The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
Study the effect of adding pva on some physical properties of cmc polymer as ...Alexander Decker
This document studies the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on various physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer solutions. Several rheological properties (shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity) and mechanical properties (ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, bulk modulus) of CMC solutions of varying concentrations were measured before and after adding PVA. The results showed that most properties increased with higher CMC concentration but decreased after adding PVA, indicating interactions between the two polymer chains. Specifically, adding PVA enhanced ultrasonic absorption coefficient and reduced viscosity, relaxation time, and compressibility. The study suggests PVA addition can reduce water needs to achieve viscosity goals
X-Ray Line Profile Analysis of Chemically Deposited Nanostructured PBS FilmsIOSR Journals
Nanocrystalline films of PbS have been deposited on glass sustrates at room temperature by CBD
method. The structural parameters of PbS films have been studied by X-ray line profile analysis using
Williamson Hall and Modified Williamson Hall method. The crystallite sizes are found in between 4.99-53.9 nm,
strain in the films in the range of 7.4x10-4 – 2.82 x 10-3 and dislocation densities are found to be very high ~
1015-1016 m-
Determination Of The Crystal Growth Rate Of Paracetamol As A Function Of Solv...cliff57
1) The document discusses a study that determined the crystal growth rate of paracetamol as a function of solvent composition using antisolvent crystallization in methanol-water mixtures.
2) Crystal growth rate was found to decrease with increasing water content up to 68% water, at which point the growth rate increased.
3) The study introduced a method to link solvent composition to growth mechanism and rates. It was postulated that solubility gradient, viscosity, selective adsorption, and surface roughening affect growth rates with solvent composition.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
Estimation Of The Nucleation Kinetics For The Antisolvent Crystallization Of ...cliff57
This document discusses estimating the nucleation kinetics for the anti-solvent crystallization of paracetamol in methanol-water solutions. Specifically:
- Laser back-scattering (focused beam reflectance measurement or FBRM) was used to detect nucleation events during anti-solvent crystallization experiments with paracetamol.
- Theoretical models were applied to analyze induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) data from these experiments and estimate nucleation kinetics parameters.
- Solvent composition, in terms of the methanol-water ratio, was found to significantly impact measured induction times and MSZWs. Estimated nucleation rates also decreased with more dynamic solvent compositions.
-
Synthesis and Study of Structural, Optical Properties of CoxZn1-xS Semiconduc...IOSR Journals
CoxZn1-xS (x=0-0.1) polycrystalline semiconductor compounds were synthesised by co-precipitation method and were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-absorption, EDAX, SEM and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) studies. XRD studies have shown that these powders have polycrystalline nature with a gradual variation from hexagonal to cubic structure while x changing from 0 to 0.1. UV-abosrption studies revealed that the band gap of CoxZn1-xS (x=0-0.1) samples decreased with increase in cobalt concentration, owing to the enhancement of sp-d exchange interactions and typical d-d transitions. Chemical homogeneity and surface morphology studies were carried out by using EDAX and SEM. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also revealed that cobalt is induced into the lattice replacing Zinc
India; Studies on Estimation Of Fluoride and Defluoridation of Drinking WaterD5Z
The document provides acknowledgements and thanks to various people who helped and supported the author. It then outlines the contents which include an introduction on fluoride in India and the present work, methods to estimate fluoride concentration, development of a device to estimate fluoride, experiments to estimate fluoride using the device, experiments on defluoridation of water, discussion, and suggestions for future work. Tables and figures are provided to support the various methods and results discussed.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
Study the effect of adding pva on some physical properties of cmc polymer as ...Alexander Decker
This document studies the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on various physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer solutions. Several rheological properties (shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity) and mechanical properties (ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, bulk modulus) of CMC solutions of varying concentrations were measured before and after adding PVA. The results showed that most properties increased with higher CMC concentration but decreased after adding PVA, indicating interactions between the two polymer chains. Specifically, adding PVA enhanced ultrasonic absorption coefficient and reduced viscosity, relaxation time, and compressibility. The study suggests PVA addition can reduce water needs to achieve viscosity goals
X-Ray Line Profile Analysis of Chemically Deposited Nanostructured PBS FilmsIOSR Journals
Nanocrystalline films of PbS have been deposited on glass sustrates at room temperature by CBD
method. The structural parameters of PbS films have been studied by X-ray line profile analysis using
Williamson Hall and Modified Williamson Hall method. The crystallite sizes are found in between 4.99-53.9 nm,
strain in the films in the range of 7.4x10-4 – 2.82 x 10-3 and dislocation densities are found to be very high ~
1015-1016 m-
Determination Of The Crystal Growth Rate Of Paracetamol As A Function Of Solv...cliff57
1) The document discusses a study that determined the crystal growth rate of paracetamol as a function of solvent composition using antisolvent crystallization in methanol-water mixtures.
2) Crystal growth rate was found to decrease with increasing water content up to 68% water, at which point the growth rate increased.
3) The study introduced a method to link solvent composition to growth mechanism and rates. It was postulated that solubility gradient, viscosity, selective adsorption, and surface roughening affect growth rates with solvent composition.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
Estimation Of The Nucleation Kinetics For The Antisolvent Crystallization Of ...cliff57
This document discusses estimating the nucleation kinetics for the anti-solvent crystallization of paracetamol in methanol-water solutions. Specifically:
- Laser back-scattering (focused beam reflectance measurement or FBRM) was used to detect nucleation events during anti-solvent crystallization experiments with paracetamol.
- Theoretical models were applied to analyze induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) data from these experiments and estimate nucleation kinetics parameters.
- Solvent composition, in terms of the methanol-water ratio, was found to significantly impact measured induction times and MSZWs. Estimated nucleation rates also decreased with more dynamic solvent compositions.
-
Synthesis and Study of Structural, Optical Properties of CoxZn1-xS Semiconduc...IOSR Journals
CoxZn1-xS (x=0-0.1) polycrystalline semiconductor compounds were synthesised by co-precipitation method and were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-absorption, EDAX, SEM and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) studies. XRD studies have shown that these powders have polycrystalline nature with a gradual variation from hexagonal to cubic structure while x changing from 0 to 0.1. UV-abosrption studies revealed that the band gap of CoxZn1-xS (x=0-0.1) samples decreased with increase in cobalt concentration, owing to the enhancement of sp-d exchange interactions and typical d-d transitions. Chemical homogeneity and surface morphology studies were carried out by using EDAX and SEM. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also revealed that cobalt is induced into the lattice replacing Zinc
India; Studies on Estimation Of Fluoride and Defluoridation of Drinking WaterD5Z
The document provides acknowledgements and thanks to various people who helped and supported the author. It then outlines the contents which include an introduction on fluoride in India and the present work, methods to estimate fluoride concentration, development of a device to estimate fluoride, experiments to estimate fluoride using the device, experiments on defluoridation of water, discussion, and suggestions for future work. Tables and figures are provided to support the various methods and results discussed.
