This experimental work aims at presenting load-deflection expressions for the concrete beams that reinforced with three different reinforcement ratios of ACI 318-14, which are minimum, maximum and the average of them. Three groups of beams were cast, each group contained three beam specimens. Three types of loading are used, 1-concentrated force, 2-concentrated forces and partial uniformly distributed load. It is also seen that, when reinforcing ratio increases from minimum to maximum, in case of 1-concentrated force, ultimate capacity increases by about 280% and deflection decreases by about 33%, respectively. Whereas, in case of 2-concentrated forces, ultimate capacity increases by about 258% and deflection decreases by about 50%, respectively. Finally, in case of uniformly distributed load, ultimate capacity increases by about 289% and deflection decreases by about 28%, respectively.
This document summarizes a study on the structural integrity of aluminum stiffener panels in ship structures. Three types of aluminum stiffener panels - flat, L-shaped, and T-shaped - were tested under bending and compressive loads. The results showed that panels in areas unaffected by welding heat had greater stability. T-shaped panels exhibited the highest ultimate load capacity, while flat panels showed the lowest deflection levels under bending. The study provides data on panel dimensions and material properties to determine the panel with the best strength for ship structural systems.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of
energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has
gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments
equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in
maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port
terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost.
The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and
modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and
reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection
for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and
, the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important
parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and
unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct
berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental
conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in
handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical
system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
Keywords: Mobile, Floating, Berthing Facilities, Berthing Energy, Port, Modular, Mobile, Port,
Safety, Light Weight
This document compares the performance of a proposed innovative lightweight concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) truss bridge to a conventional reinforced cement concrete bridge through finite element analysis using ANSYS software. Two bridge models are created - a conventional RCC bridge and a CFST bridge. Both bridges are 15m in span and subjected to various loads. The analysis finds that the maximum deformation, normal stress, and normal strain for both bridges are within acceptable limits, with the CFST bridge performing better with lower deformation. It is concluded that the CFST bridge design suggests an alternative construction method for bridges.
The document compares the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. It discusses the materials and specifications used, including concrete grades of M20 for reinforced concrete and M35 for prestressed concrete. An experimental program is described that involved casting and testing beams of both types with the same cross-section but different reinforcement. The results showed that prestressed concrete beams had 12.4% higher moment resistance and 60% less ultimate deflection compared to reinforced concrete beams. Prestressed beams also had a higher cracking moment and shear failure rather than flexural failure. Overall, the prestressed concrete beams exhibited better structural behavior than the reinforced concrete beams.
behavior of reterofitted steel structures using cost effective retrofitting t...iit roorkee
This document summarizes research on retrofitting techniques for steel structures. It focuses on comparing the fatigue performance of a 120-year-old riveted steel bridge girder to a new equivalent welded girder. Finite element models are created to analyze stresses in the girders when uncracked, cracked, and retrofitted. Retrofitting involves adding plates with bolts to the bottom flange near the mid-span where cracking is most critical. Results show retrofitting normalizes the stress distribution and eliminates the effect of cracking, extending the design life of the old structure in a cost-effective way compared to replacement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of RC Beams Reinforced with CFRP RodsIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods. The researchers developed a nonlinear numerical model using the rigid body spring method to simulate the flexural behavior of beams reinforced with CFRP rods. The model accounts for nonlinear material properties and bond-slip relationships. It was validated by analyzing previous experimental works and showed good agreement with the experimental results in terms of ultimate capacity, load-deflection behavior, and failure mode. The study demonstrates the capabilities of the model for evaluating the efficiency of using CFRP rods compared to traditional steel reinforcement.
Structural Analysis and Design of Castellated Beam in Fixed ActionAM Publications
The depth is the most important parameter which governs the sectional property of the section. For the serviceability moment of inertia plays very important role and moment of inertia of I-section is directly proportional to the third power of the depth. Research on cellular beams with circular web openings is very limited and is less developed than Cellular beams which may be attributed to the fact that cellular beams are more complicated to analyze due to their continuously changing section properties around the cell.
This document summarizes a study on the structural integrity of aluminum stiffener panels in ship structures. Three types of aluminum stiffener panels - flat, L-shaped, and T-shaped - were tested under bending and compressive loads. The results showed that panels in areas unaffected by welding heat had greater stability. T-shaped panels exhibited the highest ultimate load capacity, while flat panels showed the lowest deflection levels under bending. The study provides data on panel dimensions and material properties to determine the panel with the best strength for ship structural systems.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of
energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has
gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments
equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in
maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port
terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost.
The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and
modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and
reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection
for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and
, the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important
parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and
unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct
berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental
conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in
handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical
system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
Keywords: Mobile, Floating, Berthing Facilities, Berthing Energy, Port, Modular, Mobile, Port,
Safety, Light Weight
This document compares the performance of a proposed innovative lightweight concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) truss bridge to a conventional reinforced cement concrete bridge through finite element analysis using ANSYS software. Two bridge models are created - a conventional RCC bridge and a CFST bridge. Both bridges are 15m in span and subjected to various loads. The analysis finds that the maximum deformation, normal stress, and normal strain for both bridges are within acceptable limits, with the CFST bridge performing better with lower deformation. It is concluded that the CFST bridge design suggests an alternative construction method for bridges.
