hi this is most helpful for those who study supercritical fluid chromatography. it explain very easily and briefly. all data taken from several books, google research and research articles.Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase.[1][2] It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds. Principles are similar to those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however SFC typically utilizes carbon dioxide as the mobile phase; therefore the entire chromatographic flow path must be pressurized. Because the supercritical phase represents a state in which liquid and gas properties converge, supercritical fluid chromatography is sometimes called convergence chromatography.
continuous distillation with rectification process and its working principal with diagram and also its use in industrial applications.
design and operations explained.
molecular distillation and packed columm distillationkuldeepp4652
Theory of molecular distillation:-
The mean free path of a molecule is defined as the average distance through which a molecule can move without coming into collision with another. For material that are regarded as non volatile under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure are generally removed by this by increasing the mean free path.
Characteristics of the molecular distillation process:-
Very high vacuum
Evaporating surface must be close to the condensing surface
The liquid area is large to avoid boiling and evolution of the vapors is from surface only.
Packed distillation columns
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption and liquid-liquid extraction.
The gas-liquid contact in a packed column is continuous, not stage-wise, as in a plate column.The liquid flows down in the column over a packing surface and the vapor (or the gas) movescounter-currently, up the column. The performance of a packed column is very dependent onthe maintenance of good liquid and gas distribution through the packed bed, and this is animportant consideration in packed column design
continuous distillation with rectification process and its working principal with diagram and also its use in industrial applications.
design and operations explained.
molecular distillation and packed columm distillationkuldeepp4652
Theory of molecular distillation:-
The mean free path of a molecule is defined as the average distance through which a molecule can move without coming into collision with another. For material that are regarded as non volatile under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure are generally removed by this by increasing the mean free path.
Characteristics of the molecular distillation process:-
Very high vacuum
Evaporating surface must be close to the condensing surface
The liquid area is large to avoid boiling and evolution of the vapors is from surface only.
Packed distillation columns
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption and liquid-liquid extraction.
The gas-liquid contact in a packed column is continuous, not stage-wise, as in a plate column.The liquid flows down in the column over a packing surface and the vapor (or the gas) movescounter-currently, up the column. The performance of a packed column is very dependent onthe maintenance of good liquid and gas distribution through the packed bed, and this is animportant consideration in packed column design
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
SFC ie. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is one of the chromatographic technique. This presentation will help you to understand the basic principle behind it.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
SFC ie. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is one of the chromatographic technique. This presentation will help you to understand the basic principle behind it.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
4. Part of the theory of separation in SFC is based
on the density of supercritical fluid which
correspond to solvating power .As the pressure
in the system is increases, the supercritical
fluid density increases and correspondingly its
solvating power increases. Therefore as the
density of the supercritical fluid mobile phase
is increased , components retained in the
column can be made to elute. This is similar to
temperature programming in GC or using a
solvent gradient in HPLC.
Density @ Solvating power
5.
6.
7. MOBILE PHASE/CARIIER=SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID=Any substance at a
temperature and pressure above its critical point ,
where distinct liquid & gas phase do not exist.
It can diffuse through solid like a gas and dissolve
material like liquid.
8. Supercritical temperature= For every substance
there is temperature above which it can no longer
exist as a liquid, no matter how much pressure is
applied.
Supercritical pressure= For every substance there
is a pressure above which the substance no longer
exist as gas , no matter how high the temperature
is raised.
Supercritical fluid=A supercritical fluid is a
material that can be liquid or gas used in state
above critical temperature or critical pressure
where gas or liquid can co exist.
9. LIQUID LIKE DENSITY INCREASED
GAS LIKE VISCOSITY DECREASED
GAS LIKE COMPRESIBILITY
DIFFUSIBILITY ARE HIGHER THEN LIQUID
REDUCTION IN SURFACE TENSION
10.
11. CO2 (MOST USED IN SFC)
N2O (Nitrous oxide)
Ethylene
Propylene
n-heptane
Ethanol
Propane
Ammonia
H2O
12.
13. ADVANTAGE:
LOW CRITICAL PRESSURE (74 atm )
LOW CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ( 31c )
CO2 is relatively non-toxic , non-flammable.
High purity (available)
Low cost
Easily removable from extract
CO2 IS LOW POLAR (LOW DIPOLE)
CO2 + one or More co-solvent =increase polarity
14. CAN NOT EXTRACT THE POLAR SOLUTES
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)
ADV:
GOOD FOR EXTRACTION OF POLAR
SOLUTES=B/C N2O HAS PERMANENT DIPOLE
MOMENT.
