The document discusses substation arrangements and classifications. It begins by explaining the purpose of substations is to evacuate power from generating stations, transmit power to load centers, and distribute power to utilities and consumers. Substations are then classified based on their function, which includes generating, grid, switching, secondary, and converting substations. Generating substations step up voltage, grid substations step down voltage, switching stations provide segmentation, and secondary substations further step down voltage for distribution. Converting substations change alternating current to direct current. Outdoor air insulated substations and gas insulated substations are also described.
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
this ppt gives u a clear idea about substations ..there are two types of substation
1) air insulated substations
2) gas insulated substations
this ppt is about air insulated substations and gas insulated substations
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS) as an alternative to traditional air insulated substations (AIS). It notes that GIS use sulfur hexafluoride gas as an insulating medium, allowing them to be more compact and require less space than AIS. It outlines the key components of a GIS, including electrical components enclosed in a metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas. GIS provide advantages over AIS such as requiring less space, being better suited to challenging environments, and lower maintenance needs. However, they also present drawbacks such as longer outage times if faults occur and issues with SF6 being a greenhouse gas.
GIS substations use SF6 gas insulation and enclosures to provide compact, reliable power distribution in a space-efficient and environmentally-friendly manner. Key components include busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and control cubicles. Advantages include reduced size, protection from weather, and no risk of fire or explosion. Disadvantages include higher costs and need for specialized maintenance of SF6 gas. Future trends aim to improve compactness, reduce maintenance needs, and control SF6 decomposition byproducts.
Power stations generate electricity at different locations depending on resource availability. High voltage transmission networks carry this power, which is generated at medium voltages. Substations classify and distribute power for transmission or distribution. Air insulated substations (AIS) use air as an insulator but have limitations regarding space, maintenance and stability. Gas insulated substations (GIS) enclose equipment in SF6 gas for insulation, allowing for more compact and reliable operation in space-constrained and difficult locations. GIS are more expensive initially but require less maintenance and outages over time due to their enclosed and reliable design. Ongoing research focuses on safer insulating gases and optimization of GIS for higher voltages and availability.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , GURUKULA KANGARI UNIVERSITY ,HARIDWARashwini kumar
THIS PROJECT IS RELATED TO GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION,,IN THIS SUBSTATION SF6 GAS IS USED
ASHWINI KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(FINAL YEAR)
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
this ppt gives u a clear idea about substations ..there are two types of substation
1) air insulated substations
2) gas insulated substations
this ppt is about air insulated substations and gas insulated substations
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS) as an alternative to traditional air insulated substations (AIS). It notes that GIS use sulfur hexafluoride gas as an insulating medium, allowing them to be more compact and require less space than AIS. It outlines the key components of a GIS, including electrical components enclosed in a metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas. GIS provide advantages over AIS such as requiring less space, being better suited to challenging environments, and lower maintenance needs. However, they also present drawbacks such as longer outage times if faults occur and issues with SF6 being a greenhouse gas.
GIS substations use SF6 gas insulation and enclosures to provide compact, reliable power distribution in a space-efficient and environmentally-friendly manner. Key components include busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and control cubicles. Advantages include reduced size, protection from weather, and no risk of fire or explosion. Disadvantages include higher costs and need for specialized maintenance of SF6 gas. Future trends aim to improve compactness, reduce maintenance needs, and control SF6 decomposition byproducts.