The document compares the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. It discusses the materials and specifications used, including concrete grades of M20 for reinforced concrete and M35 for prestressed concrete. An experimental program is described that involved casting and testing beams of both types with the same cross-section but different reinforcement. The results showed that prestressed concrete beams had 12.4% higher moment resistance and 60% less ultimate deflection compared to reinforced concrete beams. Prestressed beams also had a higher cracking moment and shear failure rather than flexural failure. Overall, the prestressed concrete beams exhibited better structural behavior than the reinforced concrete beams.
behavior of reterofitted steel structures using cost effective retrofitting t...iit roorkee
This document summarizes research on retrofitting techniques for steel structures. It focuses on comparing the fatigue performance of a 120-year-old riveted steel bridge girder to a new equivalent welded girder. Finite element models are created to analyze stresses in the girders when uncracked, cracked, and retrofitted. Retrofitting involves adding plates with bolts to the bottom flange near the mid-span where cracking is most critical. Results show retrofitting normalizes the stress distribution and eliminates the effect of cracking, extending the design life of the old structure in a cost-effective way compared to replacement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of RC Beams Reinforced with CFRP RodsIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods. The researchers developed a nonlinear numerical model using the rigid body spring method to simulate the flexural behavior of beams reinforced with CFRP rods. The model accounts for nonlinear material properties and bond-slip relationships. It was validated by analyzing previous experimental works and showed good agreement with the experimental results in terms of ultimate capacity, load-deflection behavior, and failure mode. The study demonstrates the capabilities of the model for evaluating the efficiency of using CFRP rods compared to traditional steel reinforcement.
Structural Analysis and Design of Castellated Beam in Fixed ActionAM Publications
The depth is the most important parameter which governs the sectional property of the section. For the serviceability moment of inertia plays very important role and moment of inertia of I-section is directly proportional to the third power of the depth. Research on cellular beams with circular web openings is very limited and is less developed than Cellular beams which may be attributed to the fact that cellular beams are more complicated to analyze due to their continuously changing section properties around the cell.
IRJET - A Review on Steel Beam-Column Joint to Improve the Performance of...IRJET Journal
This document reviews steel beam-column joint connections to improve building performance. It discusses different types of connections including welded moment connections, bolted end-plate moment connections, and shear connections. It also reviews literature on reduced beam section connections, which weaken the beam near the column to localize deformation. Finite element analysis and experiments show that reduced beam section connections provide highly ductile behavior without fractures or distress, improving seismic performance.
IRJET-Cyclic Response of Perforated Beam in Steel Column JointsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic response of perforated steel beams in column joints under finite element analysis. The study analyzed the effect of various web opening parameters on the energy dissipation capacity of beams with circular and elongated circular openings. A finite element model was validated against experimental data and then used to conduct a parametric study. The study found that energy dissipation increased as opening size and dimensions increased, with maximum dissipation achieved when the opening depth was 80% of the beam depth. Openings with an elongated circular shape oriented across the beam depth also dissipated more energy than other orientations. In general, beams with larger perforations performed better in dissipating energy during cyclic loading.
Monitoring +fatigue analysis of long span suspension bridges under multiple l...yiama
This document presents a framework for fatigue analysis of long-span suspension bridges under multiple loading conditions. It introduces a computationally efficient method using finite element modeling integrated with structural health monitoring data to analyze dynamic stress on the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong from railway, highway, and wind loads. The method determines fatigue-critical locations, establishes databases of stress responses, generates time histories of stresses from individual and combined loads, and performs fatigue analysis over the bridge's 120-year design life to compute cumulative damage. The results indicate it is necessary to consider combined loading effects for accurate fatigue assessment of long-span suspension bridges.
The document discusses the strut-and-tie model approach for analyzing and designing concrete structures. It provides an overview of the strut-and-tie model methodology, including key concepts such as struts, ties, nodes, and modeling techniques. Examples are given to illustrate strut-and-tie models for different structural elements like beams, slabs, corbels, and joints. Design considerations such as limiting stresses and reinforcement details are also covered.
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
Lec04 Analysis of Rectangular RC Beams (Reinforced Concrete Design I & Prof. ...Hossam Shafiq II
This document discusses the ultimate flexural analysis of reinforced concrete beams according to building codes. It covers topics such as concrete stress-strain relationships, stress distributions at failure, nominal and design flexural strength, moments in beams, tension steel ratios, minimum steel requirements, ductile and brittle failure modes, and calculations for balanced and maximum steel ratios. Diagrams illustrate key concepts regarding stress blocks, strain distributions, and section types. Formulas are presented for determining balanced steel ratio, maximum steel ratio, and checking neutral axis depth.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested 9 high-strength concrete beams to evaluate formulas for minimum flexural reinforcement. The beams varied in concrete compressive strength (50, 75, and 100 MPa) and flexural reinforcement ratio (50-100% of the minimum specified by ACI 363R-35). Instrumentation measured load, deflection, and steel strains. Results showed a 25% reduction to the ACI 363R-35 limit provided satisfactory behavior in terms of cracking patterns, deflections and steel strains, suggesting current codes overestimate minimum reinforcement requirements for high-strength concrete beams. The experimental data was also compared to requirements in other codes and studies.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Buckling Restrained Brace Under Cyclic LoadngIRJET Journal
This document discusses the experimental analysis of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) under cyclic loading. BRBs are a type of bracing system used in structures to resist lateral forces like earthquakes. They have advantages over conventional bracing systems in providing a more stable hysteretic response. The study involved fabricating BRB models and testing them under static ultimate and cyclic loading. One model was tested to determine ultimate strength, while another was used to study behavioral characteristics under loading and unloading cycles. The results showed that BRBs can undergo considerable yielding in both tension and compression and dissipate more energy than conventional braces.
