The document discusses the volume and surface area formulas for different geometric shapes including spheres, cones, cuboids, cubes, and hemispheres. It defines a sphere as a perfectly round object where all points are the same distance from the center, and gives its volume formula as 4/3 * π * r^3 and surface area as 4πr^2. It also provides the surface area formulas for cones, cuboids, cubes, and hemispheres. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating surface areas using the appropriate formulas.
this is about surface area and volume to help the students to do there projects or ppts and insure that u can also see this and make another like this so all the best of this ppt for who al cannot do on there own so enjoy this thing here .... and thanks for watching :) ..
Maths project surface area and volume by chirag jain class ix a roll no. 17Chirag Jain
This is a presentation of the chapter Surface Area and Volume made by me. It includes the derivation of almost all formulas which are explained in NCERT of class IX
cube cuboid and cylinder is found .here you can learn surface area and volume of these 3 dimensional figures.it also includes basic information on the basic properties of these figures
Maths project surface area and volume_by_chirag_jain_ix_a_roll no 17Chirag Jain
A project i.e. a powerpoint presentation on the chapter ' surface area and volume' for class ix (9) . Also, it is useful for class x (10).
It is made by CHIRAG JAIN, a student of class 9 of Carmel Convent Sr. Sec. School Neemuch.
this is about surface area and volume to help the students to do there projects or ppts and insure that u can also see this and make another like this so all the best of this ppt for who al cannot do on there own so enjoy this thing here .... and thanks for watching :) ..
Maths project surface area and volume by chirag jain class ix a roll no. 17Chirag Jain
This is a presentation of the chapter Surface Area and Volume made by me. It includes the derivation of almost all formulas which are explained in NCERT of class IX
cube cuboid and cylinder is found .here you can learn surface area and volume of these 3 dimensional figures.it also includes basic information on the basic properties of these figures
Maths project surface area and volume_by_chirag_jain_ix_a_roll no 17Chirag Jain
A project i.e. a powerpoint presentation on the chapter ' surface area and volume' for class ix (9) . Also, it is useful for class x (10).
It is made by CHIRAG JAIN, a student of class 9 of Carmel Convent Sr. Sec. School Neemuch.
Measurement of Three Dimensional Figures _Module and test questions.Elton John Embodo
This is a fort-folio requirement in my Assessment in Student Learning 1...It consists of module about the measurement of Three Dimensional Figures and test questions like Completion, Short Answer, Essay, Multiple Choice and Matching Type.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. VOLUME OF A SPHERE
A Sphere is a perfectly round geometrical and circular object in three-
dimensional space that resembles the shape of a completely round ball. Like
a circle, which, in geometric contexts, is in two dimensions, a sphere is
defined mathematically as the set of points that are all the same
distance r from a given point in three-dimensional space.
In 3 dimensions, the volume inside a sphere (that is, the volume of a ball) is
derived to be = 4/3 * π * r^3
where r is the radius of the sphere and π is the constant pi. Archimedes first
derived this formula.
8. SURFACE AREA OF A CUBOID
Surface Area of a Cuboid = 2(lb
+ bh + hl)
where l, b, h are respectively the three edges of the
cuboid.
In words, the surface area of a cuboid is the area of
the six rectangles that cover it. But we don't have to
figure out all six because we know that the top and
bottom are the same, the front and back are the
same, and the left and right sides are the same.
The area of the top and bottom surface = 2*a*c,
since there are two of them and we get 2ac. Similarly,
the area of the front and back surface = 2bc and the
area of the left and right surface = 2ab. When we add
the area of all the surfaces, we get the total surface
area of the cuboid.
9. EXAMPLE QUESTION
A cuboidal cereal box has length 20 cm,
height 30 cm and width of 8 cm. Find the
surface area of the box.
SOLUTION
The area of the front face is 20 x 30 = 600 cm2.
The area of the top face is 20 x 8 = 160 cm2.
The area of the side face is 8 x 30 = 240 cm2
Surface area of a cuboid is 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2(600 + 160 + 240)
= 2*1000
= 2000 cm2
10. SURFACE AREA OF A CUBE
Surface Area of a Cube = 6 a 2
where a is the edge of the
cube.
In words, the surface area of a
cube is the area of the six squares
that cover it. The area of one of
them is a*a, or a 2 . Since these
are all the same, you can multiply
one of them by six, so the surface
area of a cube is 6 times one of
the sides squared.
11. EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. Find the Surface area of a cube of side length 8 cm.
Solution: SA = 6 × a2
SA = 6 × (8)2
SA = 6 × (64)
SA = 384 cm2
2. Find the total surface area of a box whose edges are all
4.5 cm long.
Solution:
SA = 6× l × l
SA = 6 × 4.5 x 4.5
SA = 121.5 cm2
12. SURFACE AREA OF SPHERE
What is a sphere? Is it the same as a circle? Can you draw a circle on a paper? Yes,
you can, because a circle is a plane closed figure whose every point lies at a
constant
distance (called radius) from a fixed point, which is called the center of the circle.
Now if you paste a string along a diameter of a circular disc and rotate it as you had
rotated the triangle in the previous section, you see a new solid . What
Can you guess what happens to the center of the circle, when it forms a sphere on
rotation? Of course, it becomes the center of the sphere. So, a sphere is a three
dimensional figure (solid figure), which is made up of all points in the space,
which lie at a constant distance called the radius, from a fixed point called center of
sphere
Note : A sphere is like the surface of a ball. The word solid sphere is used for the
solid whose surface is a sphere does it resemble? A ball? Yes. It is called a sphere.
13. Surface Area of a Sphere = 4 π r2
where r is the radius of the sphere.
How many faces do you see in the surface of a sphere? There is only one, which is
curved.
Now, let us take a solid sphere, and slice it exactly ‘through
the middle’ with a plane that passes through its centre. What
happens to the sphere?
Yes, it gets divided into two equal parts (see Fig. 13.20)!
What will each half be called? It is called a hemisphere.
(Because ‘hemi’ also means ‘half’)
And what about the surface of a hemisphere? How many faces does it have?
Two! There is a curved face and a flat face (base).
The curved surface area of a hemisphere is half the surface area of the sphere, which is ½ of 4πr2