Power stations generate electricity at different locations depending on resource availability. High voltage transmission networks carry this power, which is generated at medium voltages. Substations classify and distribute power for transmission or distribution. Air insulated substations (AIS) use air as an insulator but have limitations regarding space, maintenance and stability. Gas insulated substations (GIS) enclose equipment in SF6 gas for insulation, allowing for more compact and reliable operation in space-constrained and difficult locations. GIS are more expensive initially but require less maintenance and outages over time due to their enclosed and reliable design. Ongoing research focuses on safer insulating gases and optimization of GIS for higher voltages and availability.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , GURUKULA KANGARI UNIVERSITY ,HARIDWARashwini kumar
THIS PROJECT IS RELATED TO GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION,,IN THIS SUBSTATION SF6 GAS IS USED
ASHWINI KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(FINAL YEAR)
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
This document provides an overview of gas insulated substations (GIS) compared to conventional air insulated substations (AIS). It discusses the limitations of AIS related to space, infrastructure, environment, and cost. GIS were developed to address these limitations by using compact gas-insulated equipment using sulfur hexafluoride gas. The key components and features of GIS are described, including aluminum enclosures, standardized components, and flat voltage-time characteristics of SF6. Advantages of GIS over AIS include reduced space and construction costs, improved safety and reliability, and fulfilling aesthetic requirements for indoor applications. Potential disadvantages discussed include transient overvoltages during switching and long-term effects of arcing byproducts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas insulated substations (GIS). It discusses the advantages of GIS over conventional substations, including their compact size, reliability, and maintenance benefits. It also outlines some challenges with GIS, such as the generation of very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) during switching operations. These VFTOs can cause flashovers and insulation issues. The document examines the factors that influence VFTO magnitudes, including contact speed and system voltage. It also discusses the potential effects of VFTOs on transformers connected to GIS systems.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas insulated substations (GIS). It defines GIS as substations that use sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) as an insulating medium to allow for a compact design. The document outlines the key internal equipment of GIS, including circuit breakers, disconnectors, buses, transformers, and more. It discusses the advantages of GIS such as reduced space requirements and reliability. GIS are well-suited for applications requiring a small footprint, such as urban or indoor installations.
This document summarizes a presentation on gas insulated substations (GIS). It defines GIS as substations that use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas insulation to enclose high voltage components. The document discusses the usage, components, safety features, and assembly of GIS. It notes advantages like reduced space and maintenance requirements compared to conventional substations, but also disadvantages like risks from internal faults and stringent cleanliness needs. Requirements for GIS include withstanding climatic influences while allowing flexible installation, and using enclosures, insulation, and a gas monitoring system.
Seminar Report on 220 KV Grid Sub Station on Bundi SahilQureshi14
This document provides an overview of a 220kV grid substation in Bundi, Rajasthan, India. It discusses the purpose and components of grid substations, including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, buses, current transformers, and other key equipment. It also describes the selection process for the substation site and lists considerations like proximity to load centers, accessibility, and avoidance of flood-prone areas. Various types of substations and transformers are defined. An index lists the topics covered in the document.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
The document is a report summarizing Shuvam Pathania's industrial training at the 220/132/33 KV Grid Sub Station in Jassure. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who contributed, a certificate of completion, and a contents listing the topics covered in the report such as the functions of a substation, elements of a substation like circuit breakers and transformers, and an overview of the Jassure Substation.
This presentation is from my talk Delivered to Young Engineers to have a brief overview of :
1. Substation And Its Types
2. Substation Equipment
3. Substation Grounding
4. Design Consideration
5. Bus Switching Scheme
6. Basic Insulation Level and Its importance
7. Fault level and its importance
8. Other Equipment
9. Substation IEC 61850 Protocol Basic
It will be helpful for Engineering students to have an overview from a Practical point of view. Widely publicize it for benefit of others.
1. An electric power substation is a facility used to transform electricity from high to low voltage or vice versa for transmission or distribution. It contains equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and switches.
2. Substations are used to connect generators and transmission lines, transform power between voltage levels, interconnect power sources, switch connections, control voltage and power flow, and detect and respond to faults on the system.
3. They are classified by their main function as transmission substations for high voltages or distribution substations for low voltages. Transformer substations contain transformers while switching substations focus on connections.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS), which use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as the insulating medium within an enclosed metal housing. GIS offer advantages over traditional air insulated substations (AIS), as they occupy less space, have higher reliability, and require less maintenance. The key components of a GIS include gas insulated busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and voltage and current transformers. While more expensive initially, GIS allow for more compact and reliable substation design in space-constrained urban areas. Some concerns with GIS include the environmental impact of SF6 and the challenges associated with diagnosing and repairing internal
In this section, we will discuss different types of sub-station and sub-station equipment along with their functionality in brief such as.
Transformer
Circuit Switches/Breakers
Command and Control System
Isolator
This document discusses bus ducts and busbars, which are used to carry very high currents in power stations. There are three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. Isolated phase bus ducts have each phase conductor enclosed individually and separated from the others. Segregated phase ducts house all phases together but use barriers to separate them. Non-segregated ducts contain all phases within a common enclosure with only air separating them. The document also discusses busbar materials, ratings, indoor and outdoor specifications, and factors considered in bus duct design and selection.