National Conference on Sustainable Advanced Technologies for Environmental Management (SATEM-2017) was held from June 28-30, 2017. A paper presented at this conference discussed the removal of methylene blue using surfactant modified chitosan beads that had previously adsorbed cadmium. The beads were able to successfully remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions with an optimized dose of 0.45 g/L over a contact time of 72 hours. Adsorption of methylene blue followed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics. The material shows potential for removal of positively charged pollutants from water.
Characterization of mixed crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on the use of surfactant-modified chitosan beads for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Chitosan beads were modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate to produce surfactant-modified chitosan (SMCS) beads. Testing showed the SMCS beads were more effective at removing lead than unmodified chitosan beads. Kinetic studies determined the removal followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 100 mg/g. Testing also showed the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The optimized conditions for lead removal using SMCS beads were a dose of 0.675 g/L
This document summarizes a research article that studied the forced degradation of Luliconaozole (LCZ), a novel antifungal drug. Various stress conditions were studied including acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis using a factorial experimental design. Forced degradation products were identified and degradation kinetics were evaluated. An HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantification of LCZ and its degradation products. The method was shown to be specific, accurate, precise and linear. This study provides useful data on the degradation pathways and stability of LCZ to facilitate its development and regulatory approval.
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removal of cr(vi) from aqueous solutionhbrothers
This document describes research on using magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The researchers introduced a simple method to prepare magnetic chitosan nanoparticles via co-precipitation and epichlorohydrin cross-linking. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical and around 30 nm in size. Adsorption experiments found Cr(VI) removal was highly dependent on pH, with maximum adsorption of 55.80 mg/g occurring at pH 3. Kinetic data fit a pseudo-second order model and isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well. The magnetic chitosan nanoparticles showed potential for use in wastewater treatment applications to remove Cr(VI).
Spectral studies of pinacyanol chloride in sodium alkyl sulfateAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the spectral properties of Pinacyanol Chloride (PIN) in the presence of various anionic surfactants. The study found that PIN interacts electrostatically with surfactants, producing a blue-shifted absorption band. The wavelength of this band increases with rising surfactant concentration in the premicellar region. Binding constants between PIN and surfactant micelles were determined, with higher values found for surfactants with longer alkyl chains. This indicates hydrophobic interactions play an important role in complex formation between PIN and anionic surfactants.
This document summarizes instructions for authors submitting manuscripts to the Journal of Materials Chemistry A. It provides information about accepted manuscripts, which have undergone peer review and been accepted for publication but not yet edited or formatted. Accepted manuscripts are published online prior to editing to allow authors to share their results quickly. The document notes that accepted manuscripts will later be replaced by the final edited and formatted article, and provides citation instructions and links for more information about accepted manuscripts and the journal's policies.
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the electrochemical treatment of synthetic wastewater containing Acid Green V dye in a tubular flow reactor. Experiments were conducted at different current densities and effluent flow rates to determine the effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and color removal. The percentage reduction in COD and color removal were found to be highest (up to 100%) at the lowest flow rate of 10 liters per hour and highest current density of 2.5 A/dm2, across initial dye concentrations of 1500 and 3000 mg/L. A flow rate of 30 liters per hour and current density of 1.5 A/dm2 provided lower power consumption while still achieving good COD and color reduction.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
1) The study experimentally evaluated the compatibility relationship between polymer solutions and oil layers through core flooding tests with different permeability cores.
2) The results showed that injection rate decreased with increasing polymer concentration and molecular weight, and increased with permeability.
3) Based on the results, boundaries for injection capability were established and a compatibility chart was proposed to guide polymer solution selection for different sedimentary microfacies in the field based on permeability and pore size.
This document summarizes a study of electron transfer reactions of the eight-coordinate vanadium complex bis-(N-hydroxyiminodiacetate)vanadium(IV) [V(HIDA)2]2–, which is a synthetic analog of the natural compound amavadin found in mushrooms. The self-exchange rate constant of the [V(HIDA)2]2–/– redox couple was determined using both Marcus theory calculations from oxidation/reduction cross reactions, and direct measurement using 51V NMR line broadening techniques. The average self-exchange rate constant was found to be 1.5 × 105 M–1 s–1, similar to that of amavadin itself. This suggests that
Combined spectra problem (ir, nmr & mass) format of organic moleculesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
This document outlines experiments for using spectroscopy techniques like UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry to determine the structure of organic compounds. It describes collecting spectroscopic data like IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectra for several unknown compounds. The data would be analyzed by identifying functional groups and interpreting chemical shifts, multiplicities, fragmentations to deduce molecular formulas and structures. The experiments aim to elucidate organic structures using various spectroscopy methods.
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
1. The document summarizes research on synthesizing an infrared transparent glass based on descriptions in an ancient Indian text called AMSHUBODHINI. Raw materials were mixed in ratios specified in the text and melted to produce a non-hygroscopic greenish-yellow calcium glass.
2. Characterization of the glass found it to be transparent in the infrared wavelength range of 5000 to 1200 cm-1, comparable to calcium fluoride glass. Unlike other infrared transparent materials which are hygroscopic, this glass was found to be non-hygroscopic.
3. The research successfully produced an infrared transparent glass from ancient text specifications. The glass has potential infrared applications and advantages over other materials due to its
A NOVEL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF ICATIBANT IN FORMULATIONSIJSIT Editor
This document describes the development and validation of a novel RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Icatibant in formulations. A simple isocratic elution method was developed using a C18 column with methanol, acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze Icatibant tablet formulations and bulk drug samples.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes information about MIOX and its Mixed Oxidant Solution (MOS) technology. In 3 sentences: MIOX produces MOS through an electrolytic process that generates hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide from salt water. MOS is a more effective disinfectant than hypochlorite alone, able to destroy biofilms and reduce disinfection byproducts. MIOX has installed over 2,000 units across 30+ countries treating water, wastewater, pools and other applications.
