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ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF BIO-
INSPIRED DESIGN:
• Although the terminology of this area of design is relatively recent – appearing for the first time
in the U.S.A. in 1958, by the hand of Jack E. Steele (Lloyd, 2008) – the practice, creation and
inspiration through learning about nature comes from the most remote and pre-historic times.
Primitive human beings used bone harpoons, which were serrated on their edges, to improve
their piercing ability. This feature was likely inspired by animal teeth. Leonardo da Vinci was
probably the first systematic student of the possibilities of bionics (Lage and Dias, 2003). From
the classical times of the Icarus legend, to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, man’s dream to fly
originated in the observation of bird and insect flight. Leonardo da Vinci realized that the
human arms were too weak to flap wings for a long time, and hence developed several sketches
of machines he called ornitopters.
Bio-Inspired Design Kemal YILMAZ 2014595078

BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED DESIGN:
• The term bionic system, or bio-inspired systems, generally has two usual
interpretations, concerning different application domains.The popular interpretation based
frequently on science fiction, is associated to more or less fantastic super-powers, to cybernetics
and to robotic creations or additions to organisms. In this line of thought, bionics is presented
as a science uniting biology and mechanics, producing devices that capacitate human beings
with enhanced powers, whether to compensate for innate or acquired physical limitations, or for
mere enhancement. Besides this interpretation, the term bionics is associated with the original
meaning of biomimetism (bios – life, mimesis – imitation). According to Benyus (1997),
biomimetism is a way to see and value nature, representing a novel mindset based not on what
can be extracted from the natural world, but what can be learnt from it. This interpretation is the
one of concern in this contribution. In this view, the main purpose of bionics is to carry out a
benchmark of nature, of what it created, tested and has evolved over millions of years, in order
to improve what man creates .

METHODS FOR BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN:
• The goal of bio-inspired design methods consists in offering designers an organized process in
order to attain a model that may be applied in design, inspired by the relations between form
and function in nature (Colombo, 2007). Despite the success attained in several cases from the
use of this approach in design, the bio-inspired design approach may still have room for
improvement, in order to become more systematic.
• Five existing methods have been collected from literature and are presented in:
• The Aalborg bio-inspired design method
• The biomimicry design method
• The spiral design method
• Bio inspired design method
• Bio-solution in search of a problem method

BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED DESIGN
PROCESSES:
• While designers have used biology as an inspiration for thousands of years,no normative
process exists specific to the practice of biologically inspired design.At the leading edge of the
nascent but rapidly expanding community of practice of biologically inspired design,classroom
instructors taught what they considered best practices gleaned from both the biologically
inspired design community and from their own experience.The six step process outlined
inspired design below was not taught explicitly,but is rather an organizing framework resulting
from our retrospective analysis of the classroom lectures.The process in practice is very dynamic
with many visits to reformulate or deepen under standing of both the problem and solution
spaces.

BIO-INSPİRED ENGINEERING OF
THERMAL MATERIALS:
• Engineering Thermal Materials Using Bioinspired Approach
With the unique properties of thermal materials and the critical impact brought by these materials to a broad range
of engineering applications, there have been constant development and innovation in both the fundamental
understanding of the basic thermal phenomena and the improvement of the engineered thermal materials
• Bioinspired Engineering of Materials for Thermal Management:
Thermal management is critical for all biological systems. Proper regulation of heating, cooling, and temperature is
vital for maintaining the life cycles of biological systems.
• Bioinspired Thermal Insulation:
Thermal insulation plays an important role in preventing heat losses and improving efficiency in energy use. In
industrial applications, thermal-insulation materials are used to prevent heat leakage, control temperature, and store
thermal energy.
• Single-Liquid-Phase Heat Transfer:
Natural plants have evolved complex and highly efficient internal vascular networks to deliver nutrients and water via
transpiration.

Biomimetic One Dimensional Materials:
• 1)Spider Silk:Spider silk has excellent mechanical properties outperforming all the artificial fibers.
For example, the strength and modulus of the dragline silk can reach about 4 × 109 N m−2 and
9.5–30 GPa, respectively, and the elongation of the flagellaform silk is more than 200%.
• 2)Polar Bear Hairs:The polar bear hairs are hollow in structure along their length and nearly
transparent containing no pigmentation

Bio-inspired Two Dimensional Materials:
• 1)Electrochromic Color Shifting Coatings:After the development for hundreds of million years,
nature has evolved into a huge art gallery of beautiful colors. Three main sources including
pigments, structural coloration and bioluminescence, make up the polychrome of
nature. Among them, structural coloration has caught more scientific attention recently.
Different from others, the dazzling and bright structural colors displayed in animals and plants
are mainly resulted from ordered micro/nanostructures.

COLOR SHİFTİNG PHOTONİC CRYSTALS:
• It is efficient to adjust the structural coloration by modulating the refractive index and
periodicstructure of the photonic crystal.[66] More specifically, the photonic crystals can change
their colors and show up in different colors, and even achieve full-color when they are subjected
to a changing outer surroundings or under various stimuli, such as electricity, chemicals,
humidity, temperature, external force and so on.