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
This document presents a project report on the study and design of a 66/33/25kV gas insulated substation (GIS) for DMRC New Delhi. It provides details on the components of a GIS like circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, transformers, cables and monitoring equipment. It includes a single line diagram of the 66/33/25kV GIS substation and specifications of the transformers, circuit breakers and isolators. It also discusses the properties of sulfur hexafluoride gas used for insulation in GIS and compares GIS with air insulated substations.
Gis ppt (gas insulated sub station) deepak kumar kannaujiya,Sameer Kumar
This presentation provides an overview of gas insulated substations (GIS). It discusses the limitations of conventional air insulated substations, including their large size. GIS offer a more compact alternative by using sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. The key components of a GIS including circuit breakers, transformers, and busbars are housed in modular enclosures filled with SF6 gas. GIS provide benefits such as reduced space requirements, high reliability, and lower maintenance needs compared to conventional substations. However, their initial costs are higher and repairs can require long outages. Future trends may include more compact designs, replacement insulating gases, and increased use of GIS in urban areas.
The document proposes an automatic rack-in and rack-out system for vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) to eliminate safety risks from manual operation. It would use a portable, motorized unit mounted on the VCB front with a sliding arm, magnetic legs, and crank socket to remotely control racking from a wall-mounted control unit. The control unit houses a programmable logic controller to operate the motor and encoder that measures racking distance based on pre-programmed logic. It is designed for easy installation and removal from VCBs while complying with industry standards.
A control room in a substation houses a control board that allows operators to control substation equipment, switch power between circuits, open and close circuits as needed, and monitor remote equipment. The control room displays alarms, breaker states, and power measurements to help operators safely and effectively monitor electricity generation, regulate power flows, and ensure emergency procedures are in place. The control room protects control equipment like switchboards and batteries and allows operators to install monitoring, communication, and protection devices to study the electric system.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
This document provides an overview of gas insulated substations (GIS) compared to conventional air insulated substations (AIS). It discusses the limitations of AIS related to space, infrastructure, environment, and cost. GIS were developed to address these limitations by using compact gas-insulated equipment using sulfur hexafluoride gas. The key components and features of GIS are described, including aluminum enclosures, standardized components, and flat voltage-time characteristics of SF6. Advantages of GIS over AIS include reduced space and construction costs, improved safety and reliability, and fulfilling aesthetic requirements for indoor applications. Potential disadvantages discussed include transient overvoltages during switching and long-term effects of arcing byproducts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas insulated substations (GIS). It discusses the advantages of GIS over conventional substations, including their compact size, reliability, and maintenance benefits. It also outlines some challenges with GIS, such as the generation of very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) during switching operations. These VFTOs can cause flashovers and insulation issues. The document examines the factors that influence VFTO magnitudes, including contact speed and system voltage. It also discusses the potential effects of VFTOs on transformers connected to GIS systems.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas insulated substations (GIS). It defines GIS as substations that use sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) as an insulating medium to allow for a compact design. The document outlines the key internal equipment of GIS, including circuit breakers, disconnectors, buses, transformers, and more. It discusses the advantages of GIS such as reduced space requirements and reliability. GIS are well-suited for applications requiring a small footprint, such as urban or indoor installations.
This document summarizes a presentation on gas insulated substations (GIS). It defines GIS as substations that use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas insulation to enclose high voltage components. The document discusses the usage, components, safety features, and assembly of GIS. It notes advantages like reduced space and maintenance requirements compared to conventional substations, but also disadvantages like risks from internal faults and stringent cleanliness needs. Requirements for GIS include withstanding climatic influences while allowing flexible installation, and using enclosures, insulation, and a gas monitoring system.
Seminar Report on 220 KV Grid Sub Station on Bundi SahilQureshi14
This document provides an overview of a 220kV grid substation in Bundi, Rajasthan, India. It discusses the purpose and components of grid substations, including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, buses, current transformers, and other key equipment. It also describes the selection process for the substation site and lists considerations like proximity to load centers, accessibility, and avoidance of flood-prone areas. Various types of substations and transformers are defined. An index lists the topics covered in the document.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
The document is a report summarizing Shuvam Pathania's industrial training at the 220/132/33 KV Grid Sub Station in Jassure. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who contributed, a certificate of completion, and a contents listing the topics covered in the report such as the functions of a substation, elements of a substation like circuit breakers and transformers, and an overview of the Jassure Substation.