Investigation of the Structural Variation after the Intercalation of Cetylpyr...IJERA Editor
A new hybrid material using vanadium pentoxide xerogel in different concentration of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (V2O5CPC) is investigated. The insertion was accompanied by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. These studies revealed the presence of a lamellar structure for the V2O5CPC hybrid material in all concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride. The intercalation reaction was evidenced on basis of the increase in the d-spacing as well as the displacement of the infrared bands toward lower energy levels. The CPC intercalation occurred by reorganize intermittently forming two domains within the matrix.
The document describes a study that characterized dyes loaded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based hydrogels using the CIELAB color method. PVA hydrogels and PVA hydrogels with added biopolymers were immersed in solutions of different dyes (Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue, Congo Red) at varying concentrations. Digital images of the dyed hydrogels were analyzed using the CIELAB color parameters L*, a*, b* to quantify differences in hue, saturation, and luminosity. The results showed that all hydrogels had a good capacity to uptake dyes, with PVA/Scleroglucan hydrogels showing the highest efficiency. The CIELAB
Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasoundAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The study evaluated the effects of different TiO2 ratios and ultrasound frequencies on the mechanical properties of the PVA/TiO2 composites.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
National Conference on Sustainable Advanced Technologies for Environmental Management (SATEM-2017) was held from June 28-30, 2017. A paper presented at this conference discussed the removal of methylene blue using surfactant modified chitosan beads that had previously adsorbed cadmium. The beads were able to successfully remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions with an optimized dose of 0.45 g/L over a contact time of 72 hours. Adsorption of methylene blue followed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics. The material shows potential for removal of positively charged pollutants from water.
Characterization of mixed crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on the use of surfactant-modified chitosan beads for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Chitosan beads were modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate to produce surfactant-modified chitosan (SMCS) beads. Testing showed the SMCS beads were more effective at removing lead than unmodified chitosan beads. Kinetic studies determined the removal followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 100 mg/g. Testing also showed the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The optimized conditions for lead removal using SMCS beads were a dose of 0.675 g/L
This document summarizes a research article that studied the forced degradation of Luliconaozole (LCZ), a novel antifungal drug. Various stress conditions were studied including acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis using a factorial experimental design. Forced degradation products were identified and degradation kinetics were evaluated. An HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantification of LCZ and its degradation products. The method was shown to be specific, accurate, precise and linear. This study provides useful data on the degradation pathways and stability of LCZ to facilitate its development and regulatory approval.
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removal of cr(vi) from aqueous solutionhbrothers
This document describes research on using magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The researchers introduced a simple method to prepare magnetic chitosan nanoparticles via co-precipitation and epichlorohydrin cross-linking. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical and around 30 nm in size. Adsorption experiments found Cr(VI) removal was highly dependent on pH, with maximum adsorption of 55.80 mg/g occurring at pH 3. Kinetic data fit a pseudo-second order model and isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well. The magnetic chitosan nanoparticles showed potential for use in wastewater treatment applications to remove Cr(VI).
Spectral studies of pinacyanol chloride in sodium alkyl sulfateAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the spectral properties of Pinacyanol Chloride (PIN) in the presence of various anionic surfactants. The study found that PIN interacts electrostatically with surfactants, producing a blue-shifted absorption band. The wavelength of this band increases with rising surfactant concentration in the premicellar region. Binding constants between PIN and surfactant micelles were determined, with higher values found for surfactants with longer alkyl chains. This indicates hydrophobic interactions play an important role in complex formation between PIN and anionic surfactants.
This document summarizes instructions for authors submitting manuscripts to the Journal of Materials Chemistry A. It provides information about accepted manuscripts, which have undergone peer review and been accepted for publication but not yet edited or formatted. Accepted manuscripts are published online prior to editing to allow authors to share their results quickly. The document notes that accepted manuscripts will later be replaced by the final edited and formatted article, and provides citation instructions and links for more information about accepted manuscripts and the journal's policies.
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the electrochemical treatment of synthetic wastewater containing Acid Green V dye in a tubular flow reactor. Experiments were conducted at different current densities and effluent flow rates to determine the effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and color removal. The percentage reduction in COD and color removal were found to be highest (up to 100%) at the lowest flow rate of 10 liters per hour and highest current density of 2.5 A/dm2, across initial dye concentrations of 1500 and 3000 mg/L. A flow rate of 30 liters per hour and current density of 1.5 A/dm2 provided lower power consumption while still achieving good COD and color reduction.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
1) The study experimentally evaluated the compatibility relationship between polymer solutions and oil layers through core flooding tests with different permeability cores.
2) The results showed that injection rate decreased with increasing polymer concentration and molecular weight, and increased with permeability.
3) Based on the results, boundaries for injection capability were established and a compatibility chart was proposed to guide polymer solution selection for different sedimentary microfacies in the field based on permeability and pore size.
This document summarizes a study of electron transfer reactions of the eight-coordinate vanadium complex bis-(N-hydroxyiminodiacetate)vanadium(IV) [V(HIDA)2]2–, which is a synthetic analog of the natural compound amavadin found in mushrooms. The self-exchange rate constant of the [V(HIDA)2]2–/– redox couple was determined using both Marcus theory calculations from oxidation/reduction cross reactions, and direct measurement using 51V NMR line broadening techniques. The average self-exchange rate constant was found to be 1.5 × 105 M–1 s–1, similar to that of amavadin itself. This suggests that
Combined spectra problem (ir, nmr & mass) format of organic moleculesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
This document outlines experiments for using spectroscopy techniques like UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry to determine the structure of organic compounds. It describes collecting spectroscopic data like IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectra for several unknown compounds. The data would be analyzed by identifying functional groups and interpreting chemical shifts, multiplicities, fragmentations to deduce molecular formulas and structures. The experiments aim to elucidate organic structures using various spectroscopy methods.
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
1. The document summarizes research on synthesizing an infrared transparent glass based on descriptions in an ancient Indian text called AMSHUBODHINI. Raw materials were mixed in ratios specified in the text and melted to produce a non-hygroscopic greenish-yellow calcium glass.
2. Characterization of the glass found it to be transparent in the infrared wavelength range of 5000 to 1200 cm-1, comparable to calcium fluoride glass. Unlike other infrared transparent materials which are hygroscopic, this glass was found to be non-hygroscopic.