BIO-INSPIRED SURFACE TREATMENT ON
TOUCH SCREEN PANELS (TSPS) FOR
ADHESION ENHANCEMENT:
• Touch screen has gained popularity in electronic visual display of various applications such as
mobile phone, satellite navigation device, automated teller machine, and lap top computer,
because it allows a suitably intuitive, rapid, and direct interaction by the user with the devices.
Nowadays, most commercial touch screen panel (TSP) packages consist of flexible polymer
substrates, transparent electrodes, silver pastes, anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs), and
flexible printed circuit (FPC). ACAs are placed between the flexible polymer substrates and the
FPC as shown in Scheme 1. Most polymer substrates of commercial TSPs are polyethylene
terephthalate (PET). However, the adhesion strength between ACAs and PET substrates without
any treatment is lower than 10 gf/cm. Therefore, useful surface modifications of PET substrates
should be suggested for adhesion enhancement.

• The ubiquitous information technology or ambient aware service has been widely developed
recently and the convergence of information technology introduced the new paradigm of user
experience like smart phone. The promotion of IPTV service to the market becomes an
opportunity of telecom operators trying to offset decline in the traditional revenue with new
enabling technology of smart TV. The flexible and intelligent visual user detection can transfer
the successful factor of smart phone’s user experience to the emerging smart IPTV There have
been many works proposed recently for the robust and intelligent visual information processing
with neuromorphic circuits and system, by mimicking both the functional and physiological
characteristics of biological systems. We describe here the bio-inspired implementation of
primary visual cortex, based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism and the experimentation of
Hubel and Wiesel.
BIO-INSPIRED VISUAL USER DETECTION
FOR INTELLIGENT INTERFACE:

A BIO-INSPIRED CONDYLAR HINGE:
• The sliding ratio is an important performance indicator for a condylar joint because it defines
how much rolling and sliding takes place.Ideally a joint should have as much rolling as possible
to avoid the friction and wear associated with sliding.The amount of sliding is given by the
rolling-sliding ratio. The rolling-sliding ratio is determined by considering an incremental
rotation dh and comaring the initial and final contact points between the femur and tibia.

• Some inspiration for the finger design was taken from the human ones, for example the
geometrical features, a tendon-like wire actuation mechanism, and the use of soft materials for
achieving passive adaptability, but the proposed model does not contain any hard skeleton.
Each finger contains no mechanical joints and exploits the bending capability of the material in
order to produce an enveloping grasp.
A BIO-INSPIRED CONDYLAR HINGE:

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A BIO-
INSPIRED SYMMETRICAL JUMPING
ROBOT:
• Jumping robots have been investigated by researchers for several decades. Jumping gait is more
efficient in traversing rough terrain than rolling and walking gaits. Jumping robots can leap over
obstacles several times taller than themselves. With the capabilities of quickly overcoming
obstacles and avoiding risks in unstructured environments, jumping robots can be applied in
many fields such as search and rescue urban warfare and planetary exploration. However, this
kind of robots has not been used widely in these fields for some challenging problems in
jumping robot design, especially for robots with small size and few degrees of freedom, such as
self-righting, steering, and damage avoiding during landing. There are two types of self-righting
methods for jumping robots.

WIRELESS MEASUREMENT AND
CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A BIO-INSPIRED:
• Inspired by the motion of magnetotactic bacterium, a bio-inspired mini-robot which was driven
by a propeller and steered by the external magnetic fields was designed. The mini-robot in Fig.1
(a) is composed of shell, permanent magnetic block, and PWM signal receiver, two groups of
button batteries, mini-motor and propeller. The front of the shell is twined by a red band. The
shell is slick which has a hole in the bottom. Through the hole the mini-motor shaft is connected
with the propeller firmly. The main parts of PWM signal receiver are the chip Micrf007, the
CMOS inverter and the N-channel enhancement mode field effect transistor.PWM signal
receiver receives the wireless signal to control the start-up, stop and speed of the mini-robot.

THE BIO WALL: AN ELECTRONIC TISSUE
FOR PROTOTYPING BIO-INSPIRED
SYSTEMS:
• The main idea behind the construction of the BioWall is the realization of Embryonic machines.
The structure of such machines, described in detail elsewhere [9][10], is
hierarchical: organisms(application-specific systems) are realized by the parallel operation of a
number of cells (small processors), and each cell is implemented as anbarray
of molecules (programmable logic elements). To implement this kind of machines, the BioWall is
structured as a two-dimensionaltissue composed of units (each unit corresponds to a molecule),
where each unit (Figure 2a) consists of an input element (a touch-sensitive membrane), an
output element (an array of 8×8=64 twocolor LEDs), and a programmable computing element
(a Spartan XCS10XL Xilinx FPGA [22]).

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