Paper " STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL AND 3-D NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE...Waleed E. El-Demerdash
This document discusses the use of strut-and-tie modeling and 3D nonlinear finite element analysis to predict the behavior of reinforced concrete shallow and deep beams with openings. It presents the development of strut-and-tie models based on experimental results for selected beams. Finite element analysis using ANSYS is also employed for selected beams to complement the strut-and-tie model results. A parametric study investigates factors affecting beam behavior. Comparisons are made between finite element results, strut-and-tie model results, and experimental data.
IRJET- Behavior of Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Steel Built-Up Beam under Point...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that compared the behavior of steel beams with trapezoidal corrugated webs with different corrugation angles (25°, 30°, 35°, 45°, 60°) under point load conditions. Five steel beam specimens were fabricated and tested. The results showed that the beam with a 35° corrugation angle experienced 21-82% less central deflection and 31-104% less lateral displacement compared to the other beams, indicating it provided the optimal combination of strength and material efficiency. Therefore, a trapezoidal corrugated web with a 35° corrugation angle can result in improved structural behavior for steel beams.
A Comparative Study for Seismic Performance of RC Moment Resisting Frame with...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames using either steel reinforcement or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement.
2) Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis was used to evaluate the performance levels of structural members for buildings reinforced with steel bars and FRP bars.
3) The results found that frames reinforced with FRP bars exhibited significantly larger lateral displacements and slightly higher lateral strengths compared to frames with steel reinforcement, indicating improved seismic performance when using FRP bars.
Spring 2015 problems for the course Rak-43.3110 Prestressed and precast concrete structures, Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. European standards EN 1990 and EN 1992-1-1 has been applied in the problems.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF STEEL TRUSSES BY COMPARATIVE STUDYIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses analyzing the structural efficiency of different types of steel trusses (Warren, Patt and Howe) through modeling in STAAD Pro software.
2) A Warren truss bridge model is analyzed under dead load, live load, and seismic load conditions. Displacement over time is highest for the Warren truss.
3) Natural frequencies are calculated, with Warren and Patt trusses having higher frequencies than the Howe truss.
4) The Warren truss experiences the greatest displacement under seismic loads, while the Patt and Howe trusses displace less.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
Seismic Behavior Of Double Steel Plate Composite Wall Under Cyclic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of double steel plate composite walls (DSPCWs) under cyclic loading through finite element analysis. Six DSPCW models were developed varying the aspect ratio (length to width ratio) and tie stud spacing. Lower aspect ratios and smaller tie stud spacings improved the wall's energy dissipation, ductility, and resistance to strength and stiffness degradation under cyclic loads. The analysis found the aspect ratio and tie stud spacing significantly impacted the wall's hysteretic response, failure mechanism, strength deterioration, and stiffness. Walls with lower aspect ratios or smaller tie stud spacings exhibited greater seismic resistance and deformation capacity.
IRJET - A Review on Steel Beam-Column Joint to Improve the Performance of...IRJET Journal
This document reviews steel beam-column joint connections to improve building performance. It discusses different types of connections including welded moment connections, bolted end-plate moment connections, and shear connections. It also reviews literature on reduced beam section connections, which weaken the beam near the column to localize deformation. Finite element analysis and experiments show that reduced beam section connections provide highly ductile behavior without fractures or distress, improving seismic performance.
IRJET-Cyclic Response of Perforated Beam in Steel Column JointsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic response of perforated steel beams in column joints under finite element analysis. The study analyzed the effect of various web opening parameters on the energy dissipation capacity of beams with circular and elongated circular openings. A finite element model was validated against experimental data and then used to conduct a parametric study. The study found that energy dissipation increased as opening size and dimensions increased, with maximum dissipation achieved when the opening depth was 80% of the beam depth. Openings with an elongated circular shape oriented across the beam depth also dissipated more energy than other orientations. In general, beams with larger perforations performed better in dissipating energy during cyclic loading.
Monitoring +fatigue analysis of long span suspension bridges under multiple l...yiama
This document presents a framework for fatigue analysis of long-span suspension bridges under multiple loading conditions. It introduces a computationally efficient method using finite element modeling integrated with structural health monitoring data to analyze dynamic stress on the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong from railway, highway, and wind loads. The method determines fatigue-critical locations, establishes databases of stress responses, generates time histories of stresses from individual and combined loads, and performs fatigue analysis over the bridge's 120-year design life to compute cumulative damage. The results indicate it is necessary to consider combined loading effects for accurate fatigue assessment of long-span suspension bridges.
The document discusses the strut-and-tie model approach for analyzing and designing concrete structures. It provides an overview of the strut-and-tie model methodology, including key concepts such as struts, ties, nodes, and modeling techniques. Examples are given to illustrate strut-and-tie models for different structural elements like beams, slabs, corbels, and joints. Design considerations such as limiting stresses and reinforcement details are also covered.