3. The research successfully produced an infrared transparent glass from ancient text specifications. The glass has potential infrared applications and advantages over other materials due to its
A NOVEL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF ICATIBANT IN FORMULATIONSIJSIT Editor
This document describes the development and validation of a novel RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Icatibant in formulations. A simple isocratic elution method was developed using a C18 column with methanol, acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze Icatibant tablet formulations and bulk drug samples.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes information about MIOX and its Mixed Oxidant Solution (MOS) technology. In 3 sentences: MIOX produces MOS through an electrolytic process that generates hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide from salt water. MOS is a more effective disinfectant than hypochlorite alone, able to destroy biofilms and reduce disinfection byproducts. MIOX has installed over 2,000 units across 30+ countries treating water, wastewater, pools and other applications.
Investigation of the Structural Variation after the Intercalation of Cetylpyr...IJERA Editor
A new hybrid material using vanadium pentoxide xerogel in different concentration of the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (V2O5CPC) is investigated. The insertion was accompanied by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. These studies revealed the presence of a lamellar structure for the V2O5CPC hybrid material in all concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride. The intercalation reaction was evidenced on basis of the increase in the d-spacing as well as the displacement of the infrared bands toward lower energy levels. The CPC intercalation occurred by reorganize intermittently forming two domains within the matrix.
The document describes a study that characterized dyes loaded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based hydrogels using the CIELAB color method. PVA hydrogels and PVA hydrogels with added biopolymers were immersed in solutions of different dyes (Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue, Congo Red) at varying concentrations. Digital images of the dyed hydrogels were analyzed using the CIELAB color parameters L*, a*, b* to quantify differences in hue, saturation, and luminosity. The results showed that all hydrogels had a good capacity to uptake dyes, with PVA/Scleroglucan hydrogels showing the highest efficiency. The CIELAB
Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasoundAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The study evaluated the effects of different TiO2 ratios and ultrasound frequencies on the mechanical properties of the PVA/TiO2 composites.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12...Alexander Decker
This document studied the mechanical and electrical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Mechanical properties like ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and bulk modulus were measured. Absorption coefficient and compressibility increased with concentration while bulk modulus decreased. Electrical conductivity also increased with concentration. Molar conductivity decreased with concentration, obeying Ostwald's law of dilution. The degree of dissociation results showed KAl(SO4)2.12H2O is a strong electrolyte. In conclusion, this material could be used for ultrasonic detection coatings, in electrical circuits requiring conductivity sensing, and as an environmentally resistant material due to its mechanical properties.
This document summarizes a numerical study of the structure and thermodynamics of colloidal suspensions using the variational method and integral equation theory. The interactions between colloid particles are modeled using either a Yukawa or Sogami potential. Results from the integral equation theory using a Sogami potential are found to be in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulation results and experimental data. The variational method and integral equation theory are used to calculate structural properties like the pair correlation function and thermodynamic properties.
Cl2 complexes and characterization of (pva [co(nh3)5 cl]cl2]) compositesAlexander Decker
This document describes the preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with the addition of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complexes. The composites were prepared by casting technique with different thicknesses and concentrations of the complex. Optical properties including absorption, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constant were measured using UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that all optical properties increased with higher concentrations of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complex in the PVA composites.
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Delignification of pulp using deep eutectic solventsMichal Jablonsky
Lot of works during the last decades have been focused on the new modes of pulp processing. One promising technology is the use of deep eutectic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have opportunities to open new paths in the field of delignification methods. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvent treatment on physical and chemical properties of delignified pulp. In the following experiment we used as an initial pulp the kraft pulp (Kappa No. 21.7; Degree of polymerization 1157). The pulp was treated with two different DES system based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1 : 9), and system alanine : lactic acid (1 : 9). The efficiency of delignification expressed as a decrease in kappa number on the unit change of the initial kappa number of pulp. The order by the delignification efficiency growth is as follows: choline chloride : lactic acid (37.8%) > alanine : lactic acid (43.3%). During delignification by DESs, a degradation of pulp chain occurs, however a decrease in degree of polymerization was only 23 units versus kraft unbleached pulp, which represents maximum decrease by 2%. Delignified pulp with DESs has a brightness 34% and unbleached pulp achieved brightness 27%, therefore, it achieves the increase in brightness by 26%.The physical strength properties of DES delignified pulps were assessed in terms of tensile, tear and burst index and stiffness. Application of deep eutectic solvents were achieved to reduce tensile index by 13.2%, burst index by 14.3% and a tear index by 9.8%, and the pulp stiffness was increased by 4% again the unbleached pulp. The results indicate that application of DESs might be an interesting alternative to oxygen delignification of pulp following kraft cooks.
This document summarizes the calculation of translational friction and intrinsic viscosity for four globular proteins (ribonuclease A, lysozyme, myoglobin, and chymotrypsinogen A) using their detailed atomic structures. The inclusion of a 0.9 Angstrom thick hydration shell around each protein allows the calculated translational friction and intrinsic viscosity to match experimental measurements. This hydration shell thickness corresponds to a hydration level of 0.3-0.4 grams of water per gram of protein, consistent with measurements from other techniques. Using detailed protein structures thus allows hydrodynamic measurements to support a unified picture of protein hydration, in contrast to earlier models that treated proteins as ellipsoids and found widely varying hydr
Enhancement mechanical properties of barium chloride by adding copper chlorid...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the enhancement of mechanical properties of barium chloride (BaCl2) by adding copper chloride (CuCl2) using ultrasonic techniques. The author measured various mechanical properties of BaCl2 solutions at concentrations from 0.05-0.3% both before and after adding 0.3g of CuCl2, including ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance, compressibility, and bulk modulus. The results showed that most properties increased with concentration and further increased after adding CuCl2, indicating CuCl2 enhances the properties of BaCl2 solutions. Compressibility was found to decrease with increasing concentration in both cases.
Computation of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Water and Dimethylsulph...Scientific Review
This study examined the computation of the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) of water and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)at temperature 20oc, 30oc, 40oc and 500C within the frequency range of f GHz using Debye equations. The Debye equations were derived, and the experimental values of the static dielectric constant (εs), dielectric constant at high frequency (ε ) and the relaxation time (τ) of water and DMSO at those temperatures were substituted into the derived equations and the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss factor (ε′′) of water and DMSO were computed with aid of maple-13 and results were generated. These results revealed that the method is capable of reproducing good results forwork done using single Debye and that of the reflection cell ofdimethylsulphoxide.