This presentation is from my talk Delivered to Young Engineers to have a brief overview of :
1. Substation And Its Types
2. Substation Equipment
3. Substation Grounding
4. Design Consideration
5. Bus Switching Scheme
6. Basic Insulation Level and Its importance
7. Fault level and its importance
8. Other Equipment
9. Substation IEC 61850 Protocol Basic
It will be helpful for Engineering students to have an overview from a Practical point of view. Widely publicize it for benefit of others.
1. An electric power substation is a facility used to transform electricity from high to low voltage or vice versa for transmission or distribution. It contains equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and switches.
2. Substations are used to connect generators and transmission lines, transform power between voltage levels, interconnect power sources, switch connections, control voltage and power flow, and detect and respond to faults on the system.
3. They are classified by their main function as transmission substations for high voltages or distribution substations for low voltages. Transformer substations contain transformers while switching substations focus on connections.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS), which use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as the insulating medium within an enclosed metal housing. GIS offer advantages over traditional air insulated substations (AIS), as they occupy less space, have higher reliability, and require less maintenance. The key components of a GIS include gas insulated busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and voltage and current transformers. While more expensive initially, GIS allow for more compact and reliable substation design in space-constrained urban areas. Some concerns with GIS include the environmental impact of SF6 and the challenges associated with diagnosing and repairing internal
In this section, we will discuss different types of sub-station and sub-station equipment along with their functionality in brief such as.
Transformer
Circuit Switches/Breakers
Command and Control System
Isolator
This document discusses bus ducts and busbars, which are used to carry very high currents in power stations. There are three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. Isolated phase bus ducts have each phase conductor enclosed individually and separated from the others. Segregated phase ducts house all phases together but use barriers to separate them. Non-segregated ducts contain all phases within a common enclosure with only air separating them. The document also discusses busbar materials, ratings, indoor and outdoor specifications, and factors considered in bus duct design and selection.
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
This document presents a project report on the study and design of a 66/33/25kV gas insulated substation (GIS) for DMRC New Delhi. It provides details on the components of a GIS like circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, transformers, cables and monitoring equipment. It includes a single line diagram of the 66/33/25kV GIS substation and specifications of the transformers, circuit breakers and isolators. It also discusses the properties of sulfur hexafluoride gas used for insulation in GIS and compares GIS with air insulated substations.
Gis ppt (gas insulated sub station) deepak kumar kannaujiya,Sameer Kumar
This presentation provides an overview of gas insulated substations (GIS). It discusses the limitations of conventional air insulated substations, including their large size. GIS offer a more compact alternative by using sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. The key components of a GIS including circuit breakers, transformers, and busbars are housed in modular enclosures filled with SF6 gas. GIS provide benefits such as reduced space requirements, high reliability, and lower maintenance needs compared to conventional substations. However, their initial costs are higher and repairs can require long outages. Future trends may include more compact designs, replacement insulating gases, and increased use of GIS in urban areas.
The document proposes an automatic rack-in and rack-out system for vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) to eliminate safety risks from manual operation. It would use a portable, motorized unit mounted on the VCB front with a sliding arm, magnetic legs, and crank socket to remotely control racking from a wall-mounted control unit. The control unit houses a programmable logic controller to operate the motor and encoder that measures racking distance based on pre-programmed logic. It is designed for easy installation and removal from VCBs while complying with industry standards.
A control room in a substation houses a control board that allows operators to control substation equipment, switch power between circuits, open and close circuits as needed, and monitor remote equipment. The control room displays alarms, breaker states, and power measurements to help operators safely and effectively monitor electricity generation, regulate power flows, and ensure emergency procedures are in place. The control room protects control equipment like switchboards and batteries and allows operators to install monitoring, communication, and protection devices to study the electric system.
This document discusses infrared thermography and its use for electrical inspections. Infrared cameras can detect higher temperatures that indicate potential problems in electrical systems. Regular infrared inspections allow issues to be found and repaired before failures occur, reducing downtime. Examples show temperature differences that would indicate repair priorities from immediate to monitoring. Infrared inspections are most effective when electrical loads are high and done periodically to inspect all equipment over time. Studies show infrared inspection programs typically yield a $4 return for every $1 spent by finding and fixing issues before costly failures.