15 experimental study for strengthening of rc rectangular columns with anchor...Ahmed Ebid
Debonding between CFRP sheets and concrete surface is one of the most important modes of failure. The common solution to
prevent this mode of failure is to extend the CFRP sheets by enough length to avoid debonding. A more advanced technique is to anchor the CFRP sheets to the concrete element using either steel or CFRP anchors. The aim of this research is to study the effect of using CFRP anchors on the capacity of concentric and eccentric RC columns. In order to achieve that goal, ten specimens of RC columns divided into two sets were tested. The first set was tested under concentric load, while the other set was tested under eccentric load. Each set had one control sample, while the other four samples were wrapped with CFRP bands. Two of the wrapped samples were anchored and the others were not. The spacing between CFRP wraps was varied between 80 and 200 mm. The results showed that the concentric and eccentric capacity of the sample increased with decreasing the spacing between CFRP bands as long as the eccentricity is small enough to cause
compression failure mode. But for samples with tension failure caused by large eccentricity, the CFRP bands have no effect on the capacity. It was also noted that anchors have no significant effect on the axial capacity of the samples
Lec04 Analysis of Rectangular RC Beams (Reinforced Concrete Design I & Prof. ...Hossam Shafiq II
This document discusses the ultimate flexural analysis of reinforced concrete beams according to building codes. It covers topics such as concrete stress-strain relationships, stress distributions at failure, nominal and design flexural strength, moments in beams, tension steel ratios, minimum steel requirements, ductile and brittle failure modes, and calculations for balanced and maximum steel ratios. Diagrams illustrate key concepts regarding stress blocks, strain distributions, and section types. Formulas are presented for determining balanced steel ratio, maximum steel ratio, and checking neutral axis depth.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested 9 high-strength concrete beams to evaluate formulas for minimum flexural reinforcement. The beams varied in concrete compressive strength (50, 75, and 100 MPa) and flexural reinforcement ratio (50-100% of the minimum specified by ACI 363R-35). Instrumentation measured load, deflection, and steel strains. Results showed a 25% reduction to the ACI 363R-35 limit provided satisfactory behavior in terms of cracking patterns, deflections and steel strains, suggesting current codes overestimate minimum reinforcement requirements for high-strength concrete beams. The experimental data was also compared to requirements in other codes and studies.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Buckling Restrained Brace Under Cyclic LoadngIRJET Journal
This document discusses the experimental analysis of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) under cyclic loading. BRBs are a type of bracing system used in structures to resist lateral forces like earthquakes. They have advantages over conventional bracing systems in providing a more stable hysteretic response. The study involved fabricating BRB models and testing them under static ultimate and cyclic loading. One model was tested to determine ultimate strength, while another was used to study behavioral characteristics under loading and unloading cycles. The results showed that BRBs can undergo considerable yielding in both tension and compression and dissipate more energy than conventional braces.
Paper " STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL AND 3-D NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE...Waleed E. El-Demerdash
This document discusses the use of strut-and-tie modeling and 3D nonlinear finite element analysis to predict the behavior of reinforced concrete shallow and deep beams with openings. It presents the development of strut-and-tie models based on experimental results for selected beams. Finite element analysis using ANSYS is also employed for selected beams to complement the strut-and-tie model results. A parametric study investigates factors affecting beam behavior. Comparisons are made between finite element results, strut-and-tie model results, and experimental data.
IRJET- Behavior of Trapezoidal Corrugated Web Steel Built-Up Beam under Point...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that compared the behavior of steel beams with trapezoidal corrugated webs with different corrugation angles (25°, 30°, 35°, 45°, 60°) under point load conditions. Five steel beam specimens were fabricated and tested. The results showed that the beam with a 35° corrugation angle experienced 21-82% less central deflection and 31-104% less lateral displacement compared to the other beams, indicating it provided the optimal combination of strength and material efficiency. Therefore, a trapezoidal corrugated web with a 35° corrugation angle can result in improved structural behavior for steel beams.
A Comparative Study for Seismic Performance of RC Moment Resisting Frame with...IOSR Journals
1) The document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames using either steel reinforcement or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement.
2) Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis was used to evaluate the performance levels of structural members for buildings reinforced with steel bars and FRP bars.
3) The results found that frames reinforced with FRP bars exhibited significantly larger lateral displacements and slightly higher lateral strengths compared to frames with steel reinforcement, indicating improved seismic performance when using FRP bars.
Spring 2015 problems for the course Rak-43.3110 Prestressed and precast concrete structures, Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. European standards EN 1990 and EN 1992-1-1 has been applied in the problems.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF STEEL TRUSSES BY COMPARATIVE STUDYIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses analyzing the structural efficiency of different types of steel trusses (Warren, Patt and Howe) through modeling in STAAD Pro software.
2) A Warren truss bridge model is analyzed under dead load, live load, and seismic load conditions. Displacement over time is highest for the Warren truss.
3) Natural frequencies are calculated, with Warren and Patt trusses having higher frequencies than the Howe truss.
4) The Warren truss experiences the greatest displacement under seismic loads, while the Patt and Howe trusses displace less.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
Seismic Behavior Of Double Steel Plate Composite Wall Under Cyclic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of double steel plate composite walls (DSPCWs) under cyclic loading through finite element analysis. Six DSPCW models were developed varying the aspect ratio (length to width ratio) and tie stud spacing. Lower aspect ratios and smaller tie stud spacings improved the wall's energy dissipation, ductility, and resistance to strength and stiffness degradation under cyclic loads. The analysis found the aspect ratio and tie stud spacing significantly impacted the wall's hysteretic response, failure mechanism, strength deterioration, and stiffness. Walls with lower aspect ratios or smaller tie stud spacings exhibited greater seismic resistance and deformation capacity.
STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CORBELS – A PARAMETRIC STUDYIAEME Publication
Corbels are cantilever with small shear span to depth ratio (a/d) projected from
columns or walls to support precast members like beams, girders or dapped end beams.
