The document discusses robotics and artificial intelligence. It provides definitions of robotics and describes Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. It discusses artificial intelligence concepts like knowledge representation and goal trees. It then covers applications of robots in scientific, nuclear, military, industrial, and medical fields. It describes the key components of robots and how they work through perception using vision and speech recognition, and through physical actions like navigation and manipulation.

1. A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS ROBOTICS?
 LAWS OF ROBOTS
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Acquiring Knowledge
 Knowledge Representation
 Goal Trees
 ROBOT APPLICATIONS
 Scientific
 Nuclear reactors
 Military
 Industrial
 Medical
 WORKING
 PERCEPTION
 Vision
 Speech recognition
 ACTION
 Navigation
 Manipulation
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

3. Introduction
Any automatically operated machine that replaces human
effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or
perform functions in a humanlike manner. The term is derived from
the Czech word robota, meaning "forced labour" Modern use of the
term stems from the play R.U.R., (Rossums Universal Robots)
written in 1920 by the Czech author Karel Capek, which depicts
society as having become dependent on mechanical workers called
robots that are capable of doing any kind of mental or physical work.
Robotics is science of designing building and application of
robots. The aim of robotics is to design an efficient robot. Robot will
become efficient if it can think for thinking robotics uses AI
technology for manufacturing robots. Robotics and AI seem to be
different branches of science. Robotics concerned with mechanical
and electrical devices while AI is branch of computer science, which
is concerned with ways of programming, and designing computers to
simulate human intelligent thought robot is ordered to get target.

4. What is Robotics?
The word "robot' was coined by Karel Capek who wrote a play
entitled "R.U.R." or "Rossum's Universal Robots" back in 1921. The
base for this word comes from the Czech word 'robotnik' which means
'worker'. In his play, machines modeled after humans had great power
but without common human failings. In the end these machines were
used for war and eventually turned against their human creators.
But even before that the Greeks made movable statues that
were the beginnings of what we would call robots.
For the most part, the word "Robot" today means any man-
made machine that can perform work or other actions normally
performed by humans.
What Do Robots Do?
Most robots today are used in factories to build products such
as cars and electronics. Others are used to explore underwater and
even on other planets.
What are Robots Made Of?
Robots have 3 main components:
• Brain - usually a computer
• Actuators and mechanical parts - motors, pistons, grippers,
wheels, gears
• Sensors - vision, sound, temperature, motion, light, touch, etc.
With these three components, robots can interact and affect
their environment to become useful.

5. Laws Of Robotics
Popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created the Three
Laws of Robotics:
1. A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must always obey orders given to it by a human being,
except where it would conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect it's own existence, except where it would
conflict with the first or second law.
Later, Asimov added this "Zeroth Law"
A robot must not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.

6. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is study of mental faculties (powers)
through use of computational models.
A fundamental principle of AI is “what a brain does may be
thought of at some level at kind of computation”.
The aim of AI is to create machine, which can think. What is
meant by think is the capability of acquiring and applying knowledge.
Acquired knowledge is done by through
• Vision
• Voice recognition
• Inferences
Acquiring knowledge is represented in memory by using
• Predicated calculus techniques
• By bits, intrinsic (real or genuine) images, abstract view,
object identification.
To reach a goal we will use goal trees and plans. A goal tree
describes a situation in which a goal can be satisfied by solving sub
goals. There is more than one method available; an algorithm may
have to try several before finding one that works. This brings about
such problem. All possible ways that a problem can be solved
constitutes a search space backtracking, planning and coordination. It
is impossible to search all the search space as the search space
increases exponentially with the possible ways.
By using fundamental (primitive tasks) tasks only the goals is
reached. There changes according to their domain of field concerned
like home, scientific.

7. Applications
• Scientific applications.
• Nuclear reactors.
• Military-intelligent radars, intelligent agents.
• Industrial.
• Medical.
• Home.
Working
The working of robot is combination of perception and action.
Perception involves interpreting sights, sounds, smell and touch.
Action includes ability navigate through the world and manipulate
objects.
Cognition=knowing, perception
Perception Physical
Cognition World
Action
The above figure shows design for a complete autonomous
robot. Most of AI is concerned only with cognition, the idea being that
an intelligent program or developed we will simply add sensors and

8. effectors to them. A manufacturing of sensors and effectors involves
electronically, mechanical work.
The key difference between artificial intelligence and robotics
is programs usually operate in computer-simulated worlds. Robots
must operate physical world. As an example, concerned a move in
chess. An AI program can search millions of nodes in game tree
without ever having to sense or to touch anything to real world.
A complete chess-playing robot, on the other hand must be
capable of grasping pieces, visually interpreting board positions and
carrying on a host of other actions.
Perception
Two important sensory channels for humans are vision and
spoken language. It is through there two faculties that we gather
almost all of the knowledge that drives our problem solving
behaviors.
Vision:
Accurate machine vision opens of a new real of computer
applications. Then applications include mobile robot navigation,
complex manufacturing tasks, analysis of satellite images and medical
image processing.
Here, we investigate how we can transform raw camera images
into useful information about the world. A video camera provides a
computer with an image represented on a two-dimensional grid of
intensity levels. We perform the given four operations on order of
increasing complexity.
1. Signal.
2. Measurement analysis.
3. Pattern recognition.
4. Image understanding.