The document discusses Indian regulations and standards regarding electrical safety. It outlines various Acts and Rules that govern electrical installations, equipment and work in India. The objectives of the regulations are to make electricity generation, transmission and use as safe as possible by identifying different categories of agencies and specifying technical requirements precisely. The regulations provide guidelines on authorization of work, isolation of supply, identification of live parts, restricting access, inspections and testing, emergency preparedness, protection methods and reporting of accidents. Quantitative effects of electric current and classification of voltage levels are also presented.
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
Routine tests for transformers include a visual inspection to check for proper fittings and protections. Key items to check include conservator and oil preservation systems, bushings, earthing terminals, valves, temperature indicators, pressure relief devices, and on-load tap changer controls if present. The inspection ensures safety devices are included and accessories are appropriately sized, located, and installed according to specifications.
The document is a presentation about ABB's dry type transformers. It provides information about ABB's vacuum cast coil dry type transformers, including what they are, their applications, advantages over oil transformers, product range, features, accessories, and certifications. The presentation highlights that ABB's dry transformers do not use liquid for cooling, have windings encapsulated in epoxy resin, are maintenance-free, and meet various industry standards.
This document provides an overview of transformer protection. It discusses the types of faults that can occur in transformers, including internal faults like winding faults and external faults. It describes Buchholz relays, which detect faults inside the transformer tank by sensing gas and oil movement. Differential protection is also covered, which can detect faults not caught by Buchholz relays. The document outlines considerations for transformer differential protection like current transformer ratings and connections. It provides examples of Merz-Price protection schemes for star-delta and star-star transformers.
This document discusses three phase transformers, including their construction, principles of operation, and common connection types. Three phase transformers have advantages over single phase transformers like smaller size, lower weight and cost, and easier transportation. They use three cores arranged 120 degrees apart with primary windings on each. Secondary windings can be connected in star or delta configurations to step up or down voltages for transmission or distribution. The document also covers parallel operation of three phase transformers.
1) The document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in electrical engineering, including the classification of electrical systems, units of measurement, and basic circuit elements.
2) It describes the five main classifications of electrical systems: communication, computer, control, power, and signal processing systems.
3) The key concepts of charge, current, voltage, power, and energy are defined using standard SI units, and their relationships are expressed through mathematical equations.
4) The two main types of circuit elements - passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors) and active (sources) - are introduced, along with examples of independent and dependent sources.
EMTSPL conducted a preventive health audit of LV electrical panels at Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar. The audit assessed the condition of panel components through thermal scanning, loading measurements, insulation resistance testing, and voltage measurements. Key findings included identifying hot spots in panels, ensuring balanced loading and no neutral current, and measuring insulation resistance. The audit aimed to prevent fire hazards, electrical breakdown, and ensure protection and component rating for loads. Maintaining electrical drawings and implementation of maintenance plans were also recommended.
1) The document discusses transformer vector groups, which indicate the winding configurations and phase angle differences between primary and secondary windings.
2) For a Yd1 transformer, the secondary voltage leads the primary voltage by 30 degrees. However, if the terminal markings are changed, the vector group can change (e.g. to Yd5).
3) For positive sequence currents in a Yd1 transformer, the secondary currents lead the primary currents by 30 degrees. But for negative sequence currents, the secondary currents lag the primary currents by 30 degrees.
The document discusses vectors, phasors, and their application in electrical engineering. It defines a vector as a quantity having both magnitude and direction, often represented by an arrow. A phasor is defined as a line used to represent a complex electrical quantity as a vector. The document then discusses phasor diagrams for sinusoidal waveforms, phase differences, leading and lagging, vector addition, and the phasor diagram of a transformer on no load. On no load, a small current called the exciting current is drawn by the primary winding, which has both an in-phase, active component and a quadrature, reactive magnetizing component.
This document discusses vector groups of transformers. It begins by introducing vector groups and their notation, which indicate the phase displacement between primary and secondary windings. There are four main groups of vector groups based on the phase displacement: zero displacement, 180 degree displacement, 30 degree lag, and 30 degree lead. The document then examines various connection types that produce these displacements, including star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and others. It focuses on the popular delta-star connection of 30 degree lead displacement. Maintaining the same vector group is important for parallel operation of transformers.