Shear friction (SF) method is used to analyze and design reinforced concrete (RC)
corbels. Because of the small value of a/d, corbels are treated as deep beams. Using
strut and tie modeling (STM), they can be analyzed. In both SF and STM, there are
many parameters that affect the behavior of the corbels such as a/d, width (b),
compressive strength of concrete (f'c), yield strength of reinforcement (fy), and
horizontal to vertical load ratio (H/V). In the current study, according to ACI 318-14
provisions, the effect of these parameters were investigated using both SF and STM. It
was found that the shear capacity increases by about 32.6%, 26.3% and 31.2% for SF
and by about 54.1%, 50.4% and 30.9% for STM with increasing width, compressive
strength, and yield strength by about (100-300) %, (15-35) % and (400-600) %,
respectively. Whereas, shear capacity decreases by about 58.54% and 48.7% for SF
and about 59.4% and 33.2% for STM with increasing a/d and H/V by about (0.1-1.9)%
and (0-1)%, respectively. It was also seen that the results obtained by STM is more
reliable t
IRJET- Analysis of Long Span Suspension Bridge under Wind Load and Moving LoadIRJET Journal
This document analyzes long span suspension bridges under wind and moving loads using SAP2000 software. Three bridge models were created with spans of 400m, 500m, and 600m. The bridges were analyzed for wind loads based on Indian and ASCE codes. Moving load analysis used Class AA tracked loads. Results showed time period and deck deflection increased with span while frequency decreased. Suspender forces were lower than sag cable forces. Maximum pylon displacement occurred in the 600m span bridge under wind loads. In conclusion, suspension bridge behavior depends strongly on span length, and wind loads govern perpendicular to the bridge direction.
Response of Steel & CFT (Concrete Filled Tube) Frame Structures with Various ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the response of steel and concrete-filled tube (CFT) frame structures with various bracing configurations to blast explosions. A 10-story building model was analyzed subjected to a 3000 kg TNT explosion at distances of 50, 75, and 100 feet. Five different bracing configurations - diagonal, X, K, V, and inverted V - were considered. The results showed that CFT buildings performed better than steel buildings in terms of displacement and structural member failures. Specifically, CFT buildings with X bracing had the best performance, with displacements up to 37% lower and member failures 94% lower than steel buildings with X bracing. While CFT increased costs by 4.92
IRJET- Design and Analysis of River Bridge Deck Slab at Vangani-Karav-PashaneIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a river bridge deck slab located at Vangani-Karav-Pashane. The researchers designed a simple reinforced concrete deck slab using the working stress method and verified the results using STAAD.pro software. Key aspects of the design included considering IRC Class A loading, proposing a two-lane deck slab with a 6.8m carriageway width, and analyzing stresses, shear forces, and moments on the slab. Manual calculations were performed and compared to STAAD results. The design aimed to facilitate easy commuting across the Ulhas River by replacing a deteriorating existing bridge deck.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
This paper introduces a two dimensional bridge deck for a cantilever bridge with a 15 m long span that has been modelled and analysed using computational modelling software (LUSAS) to obtain maximum moments and
shear forces. The significance of the problem is to determine the worst scenario case within the deck in terms of highest
bending moment and shear force, for example, the most affected parts of deck under load. The problem was tackled
with the aid of LUSAS Bridge Plus which is part of LUSAS software package. Generally, LUSAS Bridge Plus works
by analysing equations and allowing combinations of load case results.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
IRJET- Impact Resistances of Hybrid Steel Truss BeamsIRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the impact resistance of hybrid steel truss concrete beams (HSTCBs) under three-point loading using finite element analysis.
2) Nine HSTCB models with varying truss configurations and impact velocities were analyzed. The model with a cover plate and no confinement had the lowest displacement and highest stiffness, indicating better impact resistance.
3) Analysis of load-deflection graphs and maximum deformation showed that the HSTCB model with a cover plate and no confinement performed best in resisting impact across different velocities tested.
IRJET- Study on Causes of Cracks and its Remedial Measures in Reinforced Conc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses cracks in reinforced concrete bridge piers and abutments. It first provides background on the causes of cracking, including applied loads, restraint from volume changes, and drying shrinkage. It then presents a case study of a bridge exhibiting cracks in the abutments and approaches. The cracks are thought to be caused by movement of the abutments due to issues with surrounding soils. The document outlines various remedial measures that could address abutment movement and cracking, such as soil grouting, concrete jacketing, and epoxy injection. It concludes that abutment movement must be addressed to prevent further deterioration of the bridge structure.
PARAMETRIC STUDY ON SLAB DECK BRIDGES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODIRJET Journal
This document discusses a parametric study carried out on slab deck bridges using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The study considers the effects of span length, live load, and thickness of the wearing coat on the depth, moment, and reinforcement area required for the bridge deck slab. An Excel program is developed to design the deck slab according to different design combinations obtained from RSM. Statistical analysis using ANOVA is performed to determine the dependency of the response variables on the design parameters. Regression equations are obtained for the depth, moment, and reinforcement area in terms of the design factors considered. The results of the study are then compared to an existing reinforced concrete slab deck bridge.
Comparative Study on Flexural Strength of M-40 Grade with Lapping of BarsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the flexural strength of M-40 grade concrete beams with different percentages of lapping (overlapping) of reinforcement bars. Cubes and beams were cast and tested according to Indian standards. The compressive strength of cubes increased with the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand. Beams with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% lapping of bars were tested under two-point loading. Cracking and ultimate loads increased with higher lapping percentages, with 0% lapping exhibiting the highest strength. Higher lapping percentages led to higher deflections at given loads. In conclusion, manufactured sand can be used as a replacement for natural sand in concrete with similar properties. Higher lapping
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
Fracture mechanics based estimation of fatigue life of weldsAvinash B
This document presents an approach for predicting fatigue life in welded joints subjected to multiaxial loading. It assumes crack-like flaws exist after welding, so crack initiation is insignificant. Crack propagation analysis or fracture mechanics are used to determine fatigue limits depending on the cycle regime. A weight function method calculates stress intensity factors for a semi-elliptical surface crack near the weld toe. Finite element analysis determines the through-thickness stress distribution. Combining this information with the Paris law and fracture toughness allows predicting fatigue life in the high-low cycle regimes. Validation with S-N curves from welding standards shows the approach can derive material-specific limits for particular welding processes.