EXAMPLE=N2O is better then CO2 for extraction
of Polychlorinates , Dibenzodioxines from flyash
(solid fuel produce during combustion )
15. AT CRITICAL CONDITION IT CAN BE EXPLOSIVE.
H2O
DISADV:
HIGH CRITICCAL PRESSURE ( 220 atm )
HIGH CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (374c)
AT THESE CONDITION H2O BECOMES CORROSIVE
(destroy solid material by chemical rxn ).
16. THRESHOLD PRESSURE: A particular pressure at
which miscibility of solute & solvent is occur is
called threshold pressure.
Pressure at which solute reaches its maximum
solubility.
Knowledge of physical properties of solutes.
17. Role=to modified the properties of solvent.
Example= Alcohols, cyclic ethers, aceto-nitrile
and chloroform or ethyl acetate.
The adding of modifier fluid improves the
solvating power of SF and sometimes enhances
selectivity of the separation.
18. There are number of possible fluid which may be
used in SFC as the mobile phase .Mostly CO2 is
used.
The main disadvantage of CO2 is its in ability to
elute very polar or ionic compounds.
This can be overcome by adding a small portion of
a second fluid improves the solvating power of
the supercritical fluid and sometimes enhances
selectivity of the separation.
19. Same as those for GC and LC, with some modification
Silica/Alumina
Useful for non-polar compounds
Lead to irreversible adsorption of some
polar solutes
Widely used polar stationary phase
Poly-siloxanes :- stable, flexible Si…O bond lead to
good diffusion.
Polymehtylsiloxanea: increase efficiency in
separating closely related polar analytes.
Cyanopropyl polysiloxanes:- useful for compound
with COOH
20. Pressure change in SFC is effect the retention time
and retention factor .The density of supercritical fluid
which correspond to solvating power .As the pressure
in the system is increases, the supercritical fluid
density increases and correspondingly its solvating
power increases. Which in turn to shorten the elution
time.
Improvement in chromatogram realized by pressure
programming.
21.
22.
23. In contact to HPLC Pumping system, Pressure
rather than flow control is necessary.
In general, The type of High-pressure pump used
in SFC is determined by the column type=
I. For Packed column:- Reciprocating pumps are
generally used.(reciprocating pumps are allow
to easier mixing of the mobile phase or
introduction of modifier fluid.)
II. For capillary column:- Syringe pumps are
mostly employed.(Provide consistent pressure
for a neat mobile phase)
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. The injector is required for sample inject into column.
For Packed column:- A conventional HPLC
injection system is adequate.
For Capillary column:- The sample volume
depend on column diameters.
The small sample volume must be quickly
injected into the column.
Therefore pneumatically driven valves are
required.
INJECTOR VOLUME
Capillary column:- Injection volume >90nL
Greater volume effect resolution.
Packed column:- Injection volume >1uL
31.
32. A Thermostated column oven is required for precise
temperature control of the mobile.
Convention GC & LC ovens are generally used.
33. RESTRICTOR=BACK PRESSURE
It is used to maintain the desired pressure in the
column and to convert the eluent from
supercritical fluid to a gas for transfer to the
detector.
It keeps mobile phase supercritical throughout
separation and often must be heated to prevent
clogging( block).
34. One or more microprocessor are used in SFC
instrument to control pumping pressure, oven
temperature and detector performance.
35. Once the sample is injected into the supercritical
stream it is carried into the analytical column.
The column contains a highly viscous liquid
(called a stationary phase) into which the analytes
can be temporarily adsorbed and then released
based on their chemical nature . This temporary
retention cause some analytes to remain longer in
the column and is what allow separation of the
mixture. Different types of stationary phase are
available with varying compositions and
polarities.
There are two types column are used in SFC:
Packed column & capillary column
36. Both packed and open tubular columns are used.
Packed columns can provide more theoretical
plates and handle large volume than open tubular
columns.
Packed column usually made up of
stainless steel,10 to 25cm.
More than 1,00,000 plates have been achieved in
packed column.
37. Open column :The column length is 10 to 20m. and
inside the diameter is 50 to 100mm common in open
tubular columns.
For difficult separation column 60m (or) large have
been used.
Typicallytheir are poly-siloxane chemically bounded
wall of capillary column.
More analysis time.
Less sample capacities.
38. A major advantage of SFC over HPLC is that flame
ionization detector of gas can be employed .Mass
spectrometer are also more adapted as detector for SFC
then HPLC.
Both HPLC and GC detector are compatible for
SFC.[UV,FID,FLOURESENCE DETECTOR]
Choice depend on upon:
I. Mobile composition
II. Column type
III. Flow rate