Sulfuric acid is a colorless to slightly yellow, highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is soluble in water at all concentrations. It is one of the most important industrial chemicals, with 60% used in fertilizer manufacture. It is primarily manufactured via the contact process, which involves burning sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide, catalytically oxidizing the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, and hydrating the sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid. The contact process allows for high yields of sulfuric acid production.
Sulfuric acid production by contact method (traditional)Mohsen Kianpour
In this slides is about Sulfuric acid production by contact method that is a traditional method to produce sulfuric acid and more about sulfur burning models. In addition you can find more different and new processes to produce it.
Sulfuric acid production by contact method (traditional)Mohsen Kianpour
In this slides is about Sulfuric acid production by contact method that is a traditional method to produce sulfuric acid and more about sulfur burning models. In addition you can find more different and new processes to produce it.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methodsrita martin
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
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PPT
Pdf
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Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methodsrita martin
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
This is best
PPT
Pdf
Ushjeksm
Jsjejsjhehkejehejehjehehjehejehhehejiehehehehhenejejrhheioeiehh3hnemek8e6eyedgkchfhmxggdkgdgdhkdhmdhdhdydydtafsxcncxhvig7ddyydydgdhkdgdykdgjdtdykdykdydydydydydyfyfuyfykdjgdgkdjdngdmgdgjdgdjgdjgdgjdgjdgjdtdgdgjdgjfjdgjdgjdgdjgdykdgisfjdgjdgdgjdgdgjsjgsidigtiditsitwtieote5u79468ajgfykruddid6o38470tsgketieyofkdhkdyryigdfkfmgmmxgxgditid
Many options are available for treating sour gases, so consideration must be given to the type of by-product (sulphate effluent, sulphur or sulphuric acid), local markets for these products, shipping costs, overall sulphur recovery required and economics.
The Claus SRU process is clearly the predomi¬nant choice for treating acid gases, presumably due to the well-established sulphur marketing and shipping infrastructure, ease of handling and economics. However, converting acid gases to sulphuric acid with technologies like the MECS SULFOX process presents an interesting option when sulphuric acid end-users are nearby or the acid gas characteristics make processing in a Claus SRU unit unattractive
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
Discuss the impact that the tonnage of sulfur or sulfuric acid recov.pdfarshin9
Discuss the impact that the tonnage of sulfur or sulfuric acid recovered from SO2 in flue gas
treatment would have upon the chemical industry if all coal- and oil-fired were required to use
such treatment processes.
Solution
YEs, definitely we must required to use FGD as sulfur dioxide enters the air mainly from
industrial processes and from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with a substantial sulfur (S)
content and represents a major source of air pollution. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, corrosive gas
that has a bitter taste, but no smell at low levels. The share of SO2 emissions comes from the use
of coal and oil in fossil-fired power plants, in industrial combustion units, in small combustion
units in households, and in vehicles. Besides the concentration of SO2 in stack gases emitted by
steam generation plants is usually in the range of 800 to 6000 mg/Nm3, the volume of gases
produced by the utility industry worldwide results in the liberation of a large tonnage of sulfur
dioxide into the atmosphere.Sulfur dioxide is a chemical that can be dangerous in many ways. At
lower levels, sulfur dioxide has been found to be a corrosive irritant to eyes and skin. Sulfur
dioxide has been associated with a variety of respiratory diseases and increased mortality rates.
Inhalation of sulfur dioxide can cause increased airway resistance by constricting lung passages.
Sulfur dioxide is also one of the main ingredients in acid rain. Acid rain occurs when sulfur
dioxide or other gaseous chemicals, such as nitrogen oxides, are released into the air. These
gases ascend through the atmosphere, and when they reach upper cloud levels, they react with
water, oxygen, and sunlight.Various concentrations of sulfuric acid and nitric acid are then
produced. These acids mix with the condensed water vapor in the clouds and fall to the ground
with the water in various forms of precipitation. This precipitation with greater acidity is what is
known as acid rain. Acid rain is dangerous to many natural ecosystems; it can harm plants, sand,
make water undrinkable, and unlivable for many animals. The biggest producers of sulfur
dioxide emissions are electrical utilities that produce electricity through the burning of fossil
fuels.Sulfur dioxide emissions, from combustion installations using coal or HFO, can be reduced
by fuel desulfurization or by FGD, as well as by a combination of these two measures.
Flue gas desulfurization is an efficient method for the reduction of the sulfur dioxide emissions.2
Many processes are available in the market, such as (a) wet scrubbers, (b) spray dry scrubbers,
(c) sorbent injection, (d) regenerable processes, and (e) combined SO2/NOX removal processes.
Done By: Diamond Group
School Name: Al Khor Independent School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project:The idea of our project is the production of H2SO3 which could be used in different industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. SULPHURIC ACID
Prepared by- Mr. Vishal B. Thakare
(M.Tech, Chemical SVNIT Surat)
Assistant Professor PARUL UNIVERSITY
Vadodara
vishalbt88@gmail.com
2. SULFURIC ACID
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid.
It is a colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water
at all concentrations.
It is one of the most important heavy industrial chemicals due to it has a
number of large-scale uses particularly in the phosphate fertilizer
industry. About 60 % of the sulfuric acid produced is utilized in fertilizer
manufacture.
MANUFACTURE
The Industrial manufacture of sulfuric acid is done mainly by two processes
1. The Lead Chamber process
2. The Contact process
3. DCDA process
3. THE CONTACT PROCESS
Raw Materials
Basis: 1000kg sulfuric acid (100%)
Sulfur dioxide or pyrite (FeS2) = 670kg
Air = 1450-2200Nm3
Reactions
S + O2 SO2 ΔH = - 71.2kcals
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 ΔH = - 46.3kcals
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 ΔH = - 31.1kcals
SO3 +H2SO4 H2S2O7 (Oleum)
H2S2O7 +H2O 2H2SO4
4.
5. The steps in this process are as follow.
1. Burning of sulfur
2. Catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3
3. Hydration of SO3
1. Burning of sulfur
Burning of sulfur in presence of dry air is carried out in sulfur pyrite
burner. As SO2is needed for the catalytic oxidation and prevention of
corrosion, dry air is used in the combustion process. If sulfur contains
carbonaceous impurities, the molten material has to be filtered to
avoid poisoning the catalyst.
6. Catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3
The catalyst used is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and the pressure and
temperature maintained is 1.2-1.5 and 500-600oC respectively
atmospheres. At this stage 30% catalyst converts about 80% of SO2.
The converter product is cooled by heat exchange at 300C stage where
total yield is fed to a second stage.
Where total yield is increased to 97% by operating at 400-450oC for
favorable equilibrium.
High yield product gases are cooled to 150oC by water and air heat
exchangers and absorbed in oleum fed.