This document discusses the testing and maintenance of power transformers. It outlines the various routine tests performed on transformers according to standards, including winding resistance measurement, insulation resistance measurement, and no-load loss measurement. It also describes type tests such as lightening impulse and short circuit tests. The document emphasizes the importance of regular maintenance like oil testing, insulation checks, and bushing cleaning to prevent transformer failure and ensure reliable power supply.
This document discusses parallel and autotransformer operations. It begins by explaining how circulating currents occur in parallel transformers when their voltage ratios are unequal and how this reduces their load capacity. It then covers methods for calculating circulating current values and load division between parallel transformers. The document next discusses how autotransformers operate using a single tapped coil to change voltages and provides examples for calculating step-down, step-up, and load values. It concludes by showing how an autotransformer can be modeled from a two-winding transformer connection.
The document discusses lightning protection and lightning arrestors. It provides introductions to surges, lightning, and surge arrestors. It describes how surge arrestors work to protect power systems from lightning strikes and induced surges. The document covers types of arrestors, their construction, applications in transformers and transmission lines, and maintenance. Key topics include metal oxide varistor discs, ratings of arrestors, and selection of arrestors for different voltage systems.
The document is a presentation about ABB's Vmax indoor vacuum circuit-breakers for primary distribution. It describes the available versions that comply with IEC and ANSI standards, ranging from 12-17.5kV and 630-1250A. The Vmax circuit-breakers can be fixed or withdrawable and used in switchgear from ABB. They utilize vacuum interruption technology and have strengths like compact dimensions and a sealed for life design. Standard equipment includes signaling devices and auxiliary contacts, while additional accessories can be ordered as needed. The Vmax is intended for use in power distribution applications.
Instrument transformers are used to measure high voltages and currents safely. They have two main types - current transformers (CT) and potential transformers. CTs produce a proportional low current output from a high current input. Potential transformers produce a proportional low voltage output from a high voltage input. Instrument transformers are used for measurement, protection of equipment, and control of power systems. Their operation is similar to regular transformers, but they are designed to work with measuring instruments or protective relays.
This document provides information about high voltage transmission lines, including the components and construction process. It discusses:
1) What transmission lines are and how they carry power from generating stations to substations at high voltages ranging from 33kV to 765kV. Steel towers are used to support the transmission lines.
2) The main components of transmission lines including support structures, insulators, conductors, and ground wires. It also describes the different types of insulators.
3) The construction process for transmission lines, which involves soil surveys, access road creation, foundation drilling and installation of steel poles, conductor stringing, and land restoration. Proper tower height and insulator selection are important for safety and
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
2. ELECTRICAL SUB-STATION
Purpose:
1.1 The substations are very much essential to
• Evacuate power from generating stations.
• Transmit to the load centers.
• Distribute to the utilities & ultimate consumers.
3. The Electrical power generation from Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear and
other generating stations has to be evacuated to load centers.
The generation voltage is limited to 15/18 KV due to the limitation
of the rotating machinery. This bulk power has to be stepped up to
higher voltages depending on quantum of power generated and
distance to the load centers.
Again the power has to be stepped down to different lower
voltages for transmission and distribution.
In between the power houses and ultimate consumers a number of
Transformation and switching stations have to be created. These
are generally known as sub-stations
4. CLASSIFICATIONS
Accordingly the substations are classified as
Generating substations called as step up substations
Grid Substations called as Step-Down Stations
Switching Stations
Secondary Sub-stations/ Distribution substations
Converting Substation
5. The generating substations
Receives electric power from a nearby generating facility and uses a
large power transformer to stepped up the voltage to primary
transmission voltage, for long distance bulk power A.C
Transmission to load Centers.
The grid substations
Created at suitable load centers along the primary transmission
lines & connect different parts of a grid and are a source for sub
transmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down substation
can change the transmission voltage to a sub transmission voltage.
The sub transmission voltage lines can then serve as a source to
distribution substations. Sometimes, power is tapped from the sub
transmission line for use in an industrial facility along the way.
Other wise, the power goes to a distribution substation.
6. Switching Stations
Provided in between lengthy primary transmission lines:
To avoid switching surges.
For easy segregation of faulty zones.
For providing effective protection to the system in the A.C. network.
The switching stations also required wherever the EHT line are to be tapped and line to
be extended to different load centers without any step down facility at the switching
stations.
The number of outgoing lines will be more than the incoming lines, depending on the
load points.
Secondary Sub-Stations
Located at actual load points along the secondary transmission lines where the voltage is
further stepped down to:
Sub transmission voltages
Primary distribution voltage.