Computation of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Water and Dimethylsulp...Scientific Review SR
This study examined the computation of the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) of
water and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)at temperature 20
o
c, 30
o
c, 40
o
c and 50
0
C within the frequency range of
f GHz using Debye equations. The Debye equations were derived, and the experimental values of the
static dielectric constant (ε
s
), dielectric constant at high frequency (ε ) and the relaxation time (τ) of water and
DMSO at those temperatures were substituted into the derived equations and the dielectric constant ( ε′) and loss
factor (ε′′) of water and DMSO were computed with aid of maple-13 and results were generated. These results
revealed that the method is capable of reproducing good results forwork done usin g single Debye and that of the
reflection cell ofdimethylsulphoxide.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel redox-based chiroptically switching polymer. The polymer was prepared by grafting electrochromic viologen groups onto the side chains of an optically active conjugated polymer backbone containing 1,1'-binaphthyl units. The resulting polymer exhibited a much larger optical rotation and intense circular dichroism signal compared to a small molecule model compound, indicating secondary chirality in the main polymer chain. The polymer undergoes distinctive and reversible color changes from light yellow to dark blue upon electrochemical or chemical reduction/oxidation of the viologen units, accompanied by changes in its circular dichroism spectrum. This allows for redox-driven chiroptical switching behavior
IRJET- Kinetic Study of the Reaction of 5-Chlorosalicyaldehyde with M- To...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a kinetic study of the reaction between 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde and m-toluidine to form a Schiff base. The reaction was studied spectrophotometrically in ethanol solution at temperatures ranging from 303 to 318 K. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to both 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde and m-toluidine. The rate of reaction increased with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic parameters including activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and free energy were calculated from the temperature dependence of the reaction rate.
This document summarizes an experiment performed with students to determine micellar aggregation numbers of various ionic surfactants. The experiment introduces key concepts about micelle formation such as how increasing surfactant concentration or adding salt can decrease the critical micelle concentration and increase the aggregation number. Students determine aggregation numbers using a fluorescence quenching method and analyze how numbers change with hydrocarbon chain length and added salt. The results provide insight into the factors that influence micelle formation.
A Study of Some Optical Properties of Chromic Chloride(퐂퐫퐂퐥ퟑ )Thin FilmQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this work,the optical properties of chromic chloride(푪풓푪풍ퟑ )thin film prepared at different thickness has been measured. The relationship between transparency, absorbance and photon energy for the prepared samples has been studied. It has been found, the behavior of curves is the same for each samples.Moreover, it has been observed thatThe best fit of theexperimental curve to a band gap function was obtained for 푛 = 2 to direct bandgap energy values the obtained values are 1.531 eV, 1.533 eV,1.536 eV, and 1.539 eV for dip the rated of 퐶푙 (0.0 - 0.25 – 0.50 and 0.75 ) respectively.
Optical Properties of PVA:CdCl2.H2O Polymer ElectrolytesIOSR Journals
Polymer electrolytes based on Polyvinyl alcohol – Cadmium Chloride were prepared by solution cast
technique. Results of optical absorption, transmission spectra, refractive index, optical band gaps, optical
conductance, single oscillator energy, dispersion energy, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants
studies are presented. The optical properties were obtained using UV-VIS Double Beam Spectrophotometer in
the wavelength range (190-1100) nm. The optical transmittance at wavelength ≈ 190nm for pure PVA was
nearly at 78%, while it was 50% for all doped samples. The optical transmittance was increased with increasing
wavelength up to 98% for all films beyond ≈240nm. The calculated energy band gap changes from 6.42eV (pure
PVA) to 5.80eV (PVA-20%CdCl2.H2O). The optical conductance and band-gap indicated that the films are
almost transmitting within the visible range. The single oscillator expression has been used to obtain the
information about disorder degree. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant of the doped films
increases with increasing CdCl2.H2O concentration, and it shows decreases abruptly in the wavelength (200-
220) nm, and finally becomes constant with increase in photon energy.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Fabrication and characterization of conducting polymer compositeijoejournal
The document summarizes research on fabricating and characterizing a conducting polymer composite of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Specifically:
1. PVP and KOH were mixed using a solution casting method to prepare polymer composite specimens.
2. Tests found that the composite's conductivity and microhardness increased with higher KOH concentrations. The highest conductivity was 4×10-4 S/cm at 35 wt% KOH.
3. Microstructure analysis using an optical microscope showed even KOH distribution throughout the composite at 35 wt% KOH, the concentration with highest conductivity.
Effect of potassium chloride on physical and optical properties of polystyreneAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of potassium chloride concentration on the physical and optical properties of polystyrene composites. The absorption, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constants of polystyrene films increased with higher potassium chloride concentrations. The weight gain of the films increased over time due to their amorphous structure, but diffusion coefficient and weight gain decreased with more potassium chloride due to fewer spaces between molecules. The energy bandgap decreased with higher salt concentrations possibly because of smaller cluster size. In conclusion, various optical and physical properties of polystyrene composites are affected by the amount of potassium chloride added.
Microwave dehydrator an environmental friendly step toward improving microwav...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on using a microwave dehydrator system to improve the demulsification of petroleum emulsions. The system consists of a modified microwave oven and silicone-based chemical demulsifiers. Experimental emulsions with varying water content and additive concentration were tested. Results showed the microwave dehydrator can maximize water separation within 2 minutes of irradiation, using 0.1% additive concentration. This improves on conventional demulsification techniques by reducing chemical and processing costs while avoiding their environmental impacts. The microwave treatment works by heating the emulsion and neutralizing interfacial forces between water droplets, aiding their separation.
The document discusses nanocrystalline cristobalite powders doped with 10% copper. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that pure silicon dioxide consisted of quartz at 800°C, while the doped powder was nearly amorphous. At 900°C, the doped powder showed traces of cristobalite and tridymite phases. Increased temperature caused these phases to grow, with the most rapid cristobalite growth between 1100-1200°C. Photocatalytic tests showed the doped powder had higher degradation of methyl orange under visible light compared to pure silicon dioxide.
Similar to Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of carboxy methyl cellulose (20)
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
A study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among middl...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed knowledge of pneumonia prevention among 60 middle-aged adults in rural Moodbidri, India. Most subjects (55%) had poor knowledge and 41.67% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 40.66%.
2) Knowledge was lowest in areas of diagnosis, prevention and management (35.61%) and highest in introduction to pneumonia (45.42%).
3) There was a significant association between knowledge and gender but not other demographic factors like age, education level or occupation. The study concluded knowledge of prevention was low and health education is needed.