9. 1. Signal processing:
Enhancing the image, either for human consumption or an input
to another program.
2. Measurement analysis:
For images containing a single object, determining the two-
dimensional extent of the object depicted.
3. Pattern recognition:
For single-object images, classifying the object in a category
drawn from a finite set of possibilities.
4. Image under standing:
For images containing many objects, locating the objects in the
image, classifying them and building a three-dimensional model of the
scene.
The problems in understanding an image are 2D image of 3D objects.
• An image in two-dimensional, while the world is three-
dimensional.
Some information is necessary loosen when an image is created.
• One image may contain several objects and some objects may
partially overlap others.
• The value of a single pixel is affected by many different
phenomena, including the color of the object, the source of the
light, the angle and distance of the camera, the pollution in the
air etc. It is hard to disentangle (set free) these effects.

10. By using low-level image features such as shadows and texture
we can interpret the image. Having multiple images of the same of
object can also be helpful for recovering 3D structure. Other image
factors we might want to consider are shading, intensity, reflectance
and color to interpret images.
SHADOW VISION
High-level knowledge is also important for interpreting, visual
data. For ex: consider the object at the center of (fig*) while no low-
level image features can sell as what the object is the objects
surroundings provide us with top down expectations. These are
critical to for interpreting visual scenes.
12
A13C
14
fig a. fig b.

11. Speech Recognition:
Spoken language is a more natural form of communication in
many human computer interfaces.
Design issues concerned with speech systems.
• Speaker dependence vs. speaker independence: - A speaker
independent system can linker to any speaker and translate the
sounds to written text. Speaker independence in difficult to
achieve.
• Continuous vs. isolated word speech: - Interpreting isolated
speech is easier one. But the ability to recognize continuous
speech is very important, however, since humans have
difficulty speaking in isolated words.
• Real time vs. off time processing: - In interactive applications
a sentence be translated in to text on it in being spoken, while in
other situations, it is permissible to spend minutes in
computation.
• Large vs. small vocabulary: - Recognizing utterances that are
confirmed to small vocabulary words is easier than working
with large vocabularies.

12. Action
Intelligence puts mobility to effective use. Here we investigate
the nature of mobility (ability to move) in terms of how robots
navigate through the world and manipulate objects.
Navigation:
Navigation means moving around the world: Planning router,
reaching desired destinations with out bumping in to things, and so
forth.
Navigational problems are complex. For example suppose that
there are obstacles in the robots path, on in figure. The problem of
path planning is to plot a continuous set of points connecting the
initial position of the robot to its desired position. If the robot in to
small as to be considered a point, the problem can be solved stright
forwardly by constructing a visibility graph. Let S be the set
consisting of the initial and final positions as well as the vertices of all
obstacles. To form the visibility graph, we connect every pair of
points in S that are visible from one another, as shown in the figure.
We can then search the graph to find the optimal path for the robot.
Manipulation (To operate or control by skilled use of
hands):
Robots have simple repetitive tasks like bolting and fitting
automobile parts, but these robots are highly task-specific. If in a
Lang slading goal in Robotics to built robots that can be programmed
to carry out a wide variety of tasks.
The general manipulation problem addressed by Robot is pick
and place, in which a robot must grasp an object and move it to a
specific location.
There are two main tasks.
1. Grasping

13. 2. Placing.
Grasping: - Some of path planning can be used to move its arm
towards the object. Then we wide the gripper as in fig
and graph it. Placing can be done by using two
ways Naive and Clever.
Advantages Of Robotics
The advantages are obvious - robots can do things we humans
just don't want to do, and usually do it cheaper. Robots can do things
more precise than humans and allow progress in medical science and
other useful advances.
Disadvantages of Robotics
Yes there are problems. As with any machine, robots can break
and even cause disaster. They are powerful machines that we allow to
control certain things. When something goes wrong, terrible things
can happen. Luckily, this is rare because robotic systems are designed
with many safety features that limit the harm they can do.
There's also the problem of evil people using robots for evil
purposes. This is true today with other forms of technology such as
weapons, and biological material.
Of course, robots could be used in future wars. This could be
good or bad. If humans perform their aggressive acts by sending
machines out to fight other machines, that would be better than
sending humans out to fight other humans. Teams of robots could be
used to defend a country against attacks while limiting human
casualties. Either way, human nature is the flawed component that's
here to stay.

14. The Future Of Robotics
The population of robots is growing rapidly. This growth is lead
by Japan that has almost twice as many robots as the USA. All
estimates suggest that robots will play an ever-increasing role in
modern society. They will continue to be used in tasks were danger,
repetition, cost, and precision prevents humans from performing.
Conclusion
Some people are concerned that robots will reduce the number
of jobs and kick people out of their jobs. This is almost never the case.
The net affect of advanced technology such as robots (or cars, electric
drills and other machines) is that humans become more productive.
Robotics is an engineering field, which uses AI techniques to
build intelligent robots for the purpose of efficiency. The research of
Robotics and AI would lead to a manufacturing of Robots that will be
used in every industry.
In future, if the robotics will be used in constructive way than in
destructive way then it needs very peaceful to mankind.

15. The Future Of Robotics
The population of robots is growing rapidly. This growth is lead
by Japan that has almost twice as many robots as the USA. All
estimates suggest that robots will play an ever-increasing role in
modern society. They will continue to be used in tasks were danger,
repetition, cost, and precision prevents humans from performing.
Conclusion
Some people are concerned that robots will reduce the number
of jobs and kick people out of their jobs. This is almost never the case.
The net affect of advanced technology such as robots (or cars, electric
drills and other machines) is that humans become more productive.
Robotics is an engineering field, which uses AI techniques to
build intelligent robots for the purpose of efficiency. The research of
Robotics and AI would lead to a manufacturing of Robots that will be
used in every industry.
In future, if the robotics will be used in constructive way than in
destructive way then it needs very peaceful to mankind.