This document analyzes the behavior of steel arch bridge structures with varying rise ratios and deck positions. It models bridges in SAP2000 with rise ratios of L/3, L/4, L/5, and L/6 and analyzes bending moment, deflection, weight, and cable height. Bending moment and deflection increase as rise decreases. The L/6 model exceeds the deflection limit. Deck position also affects deflection and weight, with through-type bridges having the highest deflection and lowest weight, and deck bridges the lowest deflection and highest weight. Analysis of different configurations helps optimize the design for stability and efficiency.
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
Similar to SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC BEAMS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
2. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
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1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete beams are widely used building members. The dimensions of flexural
members are commonly selected so as to limit the deflections to acceptable limits. Though, in
recent years, the tendency of studying deflections in reinforced concrete beams has resulted
in the use of shallower sections. That is why, the question of deflection predicting for shallow
reinforced concrete members has gained more importance [1-4] than that of the deep ones [5-
16].
Both long-term and short-term deflections should be taken into design considerations.
Due to using higher strength materials, dimensions of beams became less, which means, the
question of deflection turn out to be the total design controlling aspect. Short-term deflection
is defined as that happens instantaneously due to load application. The time is supposed to be
insignificant, if the load is applied within some hours. Long-term deflection is that happens at
some time period after the primary load application. A combination of creep and shrinkage,
or concrete plastic-flow under sustained load, leads to the time-dependent phenomenon.
Time-dependent or long-term deflection happens only when member is subjected to sustained
loads.
It is not easy to calculate deflection of reinforced concrete beams with high accuracy.
Reinforced concrete is an anisotropic, nonhomogeneous, inelastic, and nonlinear material.
Consequently, deflection calculation classical methods will not lead to high accuracy results.
The concrete elasticity modulus changes as a sustained load time function. This change is a
many different variables function, such as, age of the concrete when loaded, temperature,
humidity, load level, aggregate type, cement type etc… [1&2]. Thus, it is not easy to estimate
accurately the concrete elasticity modulus, Ec. The change in the concrete elasticity modulus
with time may rapidly increase it. Because the concrete tensile strength is not high, reinforced
concrete beam cracks when subjected to service loads. The cracked section moment of inertia
is very different from that of an uncracked one, because it relies on the crack length.
Nevertheless, between the cracks, the section of concrete must be considered as uncracked.
Finally, it should be said that because of cracking, the moment of inertia differs along the
member span [3&4]. Based on the above, the current study suggests load-deflections
expressions for differently loaded beams with different reinforcement ratios.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
In this paper, nine RC simply supported beams have been cast in the Structural Engineering
Laboratory, College of Engineering at the University of Diyala. All beams have the same
dimensions and reinforcement. They have an overall length of 1500 mm, a height of 250 mm
and a width of 150 mm.
The properties of concrete mix used in the specimens are summarized in Table 1. These
properties are concrete compressive strength [17 & 18], splitting tensile strength fct [19],
modulus of rupture fr [20], and modulus of elasticity Ec=4700√f'c.
The reinforcement details, geometry and loading of the tested beams are shown in Figures
1-9.
3. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 102 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Concrete properties of the specimens
Group
Specimen
Designation
(MPa)
ft
(MPa)
fr
(MPa)
Ec
(MPa)
Type of Loading
A
1P-min
24 2.5 4.337 230251P-ave
1P-max
B
2P-min
32 3.2 5.5 265872P-ave
2P-max
C
Dist-min
32 3.7 5 26587Dist-ave
Dist-max
Figure 1 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 1P-min
Figure 2 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 1P-ave
Figure 3 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 1P-max
4. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
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Figure 4 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 2P-min
Figure 5 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 2P-ave
Figure 6 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam 2P-max
Figure 7 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam Dist-min
Figure 8 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam Dist-ave
5. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 104 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 9 Reinforcement, geometry and loading of the beam Dist-max
3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 2 shows the test results in detail. Where Pf is the first flexural crack load, Ps is the first
shear crack load, Pu is the ultimate load, Δ is the maximum mid-span defection, Δf is the mid-
span defection at first flexural crack load and Δs is the mid-span defection at first shear crack
load.
Table 2 Test results
Grou
p
beams
Desig-
nation
(MPa
)
Pf
(kN
)
Ps
(kN
)
Pu
(kN
)
Incr
-
ease
in
Pu
%
Δ
(mm
)
Dec-
reas
e
in Δ
%
Failur
e
Type
A
1P-min
24
30 54 66 - 3 - 0.45 0.82 0.04 0.15 Flexure
1P-ave 32 61 159 141 2.2 27 0.20 0.38 0.01 0.15 Flexure
1P-max 51 72 251 280 2 33 0.20 0.29 0.07 0.10 Shear
B
2P-min
33
30 54 87 - 2.970 - 0.34 0.62 0.02 0.10 Flexure
2P-ave 45 80 217 149 2.500 14 0.20 0.37 0.05 0.13 Flexure
2P-max 60 40 312 258 1.440 50 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.10 Shear
C
Dist-min
33
35 65 87.5 - 3.026 - 0.4 0.74 0.05 0.19 Flexure
Dist-ave 40 70 225 157 2.235 25 0.16 0.28 0.02 0.12 Flexure
Dist-max 40 30 340 289 2.165 28 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.10 Shear
3.1. Cracks Propagation and Mode of Failure
3.1.1 Specimens of Group A
The first visible flexural cracks appeared in the mid-span zone (tension steel level) at load
level about 45% and 20% of the ultimate capacity (at 4% and 1% of maximum mid-span
deflection) for the beams 1P-min and 1P-ave, respectively. As the loads are increased,
diagonal cracks appeared at about 82% and 39% of the ultimate capacity for the beams 1P-
min and 1P-ave, respectively. As the loads are further increased, the flexural cracks extended
towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load region as shown in Figures 10-11.
