1. The document discusses various figures of speech and stylistic devices used in semantics such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, allegory, and irony. 2. Metonymy involves replacing a word with something closely associated with it, like referring to law enforcement as "a pair of heavy boots." 3. Metaphor draws comparisons between two unlike things based on some shared characteristic, like calling a baby "a doll." 3. Other tropes covered are synecdoche, personification, allegory, and verbal vs. sustained irony. The document provides examples to illustrate each concept.

1. S. Galichenko
J. Mironova
M. Ivanova
741 group

2. Is a part of stylistics which
investigate stylistic
phenomena in the sphere of
semantics. (Ivashkin)

3.  Stylistic phenomena
effected by various
 Their main function shifts of meanings.
is to create
additional
expressive,
evaluative,
subjective
connotation

4. FIGURES OF QUANTITY FIGURES OF QUALITATY
Hyperbola Metaphor
Meiosis Metonymy
Litotes Irony

5.  They are called
“tropes” in traditional
stylistics, are based on Transfer by:
transfer of names:
a)Contiguity
b)Similarity
c) Contrast

7.  Metonymy - is transfer by contiguity which
is based on real connection between two
notions.
 Ex: I was followed by a pair of heavy boots.
 The kettle is boiling .

8.  Names of tools instead of names of the actions:
Ex: “Give every man thine ear and few thy voice” (Shakespeare)
 Consequence instead of cause:
Ex: The fish desperately takes the death.
 Characteristic feature of the object instead of the object itself:
Ex: “Blue suit grinned, but big nose in the grey suit still stared ”
 Symbol instead of object symbolized:
Ex: The crown came up to the throne.

9. SYNECDOCHE PERIPHRASIS ANTONOMASIA
•Is using the name of a •Is a description of •Is a substitution of
part to denote the whole, what could be named any epithet or phrase for a
or vice versa. directly . proper name.
Ex: 1) All hands on deck! Ex: 1) You are such a
Ex: 1) I read two hundred pages Solomon!
2) A student is of blood-curdling narrative. 2) The iron lady was
expected to know… 2)The man went out of the car quite radical in her
3)Stop torturing the and start shouting some Anglo- opinion.
poor animal. Saxon phrases to the policeman.

11.  Metaphor – an expressive renaming on the
basis of similarity of two objects.
(Y.M.Skrebnev)
“The baby is a
doll”.

12. “His head is as hard
as a brick wall”.

14. A captain of
industry
The brain of the
organization
The lifeblood of the
company

16.  Personification – attributing human
properties to lifeless objects – mostly
abstract notions. “The angry clouds
marched along the
sky”.

17.  Personification was
often used in classical “The evening
poetry of the 17th stars winked
century
at me from
the sky”.

19.  Allegory –
expressing
abstract ideas
through concrete
pictures.
 All is not gold that
glitters.

21. Irony is a stylistic device in which the contextual
evaluative meaning of the word is directly
opposite to its dictionary meaning
It can bу used in the micro- (a word
combination) or macro-context (the whole
book)

22. Verbal Irony: Sustained Irony:
There’s a certain word which We only feel the irony
is used in the meaning intuitively in the text, but
opposite to its dictionary cannot name the exact
one and we can name it words which deliver it
Е.g. With all the E.g. Sonny Grosso was a
expressiveness of the worrier who looked for
stone Welsh stared at him and frequently
another twenty seconds managed to find, the
apparently hoping to see dark side of most
him gag situations