Distribution substations are created where the sub-transmission voltage and primary
distribution voltage are stepped down to supply voltage and feed the actual consumers
through a network of distribution and service line.
7. Converting Substation
Converting substations are the ones that change alternating current to direct current in
power transmission. Alternating current is used inside the country while direct current is
sent overseas along with subsea cables.
8. Classification of Sub-Station based on voltage level
• Generally the following voltage class substations prevailing in India
Designation Description Range
LV or LT Low Voltage or Low Tension Below 1000V AC
HV or HT High Voltage or High Tension All AC Voltages Above 1000V AC
MHV Medium High Voltage Between 1KV to 33KV
HV High Voltage Between 33KV to 132KV
EHV Extra High Voltage 220KV, 400KV
UHV Ultra High Voltage 765KV, 1100KV
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current 400KV, 500KV DC
9. Types of Sub-Stations:
• Out door- Conventional Air insulated substations (AIS)
• SF6 Gas insulated substations (GIS )
• Hybrid Sub-stations
• Converting substations
The Types of Sub-Stations depends upon:
• The availability of the land in the required place.
• Environmental conditions.
10. Out door- Conventional Air insulated substations (AIS)
• In Such Substations Busbars & Connectors can be seen by naked
eye.
• All equipment's like LA, Circuit Breakers, Isolators, Transformers,
CTs, VTs etc are installed in outdoor.
• The Busbars are supported on post or strain insulators
• It has Galvanised Steel Structures for supporting the Equipment,
Insulators & Incoming & Outgoing Lines
11. A. Primary power lines' side
B. Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines
2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4. Voltage Transformer/ CVT
5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10.Control building
11.Security fence
12.Secondary power lines
Out door- Conventional Air insulated substations (AIS)
12. Advantages of Outdoor Substation (AIS):
Cost of Switchgear installation is low
In future the extension of the substation installation is easier
The time required for the erection of air insulated substation is less compared to indoor
substation
All the equipment in AIS switch yard is within view and therefore the fault location is easier and
related repairing work is also easy
There is practically no danger of the fault which appears at one point being propagated to
another point for the substation installation because the equipment of the adjoining connections
can be spaced liberally without any appreciable increase in the cost
Disadvantages of Air Insulated Substation (AIS):
More space is required for outdoor substation when compared to indoor gas insulated substation
(GIS)
Outdoor switch yards are more vulnerable to faults as it is located in outside atmosphere which
has some influence from pollution, saline environment and other environmental factors.
Deposition of saline particles on insulators can cause insulator failures. They are also vulnerable
to direct lightning strikes and other external events such as heavy winds, rains and cyclones.
Therefore reliability wise air insulated substation or outdoor substations are relatively low
compared to indoor substation
Regular maintenance is required compared to indoor substations (Maintenance for Gas Insulated
Substation is very minimal and reliability is very high) as they are exposed to outside environment
13. SF6 Gas insulated substations (GIS )
• These have been developed during 1970,s and are extremely popular in USA,
Europe, Japan, Middle east Countries etc,
• In 1989 three GIS installations have been executed in India
• They are Compact & requires Very Modest maintenance.
• In GIS various Equipment's like Circuit Breakers, Isolators, CTs, VT, Busbars &
earthing Switches are in the form of metal enclosed- SF6 gas filled Modules.
• The Modules are assembled in accordance with the required Configuration. The
various live parts are enclosed inside the enclosures and are supported on epoxy
post insulators internally.
• The hole installation is filled with SF6 gas at Pressure of about 3Kg/ Cm2
depends up on Manufactures Design.
• Such modules are dispatched in the form of major subassemblies ready to
assembly at Site
• Its only consume the 20% of floor area Conventional AIS
17. Locations where Gas Insulated Substation is preferred
• Gas Insulated Substations are preferred in the places where the land requirement for
the substation is difficult such as in populated areas and highly polluted areas where
outdoor switchyard is not preferred.
• In Gas Insulated Substations all the switching electrical equipment such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, and busbars are completely enclosed inside
modules which are filled with SF6 gas. These modules are factory made and site
assembled. Hence takes very little time for commissioning compared to air-insulated
substations.
• The main advantage of this Gas Insulated Substation is because of its compact size
due to a high dielectric strength of the SF6 gas. And the availability and reliability of
the GIS substations are more compared to air-insulated substations.