For the beam 1P-max, the first visible shear cracks appeared in the mid-span zone
(tension steel level) at load level about 20% of the ultimate capacity (at 7% of maximum mid-
span deflection). As the loads are increased, diagonal cracks appeared at about 29% of the
ultimate capacity (at 10% of maximum mid-span deflection). As the loads are further
6. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 105 editor@iaeme.com
increased, the cracks extended towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load
region as shown in Figure 12.
For the beams 1P-min and 1P-ave, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two
parts, approximately along the mid-span line (flexural failure).
For the beam 1P-max, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two parts near the
support zone (shear failure).
Figure 10 Cracks propagation for the beam 1P-min
Figure 11 Cracks propagation for the beam 1P-ave
Figure 12 Cracks propagation for the beam 1P-max
7. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 106 editor@iaeme.com
3.1.2 Specimens of Group B
The first visible flexural cracks appeared in the mid-span zone (tension steel level) at load
level about 34% and 20% of the ultimate capacity (at 2% and 5% of maximum mid-span
deflection) for the beams 2P-min and 2P-ave, respectively. As the loads are increased,
diagonal cracks appeared at about 62% and 37% of the ultimate capacity for the beams 2P-
min and 2P-ave, respectively. As the loads are further increased, the flexural cracks extended
towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load region as shown in Figures 13-14.
For the beam 2P-max, the first visible shear cracks appeared near the support (tension
steel level) at load level about 13% of the ultimate capacity (at 10% of maximum mid-span
deflection). As the loads are increased, flexural cracks appeared at about 19% of the ultimate
capacity (at 12% of maximum mid-span deflection). As the loads are further increased, the
cracks extended towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load region as shown in
Figure 15.
For the beams 2P-min and 2P-ave, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two
parts, approximately along the mid-span line (flexural failure).
For the beam 2P-max, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two parts near the
support zone (shear failure).
Figure 13 Cracks propagation for the beam 2P-min
Figure 14 Cracks propagation for the beam 2P-ave
8. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
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Figure 15 Cracks propagation for the beam 2P-max
3.1.3 Specimens of Group C
The first visible flexural cracks appeared in the mid-span zone (tension steel level) at load
level about 40% and 18% of the ultimate capacity (at 5% and 2% of maximum mid-span
deflection) for the beams Dist-min and Dist-ave, respectively. As the loads are increased,
diagonal cracks appeared at about 74% and 31% of the ultimate capacity for the beams Dist-
min and Dist-ave, respectively. As the loads are further increased, the flexural cracks
extended towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load region as shown in
Figures 16&17.
For the beam Dist-max, the first visible shear cracks appeared near the support (tension
steel level) at load level about 10% of the ultimate capacity (at 7% of maximum mid-span
deflection). As the loads are increased, flexural cracks appeared at about 12% of the ultimate
capacity (at 10% of maximum mid-span deflection). As the loads are further increased, the
cracks extended towards the mid depth of the beam until reaching the load region as shown in
Figure 18.
For the beams Dist-min and Dist-ave, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two
parts, approximately along the mid-span line (flexural failure).
For the beam Dist-max, the failure occurred by splitting the beam into two parts near the
support zone (shear failure).
Figure 16 Cracks propagation for the beam Dist-min
9. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 108 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 17 Cracks propagation for the beam Dist-ave
Figure 18 Cracks propagation for the beam Dist-max
3.2. Load Deflection Relationships
3.2.1 Specimens of Group A
It is found that ultimate capacity (Pu) increases and deflection (Δ) decreases about 141% and
27%, respectively, for the beam 1P-ave in comparison with the beam 1P-min because of
using average reinforcement ratio instead of minimum one. For the beam 1P-max, in which
the maximum steel reinforcement ratio is used, the increment in ultimate capacity (Pu) and
decrement in deflection (Δ) become 280% and 33%, respectively in comparison with 1P-min.
Figure 19 shows the load-deflection relationships for the specimens of Group A.
10. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
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Figure 18 Load-midspan deflection for the specimens of Group A
3.2.2 Specimens of Group B
The ultimate capacity (Pu) increases and deflection (Δ) decreases by about 149% and 14%,
respectively for the beam 2P-ave in comparison with the beam 2P-min because of using
average reinforcement ratio instead of minimum one. For the beam 2P-max, in which the
maximum steel reinforcement ratio is used, the increment in ultimate capacity (Pu) and
decrement in deflection (Δ) become 258% and 50%, respectively in comparison with beam
1P-min. Figure 19 shows the load-deflection relationships for the specimens of Group B.
Figure 19 Load-midspan deflection for the Group B beams
3.2.3. Specimens of Group C
It is found that ultimate capacity (Pu) increases and deflection (Δ) decreases by about 157%
and 25%, respectively for the beam Dist-ave in comparison with the beam Dist-min because
of using average reinforcement ratio instead of minimum one. For the beam Dist-max, in
which the maximum steel reinforcement ratio is used, the increment in ultimate capacity (Pu)
and decrement in deflection (Δ) become 289% and 28%, respectively in comparison with
11. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 110 editor@iaeme.com
beam Dist-min. Figure 20 shows the load-deflection relationships for the specimens of Group
C.
