburring and Edge Finishing],
University of California at Berkeley; June 2004.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the technical
assistance of the following members of the newly
formed Society of Manufacturing Engineers DESC
Technical Group [Deburring, Edge-Finish, Surface
Conditioning]. Dr. Michael Massarsky, Turbo-Finish
Corporation; David H. Gane, Boeing; Edward F.
Rossman Ph. D., Boeing; Jack Clark, ZYGO
Corporation; LaRoux Gillespie, PE, CmfgE, Rodney
Grover, Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
For more information, please contact the author at
(e-mail) ddavidson@mgnh.dyndns.org. mf