• Faults occurring chances of Air insulated substation or conventional substations are
more. Hence GIS substations are provided where the high reliability of electric
power is required such as nuclear plants and other important facilities where un-
interruption of power is more required.
18. Advantages of GIS Substation
It occupies very less space (1/10th) compared to ordinary substations. Hence these Gas
Insulated Substations (GIS) are most preferred where area for substation is small (eg:
Cities)
Most reliable compared to Air Insulated Substations, number of outages due to the
fault is less
Maintenance Free
Can be assembled at the shop and modules can be commissioned in the plant easily
Disadvantages of GIS Substation
Cost is higher compared to Ordinary Conventional Substations
Care should be taken that no dust particles enter into the live compartments which
result in flashovers
When fault occurs internally, diagnosis of the fault and rectifying this takes very long
time (outage time is high)
SF6 gas pressure must be monitored in each compartment, reduction in the pressure of
the SF6 gas in any module results in flashovers and faults.
19. Converting Substations –
In such types of substations, AC power converting into DC power or
vice versa or it can convert high frequency to lower frequency or vice
versa.
Switching Schemes
The selection of switching scheme depend upon:
Reliability factor
Availability of the space
Economics (project cost)
There can be several combinations in which the equipment's,
bus-bars, structures etc. can be arranged to achieve a particular
switching scheme.
20. Importance of Busbar
There are several types of busbar arrangements used in power
systems. There are many factors to consider when selecting a
busbar, such as reliability, flexibility, and cost. In selecting a
particular busbar arrangement, the following factors should be
considered.
The busbar layout is simple and easy to maintain.
System maintenance did not affect its continuity.
Busbar installation is economical.
A single busbar is used in the case of small substations, where
continuity of supply is not critical. But in the large substations,
an additional bus bar is used in the system to avoid
interruption in the supply.
21. 1 2 3 n-1 n
ZONE 1
- - - -
• Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels
• No operating flexibility
• Fault on the bus trips all circuit breakers
Advantages
Initial costs are low.
Less maintenance is required.
The operation is simple.
Disadvantages
The entire supply is disturbed when the fault occurs.
As the arrangement provides the least flexibility, it is used in small substations where continuity of
supply is not crucial.
Single bus - single breaker
22. ZONE 1
ZONE 2
• Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels
• Limited operating flexibility
Multiple bus sections - single breaker with
bus tie
23. ZONE 1
ZONE 2
• Transmission and distribution voltage levels
• Breaker maintenance without circuit removal
• Fault on a bus disconnects only the circuits being connected to
that bus
Double bus - single breaker with bus tie
24. ZONE 1
MAIN BUS
TRANFER BUS
• Increased operating flexibility
• A bus fault requires tripping all breakers
• Transfer bus for breaker maintenance
Main and transfer buses
25. ZONE 1
ZONE 2
• Very high operating flexibility
• Transfer bus for breaker maintenance
Double bus – single breaker w/ transfer bus
26. ZONE 1
ZONE 2
• High operating flexibility
• Line protection covers bus section between two CTs
• Fault on a bus does not disturb the power to circuits
Double bus - double breaker
27. ZONE 1
ZONE 2
• Used on higher voltage levels
• More operating flexibility
• Requires more breakers
• Middle bus sections covered by line or other equipment
protection
Breaker-and-a-half bus
28. • Higher voltage levels
• High operating flexibility with minimum breakers
• Separate bus protection not required at line positions
B1 B2
TB1
L1 L2
L3 L4
TB1
Ring bus
29. Bus components breakers
SF6, EHV & HV - Synchropuff
Low Voltage circuit breakers
BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1 ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
30. -
+
F1a
F1c
Contact Input F1a On
Contact Input F1c On
F1b
ISOLATOR
1
ISOLATOR 1 OPEN
7B 7A
BUS 1
-
+
F1a
F1c
Contact Input F1a On
Contact Input F1c On
F1b
ISOLATOR
1
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
7B 7A
BUS 1
Disconnect switches & auxiliary contacts
BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1 ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
31. BUS 2
CB 1
BUS 1
ISO 1 ISO 2
ISO 3
BYPASS
Current Transformers
Oil insulated current transformer
(35kV up to 800kV)
Gas (SF6) insulated current
transformer
Bushing type (medium
voltage switchgear)