Figure 20 Load-midspan deflection for the specimens of Group C
3.3. First Crack Width
In the current experimental program, the first crack width besides their loads are detected,
logged, drawn and discussed to investigate serviceability performance. The cracks expressed
the manner that how the stresses affected the beams. More specifically, they presented data
about how the loads went through the tested beams earlier and later the involvement of
reinforcement. Figures 21-23 show the width of the first cracks that took place in the tested
beams.
1st
crack location
Figure 21 Load-first crack width for the specimens of Group A
12. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
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1st
crack location
Figure 22 Load-first crack width for the specimens of Group B
1st
crack location
Figure 23 Load-first crack width for the specimens of Group C
4. Suggested Expressions for Load-Deflection
The following inferences are drawn based on the experimental investigations:
13. Abbas H. Mohammed, Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq, Raad D. Khalaf and Ali K. Hussein.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 112 editor@iaeme.com
4.1. The specimens of Group A
In general, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increasing the ultimate capacity of
the beam in addition to decreasing the maximum central deflection. So, increasing the
reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the average of the minimum and the maximum
leads to increase ultimate capacity by 141% and decrease maximum central deflection by
27%. Whereas increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads
to increase ultimate capacity by 280% and decrease maximum central deflection by 33%.
For the beams of a single concentrated force load, the relationships between load and
deflection for the three reinforcing steel ratios are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Relationships between load and deflection for Group A beams
Steel ratio Relationship R²
Maximum y = -1E-16x6
+ 7E-13x5
- 1E-09x4
+ 1E-06x3
- 0.0005x2
+
0.3181x - 0.9839
0.9994
Average y = -4E-14x5
+ 3E-10x4
- 5E-07x3
+ 0.0003x2
+ 0.1487x +
1.789
0.9982
Minimum y = -2E-11x4
+ 1E-07x3
- 0.0002x2
+ 0.1913x + 4.4714 0.9844
Where y is the load and x are the mid-span deflection
4.2. The specimens of Group B
In general, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the ultimate capacity of the
beam in addition to decrease the maximum central deflection. So, increasing the reinforcing
steel ratio from the minimum to the average of the minimum and the maximum leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 150% and decrease maximum central deflection by about
14%. Whereas increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads
to increase ultimate capacity by 258% and to decrease maximum central deflection by 50%.
For the beams of 2-concentrated forces load, the relationships between load and
deflection for the three reinforcing steel ratios are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Relationships between load and deflection for Group B beams
Steel ratio Relationship R2
Maximum y = 2E-13x5
- 9E-10x4
+ 1E-06x3
- 0.0007x2
+ 0.4923x + 2.4666 0.9934
Average y = -2E-14x5
+ 2E-10x4
- 4E-07x3
+ 0.0003x2
+ 0.1477x +
7.4306
0.9954
Minimum y = -2E-11x4
+ 1E-07x3
- 0.0003x2
+ 0.258x + 3.9293 0.9893
Where y is the load and x is the mid-span deflection
4.3. The specimens of Group C
In general, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the ultimate capacity of the
beam in addition to decrease the maximum central deflection. So, increasing the reinforcing
steel ratio from the minimum to the average of the minimum and the maximum leads to
increase ultimate capacity by 157% and decrease maximum central deflection by 25%.
Whereas increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads to
increase ultimate capacity by 289% and to decrease maximum central deflection by 28%.
14. Suggesting Deflection Expressions for Rc Beams
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 113 editor@iaeme.com
For the beams of a uniformly distributed load, the relationships between load and
deflection for the three reinforcing steel ratios are listed in Table 5.
Table 5 Relationships between load and deflection for Group C beams
Steel ratio Relationship R²
Maximum
y = -7E-17x6
+ 5E-13x5
- 1E-09x4
+ 1E-06x3
- 0.0006x2
+
0.3144x + 2.9676
0.9997
Average y = 6E-15x5
- 3E-12x4
- 7E-08x3
+ 5E-05x2
+ 0.1916x + 6.9895 0.9947
Minimum y = -1E-11x4
+ 8E-08x3
- 0.0002x2
+ 0.1872x + 6.5014 0.992
Where y is the load and x are the mid-span deflection
5. CONCLUSION
The purpose of the current experimental work is to study the behavior of reinforced beams
under various steel ratios of ACI 318-14, which are the minimum ( ), maximum ( )
and the average of them ( ). These different ratios are repeated three times under
various loading types, which are single concentrated force, two-concentrated forces and a
partial distributed load.
The following conclusions are drawn based on the experimental investigations:
Load-deflection expressions are presented here that can help design engineers.
For beams with single central concentrated force, the first cracks appear in the mid-span
zone at load level about 45%, 20% and 20% of the ultimate for the beams with minimum,
average and maximum steel ratio, respectively. It is found that increasing the reinforcing steel
ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads to increase ultimate capacity by 280% and
decrease maximum central deflection by 33%.
For beams with two concentrated forces, the first cracks appear in the mid-span zone at
load level about 34%, 20% and 13% of the ultimate for the beams with minimum, average
and maximum steel ratio, respectively. It is also found that increasing the reinforcing steel
ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads to increase ultimate capacity by 258% and to
decrease maximum central deflection by 50%.
For beams with uniformly distributed load, the first cracks appear in the mid-span zone at
load level about 40%, 18% and 10% of the ultimate for the beams with minimum, average
and maximum steel ratio, respectively. It is also found that increasing the reinforcing steel
ratio from the minimum to the maximum leads to increase ultimate capacity by 289% and to
decrease maximum central deflection by 28%.
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