A study regarding analyzing recessionary impact on fundamental determinants o...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of fundamental factors on stock prices in India during normal and recessionary periods. It finds that during normal periods from 2000-2007, earnings per share had a positive and significant impact on stock prices, while coverage ratio had a negative impact. During the recession from 2007-2009, price-earnings ratio positively and significantly impacted stock prices, while growth had a negative effect. Overall, the study aims to compare the influence of fundamental factors like book value, dividends, earnings, etc. on stock prices during different economic conditions in India.
A study on would be urban-migrants’ needs and necessities in rural bangladesh...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the needs and necessities of potential rural migrants in Bangladesh and how providing certain facilities could encourage them to remain in rural areas. The study involved surveys of 350 local and non-local people across 7 upazilas to understand their satisfaction with existing services and priority of needs. The findings revealed variations in requirements between local and non-local respondents. Based on the analysis, the study recommends certain priority facilities, such as employment opportunities and community services, that should be provided in rural areas to improve quality of life and reduce migration to cities. Limitations include the small sample size not representing all of Bangladesh and difficulties collecting full information from all respondents.
A study on the evaluation of scientific creativity among scienceAlexander Decker
This study evaluated scientific creativity among 31 science teacher candidates in Turkey. The candidates were asked open-ended questions about scientific creativity and how they would advance science. Their responses showed adequate fluency and scientific knowledge, but low flexibility and originality. When asked to self-evaluate, most said their scientific creativity was partially adequate. The study aims to help improve the development of scientific creativity among future teachers.
A study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients.Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients. The study measured levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant potential (AOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate in 40 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. The results found increased MDA, SOD, and nitrite levels and decreased GSH and AOP levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls, indicating higher oxidative stress in patients from increased free radicals and lower antioxidant defenses.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
A study on knowledge and practice of post menopausal womenAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the knowledge and practices of post-menopausal women in rural Karnataka regarding health maintenance. The study found that 75% of subjects had good overall knowledge, but their practices of breast self-examination and Kegel exercises were very poor, with average scores below 1%. While knowledge of preventing osteoporosis was high, knowledge of cancer prevention was average. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practices. The study concludes that lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D intake, and health screenings are important for post-menopausal health but are lacking in the community.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of carboxy methyl cellulose
1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
Study the effect of increasing Gamma ray doses on some
physical properties of Carboxy methyl cellulose
Prof. Dr. Abdul-Kareem J. Al-Bermany (Corresponding author)
Babylon University / Facility of Science / Physics department/Advanced polymer laboratory
PO box 4, Babylon, Iraq
E-mail: dr.abdulkaream@yahoo.com
Rusul Abdul-Amir Ghazi
Babylon University / Facility of Science / Physics department/Advanced polymer laboratory
PO box 4, Babylon, Iraq
E-mail: Rusulaag@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this study some of the physical properties of Carboxymethyle cellulose dissolves in distilled water with
different concentration had been studies before and after irradiation by gamma ray of variable dose (5000rad,
7000rad, 9000rad).These properties are firstly the Rheological properties such as shear viscosity, relative
viscosity specific viscosity and reduced viscosity are measured, secondly the mechanical properties such as
ultrasonic velocity had been measured at frequency (40KHz). Other mechanical properties had been calculated
such as absorption coefficient of ultrasonic waves, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic
impedance, bulk modules and compressibility. The results show that all these properties are affected with
variation in density and viscosity because of the intermolecular interactions Gamma radiation made
degradation to polymer molecular chains that affect the physical properties as a result ultrasonic absorption
increased and molecular weight decreased after irradiation.
Keywords: CMC solution, ultrasound technique, degradation, rheological properties, mechanical properties.
1. Introduction:
Carboxy methyl cellulose is an ionic linear polymer and used in more varied applications worldwide than any
other water-soluble polymer known today. One of its import applications is using to increase petroleum
production as (drilling fluid) from its original traps in our country. CMC solutions are pseudo plastic that is the
1
2. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
measured viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and its also thixotropic [1,2] some times when
solutions are subjected to high shear rate conditions ,then may be a time lag in the tendency of the apparent
viscosity to increase again to its earlier (at rest), this time delay behavior is called thixotropy [2]. CMC is a
cellulose derivative with carboxy methyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the
glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone [3] . It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium
carboxy methyl cellulose (Gerhard Buchman -Germany). Irradiation process on polymer causes some changes
in its physical and chemical properties such as increasing its softness and decreasing its solubility [4, 5].The
polymer will suffer either degradation or cross-linking when it is interact with radiation. In case of degradation
the mean molecular weight reduce and may be brittle or more flexible and its solubility either increase or
decrease depending of the type of interactions with radiation [5]. The use of ultrasound as a tool in material
science is increasing; the effect of ultrasound on organic synthesis, polymer reaction, electro plating, electro
synthesis and electro polymerization has been exploited to good effect [6]. Ultrasonic technique is one of the
basic International non-destructive methods for evaluation of materials and structures, a significant part of
every ultrasonic inspection is the way in which the ultrasonic energy is transferred between the transducer and
the tested object, different types of commercial liquids and gels are used as a coupling medium. Studies of
ultrasonic irradiation show that it can be used for degradation of polymers, the breakage of chemical bonds is
due to cavitations into the medium .Cavitations are the formation and violent collapse of small bubbles. This
leads to shearing forces of sufficient magnitude to cause the rupture of chemical bonds Solvent effects might
therefore be expected to influence the ultrasonic relation behavior, the absorption of ultrasonic in liquid
polymer systems is governed by local modes of motion (segmental conformation change) and cooperative
whole molecule movement (normal or Rouse modes), because of the existence of strong intermolecular
interaction within the polymer. It should be possible to observe cooperative motion in the ultrasonic range [7].
Ultrasonic technique is good method for studying the structural changes associated with the information of
mixture assist in the study of molecular interaction between two species [8, 9].
2. Experimental:
2.1 Preparation of Solutions:
2
3. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
CMC solutions were prepared by addition a known weight of CMC powder to affixed volume of distilled water
then heating the mixture under reflux while agitating with magnetic stirrer to complete solubility of polymer.
The solutions were then cooled to room temperature when a clear solution was obtained of concentration
ranging (0.05 ,0.15 ,0.25 ,0.35 ,0.45 ,0.55, 0.65 and 0.75) gm/ml after that CMC irradiated by gamma ray with
variable doses (5000, 7000 and 9000 rad) ,other solution of same concentrations were prepared after
irradiation.
2.2 Density and Rheological measurements:
The density of the solution (ρ) was determined by the density bottle method and the viscosity measured before
and after Radiation for all concentrations using Ostwald viscometer with accuracy of ± 1.05%, the method of
measurement has been described elsewhere [10], different types of shear viscosity were determined before and
after Radiation by the equations (1, 2, 3 and 4) [10]. The shear viscosity had been calculated by the following
equation [11]:
ηs t ρ
= s s ………………………… (1)
η0 t0ρ0
Where η s ,η 0 shear viscosity of solution and distilled water respectively.
ρ s , ρ0 are densities of solution and distilled water respectively.
Relative viscosity (ηrel) was calculated by the following equation
t s ηs
η rel = = ………………………… (2)
t 0 η0
t s ,t0 are flow time of solution and distilled water respectively.
The specific viscosity (η sp ) and reduced viscosity (η red ) was calculated by the equations:
(ηs − η 0 )
ηsp = = η rel − 1 ……… ………………… (3)
η0
3
4. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
ηsp
η red = ……………… (4)
C
Where (C) is the concentration. The intrinsic viscosity [η ] was measured by plotting a graph between reduced
viscosities against the concentration when the extrapolation of the slope as (C) goes to zero represents the value of
intrinsic viscosity as shown in fig (5). This value of intrinsic viscosity compared with that obtained theoretically by
Arrhenius equation below: [10]
ln η rel = [η ]C …………………… (5)
And also was theoretically calculated by using Philip-off equation below: [10]
8
C
η = 1 + [η ] ………………… (6)
8
rel
The viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) was calculated by using the following equation: [10]
[η ] = KMa ………………… (7)
v
Where k, a are constant depends on the type of the polymer, for CMC the values of constants are (a=0.91,
K=1.23*10-4 [12].
The effective molecular radius(r) was calculated by the following equations:[ 13, 14]
ηrel = 1+ 6.3 *1024 r 3Cm ………………………… (8)
slope = 6.3 × 10 24 r 3 ………………………… (9)
r = 3 slope / 6.3 ×1024 …….……………..…… (10)
Where slope equal to the value of slope plotted between relative viscosities against concentration
2.3 Ultrasonic measurements:
4
5. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
Ultrasonic measurements were made at constant frequency (f=40 kHz) using pulse technique of sender-receiver type
(SV-DH-7A/SVX-7 velocity of sound instrument) .The receiver quartz crystal mounted on a digital vernier scale of
slow motion, the sender and receiver pulses (waves) were displaced on two traces of cathode ray oscilloscope, and
the digital delay time of received pulses were recorded with respect to the distance. The pulses height on oscilloscope
(CH1) represents incident ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A0) and the pulses height on oscilloscope (CH2) represents
the received ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A) after passing the solution.
2.4 Theoretical calculation:
The ultrasonic wave velocity (v) was calculated using the following equation [15]:
v=x/t ……………….……. (11)
Where (t) is the delay time of ultrasonic wave and (x) is the sample thickness or distance the wave passing through it.
The absorption coefficient (α) was calculated from Lambert – Beer law [14]:
A/A0 = e (- α x) ………….…………. (12)
Where (A0) is the initially amplitude of the ultrasonic waves, (A) is the wave amplitude after absorption.
Attenuation is generally proportional to the square of sound frequency so the relaxation amplitude (D) was calculated
from the following equation [16]:
D = α/ f2 …………………. (13)
Where (f) is the ultrasonic frequency of the instrument. Bulk modulus (K) of a solution is the substance's resistance
to uniform compression; it was calculated by Laplace equation [16]:
K=ρv2 …………………. (14)
Where (ρ) is the density. Compressibility (B) was calculated by the following equation [16]:
B = (ρ v2)-1 …………………. (15)
The acoustic impedance (Z) of a medium was calculated by equation [16]:
Z=ρv ………………….(16)
3. Results and Discussion:
3.1 Rheological properties:
5
6. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
The values of density with concentration are shown in (Fig.1)this Fig shows the density is increasing with increase
of the concentration, this behavior also shown by [13], Gamma radiation causes degradation to the polymer
molecules chains which responsible for a lower values of density than before irradiation [6].
Shear Viscosity shown in (Fig .2) is increasing with concentration before and after Radiation, this attributed to the
mechanism that hydrogen bonding of water attached to oxygen sites, this leads to salvation sheaths and increase the
size of the molecules, Gamma radiations caused degradation to the polymer chains which are responsible for
reduction values of viscosity than that before irradiation [12, 13]. Relative, specific and reduce viscosities show in
(Fig.3), (Fig.4) and (Fig.5) respectively posses the same behaviors of shear viscosity because they derived from it as
shown in equations (2,3and 4). Intrinsic viscosity had been experimentally and theoretically obtained experimentally
when the extrapolation of the slope to y axis of Fig.(5) when(C=0) goes to zero represent intrinsic viscosity and
theoretically obtained by using Phillip-off and Arrhenius equations no(5,6)respectively ,the values of intrinsic
viscosity experimentally and theoretically shown in table (1).This table shows that when increasing radiation doses
by gamma, the value of intrinsic viscosity decreasing and the lowest value of intrinsic viscosity obtained at highest
doses of radiation this attributed that intrinsic viscosity related to the size of polymer molecules, since radiation
produced degradation then reduced the size of polymer molecular chains that lead to reduce intrinsic viscosity [17]
,and this table shows there are good agreement between experimental and theoretical values of Intrinsic viscosity.
The viscosity average molecular weight was calculated by using equation (7). Results show that molecular weight
after irradiation has lower values than that before which are show in table (1).This attributed to the fact that radiation
made break as a result of degradation to molecular chains produced untie break chains which have reduction in
repeat polymer chemical unit therefore reduced its molecular weight [12]. Effective molecular radius for High and
Low concentration were decreased after Radiation as show in table (2), since radiation reduced the size of polymer
chains because of degradation and this new chains randomly coiled in the solution they must have the smaller radius
than that before irradiation [18].
3.2 Mechanical properties:
A useful method of studying mechanical properties of liquids is based on ultrasound. (Fig.6) shows that ultrasonic
velocity is decreasing after irradiation and dose (9000) has the lowest value of velocity this attributed that radiation
6
7. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
breaks the bonds of polymer chains and there are small molecules in the solutions and since ultrasonic waves
propagate as compression and rarefaction ,so these small molecules followed and attenuated these waves and
changing its density when passing through the medium (sample)so the velocity must decreased when radiation
increased [19,20], so there are more attenuation by these molecules to sound wave and the absorption coefficient
increasing after radiation as shown in (Fig.7).
The compressibility is decreasing with the increase of concentration as shown in (Fig.8) and attributed to the fact
Laplace equation No (14) there are inverse proportionality between compressibility and ultrasonic velocity.
Radiation Reduces the values of compressibility that make changes in structural relaxation which is responsible for
reducing polymer compressibility[16]as shown in (Fig.8). Ultrasonic relaxation amplitude was calculated by using
equation(13) and shown in (Fig.9) these values are increasing with concentration, this behavior is the same to that
given by [6] for other polymers ,and attributed to the fact that ultrasonic energy depends on viscosity ,thermal
conductivity, scattering and intermolecular processes .Thermal conductivity, scattering are known to be negligible ,
so viscosity is responsible for the increase of relaxation amplitude for this reason absorption coefficient commonly
known as visco- absorption [7]. Specific acoustic impedance shown in (Fig.11) is decreasing with ultrasonic velocity.
This behavior same to that given by [21] for other polymers and attributed that equation No.(16) has only one
variable parameter which is velocity and density has very small variations with respect to the variation of velocity.
4. Conclusion
1-This study shows that intermolecular processes are responsible for the relaxation, and indicating decrease in the
size of molecules in bath of ultrasonic waves as a result of gamma radiation.
2-Irradiation was increased the solubility of polymer in water it cased strong degradation to the polymer chains.
3-Irradiation decreased the molecular weight, so there were small and strong chains of molecules as a result of
degradation and hydrogen bonds attached to the oxygen sites of polymer and decrease the size of the polymer chains.
4-By radiation can we obtain different molecular weight for this polymer means different industrial applications.
7
8. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
5-Irradiation enhances the absorption coefficient for CMC polymer so it can be applied as coated materials for
objects that want be observed by sonar which used ultrasonic waves.
References
[1] Robert L.Davidson “hand book of water-soluble gums and resins”M.C.Graw-hill., 1980.
[2] Norbert M.bikales of leon segal “cellulose and cellulose derivating “vol .v part v. jhon wiely of sons ,Inc . 1971.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose(2011).
[4] Carroll R.O.”Radiation affection organic materials” academic prees, New York,2003.
[5] Sa. R. and Jarnes , H.O. “The effect of Radiation on high technology ACS symposium series”, 2000.
[6] Uzun.M ,Patel .I, "Mechanical properties of ultrasonic washed organic and traditional cotton yarns", Journal of
Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering , Vol. 43,No. 2,pp.608-612 ,2010.
[7] Jayanta Chakraborty, Jayashri Sarkar, “Ravi Kumar and Giridhar MadrasUltrasonic Degradation of
Polybutadiene and Isotactic Polypropylene”, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol.85 ,pp.555-558, 2004.
[8] Abdul-Kareem Al-Bermany , Burak Yahya Kadem , Rawaa Mizher Obiad , Lamis F. Nasser, "Study of some
mechanical and rheological properties of PVA/FeCl3 by ultrasonic", International journal of Advanced Scientific and
Technical Research , Vol 2.,No.1, pp. 2249-9954,2010.
[9] Abdul-Kareem J. a Al-Bermany and Burak Y. Kadem,"Effect of variable ultrasonic frequencies on some
physical properties of Iraqi palm fiber PVA composite" Journal of Asian Scientific Research, Vol.1,No.7, pp.359-
365, 2010.
[10]Abdul-Kareem J. Al-Bermany,"Astudy of the physhical properties of some cellulose Derivative polymers", ph.D.
Thesis, Babylon University,1995.
[11] Abdul-Kareem Jawad Rashid ,Rawaa Mizher,Burak Yahya Kadem "Study the rheological and mechanical
properties of PVA/NH4Cl by ultrasonic ,chemistry and material research ,iiste, Vol.1, No.1, 2011.
8
9. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
[12] Samir H. Al-Nesrawy, " Gamma radiation effect of some physical properties of High and Low viscosity
Carboxymethyl cellulose", M.Sc. Thesis, Babylon University,1998.
[13] G.S. Guru1, P.Prasad, H.R. Shivakumar, S. K. Rai,"Studies on the Compatibility of Pullulan – Carboxymethyl
Cellulose Blend using Simple Techniques", Malaysian Polymer Journal , Vol. 3, No. 2, p 13-23, 2008
", Journal of Babylon University,Vol.8,No.3,pp.639-645,2003
[14] Boutouyrie P, Briet M, Collin C, Vermeersch S and Pannier B "Assessment of pulse wave velocity ". Artery
Research ,Vol. 3 ,No.1, pp.3– 10, 2007.
[15] Zong fang Wu1 and Dong C. Liu ,” Method of improved scatterer size estimation without attenuation known a
priori”, IEEE ,vol.8 ,no.10, 2011.
[16] Abdul-Kareem J. a Al-Bermany"Visco Relaxation study of Gamma effect on Polyethylene Oxide by
Ultrasonic( Method of determining new Molecular Weight)", Journal of Babylon University , Vol.12 ,No.3, 2005.
[17] Illiger S R, Rao K.P. and Demappa,"Miscibility studies of HPMC/PVA blends in water by viscosity, density,
refractive index and ultrasonic velocity method" ,Carbohydrate Polymer",Vol. 74, pp. 779-782, 2008.
[18] Hughes ,G.Radiration chemistry, claredon press Oxford.j ,1973.
[19] Khalid Sileh, Ehssan D. Jawad," Study of some Mechanical and Rheological properties of polymer Kaolin by
ultrasonic",Journal of Babylon University,Vol.2,No.15,pp.585-595,2008.
[20] Jabbar Hussan," Effect of Gamma Radiation on physical properties of " Properties of Styrene Butadiene
Rubber", Journal of Babylon University,Vol.7,No.1,pp.79-85,2009.
[21] Antun R., Jasan R. , e-polymers Journal , No.36 ,2008.
Table (1) comparison between experimental and theoretical results of intrinsic viscosity, Viscosity average Molecular
9
11. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
(Fig.1) Density vs. concentration
(Fig.2) Shear viscosity vs. concentration
11
12. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
(Fig.3)Relative viscosity vs. concentration
(Fig.4)Specific viscosity vs. concentration
(Fig.5) Reduce viscosity vs. concentration
12
13. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
(Fig.6)Ultrasonic velocity vs. concentration
(Fig.7)Absorption coefficient vs. concentration
(Fig.8)Compressibility vs. concentration
13
14. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 6, 2012
(Fig.9)Relaxation amplitude vs. concentration
(Fig.10) Bulk modulus vs. concentration
(Fig.11) Acoustic impedance vs. concentration
14
15. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar