This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The study evaluated the effects of different TiO2 ratios and ultrasound frequencies on the mechanical properties of the PVA/TiO2 composites.
The document describes experiments conducted to determine the relative density of glucose and ethylene glycol using a pycnometer, and the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin using a falling sphere viscometer. The specific gravity of glucose and ethylene glycol were calculated from measurements of the pycnometer weight with and without the samples. Data from the viscometer test including steel ball mass, elapsed time, and diameter were used to calculate the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin. A graph of observed velocity versus the ratio of steel ball diameter to viscometer diameter showed consistency in the viscometer data.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
This study examined the degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) medical implants over time. PLA specimens were submerged in saline solution at body temperature to simulate degradation in the body. The degradation process occurred in four stages: (1) initial water diffusion with little property change, (2) constant degradation rate controlled by water concentration, (3) autocatalytic degradation resulting in property decline, and (4) mass loss and specimen disintegration. Testing methods measured properties like molecular weight, mass change, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and glass transition temperature to characterize each degradation stage. The goal was to better understand PLA degradation to inform development of resorbable medical implants.
This document discusses several types of viscometers used to measure viscosity, including rotational viscometers, cone and plate viscometers, and falling ball viscometers. Rotational viscometers measure viscosity by sensing the torque resistance of a spindle rotating in a fluid sample at constant speeds. Cone and plate viscometers measure the torque required to rotate a cone in highly viscous fluids and pastes at varying angular velocities. Falling ball viscometers time the fall of a ball between marks in a temperature-controlled fluid sample to calculate viscosity.
Growth and Characterisation of a New Semi–Organic Nonlinear Optical TTMZS Sin...Editor IJCATR
A new semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal called Tris Thiourea Magnesium Zinc sulphate (TTMZS) was synthesized.
TTMZS single crystals were grown from an aqueous solution using the Slow Evaporation method. The solubility of TTMZS was
determined for various temperatures. Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study was carried-out to identify the lattice parameters.
Various diffracting planes of the grown crystal were identified from the powder XRD study. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmission spectrum of this crystal shows that the
lower cut off wavelength lies at 280 nm. The thermal analysis confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 248.46°C. The Nonlinear
Optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz powder Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) test.
Influence of obtaining conditions on sintering kinetics tetragonal zirconia n...Marharyta Lakusta
The present paper is devoted to the problem of sintering ceramics based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). In
this paper, we studied the effect of two obtaining methods (co-precipitation and technical hydrolysis) on sintering
kinetics of Y-TZP nanopowders. We used the constant rate of heating (CRH) method at different heating rates for
determining the sintering mechanisms. The basic mechanism and activation energy (Q) of diffusion at the initial
sintering stage were estimated using the sintering rate equations that are applicable to the CRH data. We found
that nanopowder 3Y-TZP produced by the co-precipitation method (DIPE) was sintered according to the volume
diffusion mechanism (n = 1/2) and nanopowder TZ-3Y (TOSOH) produced by the technical hydrolysis was sintered
according to the grain boundary diffusion mechanism (n = 1/3).
Shale Gas, Petrophysical Considerations in Producing and EvaluatingOrkhan Mammadov
This document discusses measurement techniques and challenges for characterizing mudrocks and shale properties. It notes that mudrocks have pore sizes below 62 μm requiring measurement at the nanometer scale. It also discusses how molecular size of working fluids can impact measurement accuracy. Different protocols for measuring properties like porosity, permeability, and mineralogy are reviewed along with factors affecting their validity. The document concludes that standardizing core handling and measurement protocols would improve accuracy and allow better comparison of shale property data.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
The document describes experiments conducted to determine the relative density of glucose and ethylene glycol using a pycnometer, and the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin using a falling sphere viscometer. The specific gravity of glucose and ethylene glycol were calculated from measurements of the pycnometer weight with and without the samples. Data from the viscometer test including steel ball mass, elapsed time, and diameter were used to calculate the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin. A graph of observed velocity versus the ratio of steel ball diameter to viscometer diameter showed consistency in the viscometer data.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
This study examined the degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) medical implants over time. PLA specimens were submerged in saline solution at body temperature to simulate degradation in the body. The degradation process occurred in four stages: (1) initial water diffusion with little property change, (2) constant degradation rate controlled by water concentration, (3) autocatalytic degradation resulting in property decline, and (4) mass loss and specimen disintegration. Testing methods measured properties like molecular weight, mass change, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and glass transition temperature to characterize each degradation stage. The goal was to better understand PLA degradation to inform development of resorbable medical implants.
This document discusses several types of viscometers used to measure viscosity, including rotational viscometers, cone and plate viscometers, and falling ball viscometers. Rotational viscometers measure viscosity by sensing the torque resistance of a spindle rotating in a fluid sample at constant speeds. Cone and plate viscometers measure the torque required to rotate a cone in highly viscous fluids and pastes at varying angular velocities. Falling ball viscometers time the fall of a ball between marks in a temperature-controlled fluid sample to calculate viscosity.
Growth and Characterisation of a New Semi–Organic Nonlinear Optical TTMZS Sin...Editor IJCATR
A new semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal called Tris Thiourea Magnesium Zinc sulphate (TTMZS) was synthesized.
TTMZS single crystals were grown from an aqueous solution using the Slow Evaporation method. The solubility of TTMZS was
determined for various temperatures. Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study was carried-out to identify the lattice parameters.
Various diffracting planes of the grown crystal were identified from the powder XRD study. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmission spectrum of this crystal shows that the
lower cut off wavelength lies at 280 nm. The thermal analysis confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 248.46°C. The Nonlinear
Optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz powder Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) test.
Influence of obtaining conditions on sintering kinetics tetragonal zirconia n...Marharyta Lakusta
The present paper is devoted to the problem of sintering ceramics based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). In
this paper, we studied the effect of two obtaining methods (co-precipitation and technical hydrolysis) on sintering
kinetics of Y-TZP nanopowders. We used the constant rate of heating (CRH) method at different heating rates for
determining the sintering mechanisms. The basic mechanism and activation energy (Q) of diffusion at the initial
sintering stage were estimated using the sintering rate equations that are applicable to the CRH data. We found
that nanopowder 3Y-TZP produced by the co-precipitation method (DIPE) was sintered according to the volume
diffusion mechanism (n = 1/2) and nanopowder TZ-3Y (TOSOH) produced by the technical hydrolysis was sintered
according to the grain boundary diffusion mechanism (n = 1/3).
Shale Gas, Petrophysical Considerations in Producing and EvaluatingOrkhan Mammadov
This document discusses measurement techniques and challenges for characterizing mudrocks and shale properties. It notes that mudrocks have pore sizes below 62 μm requiring measurement at the nanometer scale. It also discusses how molecular size of working fluids can impact measurement accuracy. Different protocols for measuring properties like porosity, permeability, and mineralogy are reviewed along with factors affecting their validity. The document concludes that standardizing core handling and measurement protocols would improve accuracy and allow better comparison of shale property data.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
Thermo-Acoustical Molecular Interaction Studies in Birnary Liquid Mixtures by...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a study of the thermo-acoustical molecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures of diethylamine and n-butanol at 303.15K, as measured by ultrasonic velocity. The densities, viscosities, and ultrasonic velocities were measured for mixtures across the entire mole fraction range. Parameters like adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedance, bulk modulus, free volume, internal pressure, and Gibbs free energy were calculated from the experimental results. The values of these parameters were analyzed to explain deviations from ideality and discuss the nature of molecular interactions between the components in the mixtures. Tables of the measured properties and calculated parameters are included.
Acoustical and Thermodynamical Studies in Ternary Mixtures of Ethylene Glycol...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the acoustical and thermodynamic properties of ternary mixtures of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and octanol at 303.15K. The ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity were measured for mixtures with varying compositions. These measurements were used to calculate various thermodynamic parameters, including adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedance, and bulk modulus. The values of these parameters were found to vary with composition, indicating the nature of molecular interactions present in the ternary mixtures. Tables of the measured properties and calculated parameters are provided.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
This document summarizes a study on improving the mechanical properties of date palm wood fiber through alkaline treatment. Thermo gravimetric analysis was conducted on untreated and treated date palm fiber samples, showing that treatment with 0.75% sodium hydroxide solution resulted in the lowest mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that 0.75% treatment cleaned fiber surfaces without degrading the internal structure. Tensile testing found that 0.75% treatment increased the tensile strength and modulus of the date palm fiber the most compared to untreated and other concentration treatments. The study concluded alkaline treatment, especially with 0.75% sodium hydroxide, significantly improves the mechanical properties of date palm fiber.
Annals of Materials Science & Engineering is a scholarly open access, peer reviewed journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Material Science such as aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, electrical/electronic engineering, civil engineering, fluid mechanics and instrumentation.
The aim of this journal is for scientists and academicians all over the world to support, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of Material Science & Engineering.
Annals of Materials Science & Engineering accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Material science and engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Barium magnesium tantalate (BMT) was prepared by two step solid state route at different temperatures in the range 950 to 13000C by soaking the sample for various time intervals ranging from 2 hrs to 39 hrs. In another set of experiment BMT was added with 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt% B2O3 (frit glass) and heated at 13000C for 30 minutes. The samples obtained at the end of thermal history were pelletized and subjected to crystal structural, density, surface morphology and dielectric measurements. XRD studies indicate that single phase BMT pseudo cubic perovskite was formed by heating sample at 12000C for 2 hrs. This clearly indicates that reduction in phase formation temperature was observed for pure BMT formed by two step solid state route.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
Physical Characterization of a Method for Production of High Stability Suspen...Editor IJCATR
Suspensions/Dispersions are encountered in a wide range of
applications, e.g., liquid abrasive cleaners, ceramics, medicines,
inks, paints….etc. In most cases it is necessary to keep the
suspension stable for the product lifetime. A new modified
differential sedimentation measuring system is suggested and used
to identify physical parameters affecting the sedimentation in
suspensions. The technique is discussed in details. It is found that
particle sizes as well as viscosity of continuous phase are the most
important factors governing the stability of a suspension. Empirical
relations are extracted to quantitatively describe the weight effect of
each factor. The modified measuring system shows good accuracy
enough to detect fluctuations in concentration of suspended
particles due to their Brownian diffusion, as well as the particles
concentrations in the stable suspension. This study confirmed the
fact that particles diameters measured by Zetasizer are much
greater than those measured by the transmission electron
microscope. This study presents a proposal for new technique for
particle size separation based on the differential sedimentation in
viscose fluids. This new method is a differential viscosity column.
The proposed size separation technique may help to separate
engineered nano-particles with higher resolution
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
Study the effect of adding pva on some physical properties of cmc polymer as ...Alexander Decker
This document studies the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on various physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer solutions. Several rheological properties (shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity) and mechanical properties (ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, bulk modulus) of CMC solutions of varying concentrations were measured before and after adding PVA. The results showed that most properties increased with higher CMC concentration but decreased after adding PVA, indicating interactions between the two polymer chains. Specifically, adding PVA enhanced ultrasonic absorption coefficient and reduced viscosity, relaxation time, and compressibility. The study suggests PVA addition can reduce water needs to achieve viscosity goals
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
This study evaluated the effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exposure on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of heat-cured acrylic resin materials. 454 specimens of pink and clear acrylic resin were tested, including some that were exposed to MRI for 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Tests showed that MRI exposure decreased hardness, dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and increased water sorption and color change in pink acrylic compared to clear acrylic. NMR and FTIR analysis indicated MRI exposure caused molecular rearrangement but no chemical changes to the resins. The study suggests MRI may impact the properties of acrylic dentures and prosthetics. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effects of MRI on modified acry
This document summarizes a study analyzing the image profiles of poly-(diamino naphthalene) (PDAN) doped poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS was used to obtain total ion images and positive ion images of PVA, diamino-naphthalene (DAN) doped PVA, and PDAN doped PVA films. The results showed that total ion counts and secondary ion intensities decreased with increasing molecular mass of species, indicating higher mass fragments are more affected by surface density. Positive ion images of different mass fragments for each film were obtained, with contrast and
Model for Analysis of Biaxial and Triaxial Stresses by X-ray Diffraction Assu...Miltão Ribeiro
In this work we aim to develop expressions for the calculation of biaxial and triaxial stresses in polycrystalline anisotropic materials, and to determine their elastic constants using the theory of elasticity for continuum isochoric deformations; thus, we also derive a model to determine residual stress. The constitutive relation between strain and stress in these models must be assumed to be orthotropic, obeying the generalized Hooke’s law. One technique that can be applied with our models is that of X-ray diffraction, because the experimental conditions are similar to the assumptions in the models, that is, it measures small deformations compared with the sample sizes and the magnitude of the tensions involved, and is insufficient to change the volume (isochoric deformation). Therefore, from the equations obtained, it is possible to use the sin^{2}\psi technique for materials with texture or anisotropy by first characterizing the texture through the pole figures to determine possible angles \psi that can be used in the equation, and then determining the deformation for each diffraction peak with the angles \psi obtained from the pole figures.
Publication Name: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.
Author: Edson M. Santos, Marcos T. D. Orlando, M.S.R. Miltão, Luis G. Martinez, Álvaro S. Alves, and Carlos A. Passos.
IRJET- The Potential and Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge System of City Pla...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the abrasive wear behavior of Kevlar fiber mixed with epoxy resin. A pin-on-disc test was used to evaluate the wear of Kevlar specimens at different rotational speeds (rpm) of the disc and a constant load of 10N. The wear rate was found to increase with increasing rpm. Specifically, wear tests were run from 400-1000 rpm and the weight loss of each specimen was measured. The results showed that as the rpm increased, the wear rate of the specimens also increased due to the higher sliding velocity between the grinding disc and specimens. It was concluded that wear is a function of both orientation and applied load.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an investigation of ultrasonic properties of binary mixtures of zinc stearate or calcium stearate with methyl ethyl ketone. Various thermoacoustic parameters were measured experimentally over a range of mixtures, including ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity, adiabatic compressibility, and excess properties. The results indicate interactions between the mixtures, with some showing strong molecular association and others showing weak interactions. The experimental data was fitted to theoretical models to evaluate the suitability of different relationship for predicting ultrasonic properties in these systems.
Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12...Alexander Decker
This document studied the mechanical and electrical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Mechanical properties like ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and bulk modulus were measured. Absorption coefficient and compressibility increased with concentration while bulk modulus decreased. Electrical conductivity also increased with concentration. Molar conductivity decreased with concentration, obeying Ostwald's law of dilution. The degree of dissociation results showed KAl(SO4)2.12H2O is a strong electrolyte. In conclusion, this material could be used for ultrasonic detection coatings, in electrical circuits requiring conductivity sensing, and as an environmentally resistant material due to its mechanical properties.
1. The document studies the effect of chemical solutions on the mechanical and thermal properties of an epoxy resin composite reinforced with 1% and 3% nano aluminum oxide powder.
2. Test results showed that reinforcing the epoxy increased its flexural strength, Young's modulus, surface hardness, and thermal conductivity.
3. Immersing the composites in acid and base solutions for 9 weeks decreased the mechanical properties over time due to material degradation, while increasing the thermal conductivity. The acid solution had a greater impact than the base.
Thermo-Acoustical Molecular Interaction Studies in Birnary Liquid Mixtures by...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a study of the thermo-acoustical molecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures of diethylamine and n-butanol at 303.15K, as measured by ultrasonic velocity. The densities, viscosities, and ultrasonic velocities were measured for mixtures across the entire mole fraction range. Parameters like adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedance, bulk modulus, free volume, internal pressure, and Gibbs free energy were calculated from the experimental results. The values of these parameters were analyzed to explain deviations from ideality and discuss the nature of molecular interactions between the components in the mixtures. Tables of the measured properties and calculated parameters are included.
Acoustical and Thermodynamical Studies in Ternary Mixtures of Ethylene Glycol...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the acoustical and thermodynamic properties of ternary mixtures of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and octanol at 303.15K. The ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity were measured for mixtures with varying compositions. These measurements were used to calculate various thermodynamic parameters, including adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedance, and bulk modulus. The values of these parameters were found to vary with composition, indicating the nature of molecular interactions present in the ternary mixtures. Tables of the measured properties and calculated parameters are provided.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
This document summarizes a study on improving the mechanical properties of date palm wood fiber through alkaline treatment. Thermo gravimetric analysis was conducted on untreated and treated date palm fiber samples, showing that treatment with 0.75% sodium hydroxide solution resulted in the lowest mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that 0.75% treatment cleaned fiber surfaces without degrading the internal structure. Tensile testing found that 0.75% treatment increased the tensile strength and modulus of the date palm fiber the most compared to untreated and other concentration treatments. The study concluded alkaline treatment, especially with 0.75% sodium hydroxide, significantly improves the mechanical properties of date palm fiber.
Annals of Materials Science & Engineering is a scholarly open access, peer reviewed journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Material Science such as aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, electrical/electronic engineering, civil engineering, fluid mechanics and instrumentation.
The aim of this journal is for scientists and academicians all over the world to support, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of Material Science & Engineering.
Annals of Materials Science & Engineering accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Material science and engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Barium magnesium tantalate (BMT) was prepared by two step solid state route at different temperatures in the range 950 to 13000C by soaking the sample for various time intervals ranging from 2 hrs to 39 hrs. In another set of experiment BMT was added with 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt% B2O3 (frit glass) and heated at 13000C for 30 minutes. The samples obtained at the end of thermal history were pelletized and subjected to crystal structural, density, surface morphology and dielectric measurements. XRD studies indicate that single phase BMT pseudo cubic perovskite was formed by heating sample at 12000C for 2 hrs. This clearly indicates that reduction in phase formation temperature was observed for pure BMT formed by two step solid state route.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
Physical Characterization of a Method for Production of High Stability Suspen...Editor IJCATR
Suspensions/Dispersions are encountered in a wide range of
applications, e.g., liquid abrasive cleaners, ceramics, medicines,
inks, paints….etc. In most cases it is necessary to keep the
suspension stable for the product lifetime. A new modified
differential sedimentation measuring system is suggested and used
to identify physical parameters affecting the sedimentation in
suspensions. The technique is discussed in details. It is found that
particle sizes as well as viscosity of continuous phase are the most
important factors governing the stability of a suspension. Empirical
relations are extracted to quantitatively describe the weight effect of
each factor. The modified measuring system shows good accuracy
enough to detect fluctuations in concentration of suspended
particles due to their Brownian diffusion, as well as the particles
concentrations in the stable suspension. This study confirmed the
fact that particles diameters measured by Zetasizer are much
greater than those measured by the transmission electron
microscope. This study presents a proposal for new technique for
particle size separation based on the differential sedimentation in
viscose fluids. This new method is a differential viscosity column.
The proposed size separation technique may help to separate
engineered nano-particles with higher resolution
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
Study the effect of adding pva on some physical properties of cmc polymer as ...Alexander Decker
This document studies the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on various physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer solutions. Several rheological properties (shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity) and mechanical properties (ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, bulk modulus) of CMC solutions of varying concentrations were measured before and after adding PVA. The results showed that most properties increased with higher CMC concentration but decreased after adding PVA, indicating interactions between the two polymer chains. Specifically, adding PVA enhanced ultrasonic absorption coefficient and reduced viscosity, relaxation time, and compressibility. The study suggests PVA addition can reduce water needs to achieve viscosity goals
Preparation of Mixed Phase (Anatase/Rutile) TiO2 Nanopowder by Simple Sol Gel...IJLT EMAS
TiO2 nanopowder having both anatase and rutile
phases was prepared by a simple procedure using sol-gel method.
Titanium isopropoxide was used as a titania source and mixed
with methanol and TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after
annealing at 6000C for 1 hour in air. The specimens made from
this powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). XRD studies revealed the presence of both
anatase and rutile phases with an average crystallite size of 35 ±
5 nm. No significant weight loss up to 7000 C was observed by
TGA curve which indicates that TiO2 nanopowder is thermally
stable. TEM revealed the presence of a number of crystalline
grains in a structured matrix and selected electron diffraction
pattern showed different arrangement of diffracted rings which
confirms a phase evolution of crystalline grains of TiO2
(anatase/rutile) due to thermal annealing. Mixed phase
(anatase/rutile) TiO2 nanopowder has been reported [1], [2] to
exhibit improved photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. It is
proposed to study the gas sensing behavior of these specimens
during our research investigations on TiO2 nanopowder.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
This study evaluated the effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exposure on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of heat-cured acrylic resin materials. 454 specimens of pink and clear acrylic resin were tested, including some that were exposed to MRI for 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Tests showed that MRI exposure decreased hardness, dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and increased water sorption and color change in pink acrylic compared to clear acrylic. NMR and FTIR analysis indicated MRI exposure caused molecular rearrangement but no chemical changes to the resins. The study suggests MRI may impact the properties of acrylic dentures and prosthetics. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effects of MRI on modified acry
This document summarizes a study analyzing the image profiles of poly-(diamino naphthalene) (PDAN) doped poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS was used to obtain total ion images and positive ion images of PVA, diamino-naphthalene (DAN) doped PVA, and PDAN doped PVA films. The results showed that total ion counts and secondary ion intensities decreased with increasing molecular mass of species, indicating higher mass fragments are more affected by surface density. Positive ion images of different mass fragments for each film were obtained, with contrast and
Model for Analysis of Biaxial and Triaxial Stresses by X-ray Diffraction Assu...Miltão Ribeiro
In this work we aim to develop expressions for the calculation of biaxial and triaxial stresses in polycrystalline anisotropic materials, and to determine their elastic constants using the theory of elasticity for continuum isochoric deformations; thus, we also derive a model to determine residual stress. The constitutive relation between strain and stress in these models must be assumed to be orthotropic, obeying the generalized Hooke’s law. One technique that can be applied with our models is that of X-ray diffraction, because the experimental conditions are similar to the assumptions in the models, that is, it measures small deformations compared with the sample sizes and the magnitude of the tensions involved, and is insufficient to change the volume (isochoric deformation). Therefore, from the equations obtained, it is possible to use the sin^{2}\psi technique for materials with texture or anisotropy by first characterizing the texture through the pole figures to determine possible angles \psi that can be used in the equation, and then determining the deformation for each diffraction peak with the angles \psi obtained from the pole figures.
Publication Name: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics.
Author: Edson M. Santos, Marcos T. D. Orlando, M.S.R. Miltão, Luis G. Martinez, Álvaro S. Alves, and Carlos A. Passos.
IRJET- The Potential and Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge System of City Pla...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the abrasive wear behavior of Kevlar fiber mixed with epoxy resin. A pin-on-disc test was used to evaluate the wear of Kevlar specimens at different rotational speeds (rpm) of the disc and a constant load of 10N. The wear rate was found to increase with increasing rpm. Specifically, wear tests were run from 400-1000 rpm and the weight loss of each specimen was measured. The results showed that as the rpm increased, the wear rate of the specimens also increased due to the higher sliding velocity between the grinding disc and specimens. It was concluded that wear is a function of both orientation and applied load.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an investigation of ultrasonic properties of binary mixtures of zinc stearate or calcium stearate with methyl ethyl ketone. Various thermoacoustic parameters were measured experimentally over a range of mixtures, including ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity, adiabatic compressibility, and excess properties. The results indicate interactions between the mixtures, with some showing strong molecular association and others showing weak interactions. The experimental data was fitted to theoretical models to evaluate the suitability of different relationship for predicting ultrasonic properties in these systems.
Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12...Alexander Decker
This document studied the mechanical and electrical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Mechanical properties like ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and bulk modulus were measured. Absorption coefficient and compressibility increased with concentration while bulk modulus decreased. Electrical conductivity also increased with concentration. Molar conductivity decreased with concentration, obeying Ostwald's law of dilution. The degree of dissociation results showed KAl(SO4)2.12H2O is a strong electrolyte. In conclusion, this material could be used for ultrasonic detection coatings, in electrical circuits requiring conductivity sensing, and as an environmentally resistant material due to its mechanical properties.
1. The document studies the effect of chemical solutions on the mechanical and thermal properties of an epoxy resin composite reinforced with 1% and 3% nano aluminum oxide powder.
2. Test results showed that reinforcing the epoxy increased its flexural strength, Young's modulus, surface hardness, and thermal conductivity.
3. Immersing the composites in acid and base solutions for 9 weeks decreased the mechanical properties over time due to material degradation, while increasing the thermal conductivity. The acid solution had a greater impact than the base.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pva cu cl2 by ultrasonicAlexander Decker
The document studies the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with the addition of copper (II) chloride (CuCl2). PVA solutions were prepared with varying amounts of CuCl2 added. Ultrasonic measurements were taken to analyze properties including density, viscosity, velocity, bulk modulus, compressibility, transmittance, absorption coefficient, and relaxation amplitude. The results showed that adding CuCl2 increased viscosity and absorption coefficient, which decreased velocity, bulk modulus, and transmittance. This is because more CuCl2 molecules in solution lead to greater attenuation of ultrasonic waves. Overall, the intermolecular interactions between PVA and CuCl2 influenced the rhe
A study the effect of zr o3 on the electrical and mechanical propertiesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding ZrO3 on the electrical and mechanical properties of PMMA-Cr2O3 polymer composites. The study found that adding ZrO3 increased the electrical conductivity and ultrasound velocity of the composites. It also increased the relaxation amplitude, relaxation time, and bulk modulus while decreasing the molar conductivity, disintegration degree, and compressibility. The changes in properties are due to interactions between the polymer matrix and ZrO3 filler on the molecular level that affect ion motion and polymer chain structure. The addition of ZrO3 thus improves both the electrical and mechanical properties of the PMMA-Cr2O3 composite for applications.
Enhancement mechanical properties of barium chloride by adding copper chlorid...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the enhancement of mechanical properties of barium chloride (BaCl2) by adding copper chloride (CuCl2) using ultrasonic techniques. The author measured various mechanical properties of BaCl2 solutions at concentrations from 0.05-0.3% both before and after adding 0.3g of CuCl2, including ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance, compressibility, and bulk modulus. The results showed that most properties increased with concentration and further increased after adding CuCl2, indicating CuCl2 enhances the properties of BaCl2 solutions. Compressibility was found to decrease with increasing concentration in both cases.
Modeling ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and comparative study with the pr...IOSR Journals
Many phenomena can be responsible for the attenuation of sound through the suspensions depending on the nature of the particles of the fluid and the frequency range of interest. In particular we can make a distinction between the diffusion mechanisms corresponding to a geometric redirection of the incident wave and the dissipative phenomena, like the thermal and viscous losses. In this work, we are interested in propagation of the ultrasonic waves into suspensions of clay rigid particles with a size between 1 and 50 microns, for which the thermal phenomena and visco-inertial dominate. In this case the dipole diffusion of the wave induced differential motion between the dispersed phase (clay grain) and the continuous phase (distilled water) is coupled to the viscous dissipation in the matching motion of this brake. In this paper, we present the main theories known in calculating the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity coefficient. Such theories permit to take accounts all the orders of interaction, unlike the theoretical of multiple diffusion that remains limited to lower concentrations. Finally, the results calculated by the principal theories will be compared against earlier experimental results obtained from this work.
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Improved understanding of self sustained, sub-micrometric multi-composition s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes experiments conducted using Constantan alloy wires interacting with hydrogen gas at high temperatures. The researchers produced Constantan wires with sub-micrometer nanostructures on the surface through thermal treatments. They observed anomalous heat effects when the wires absorbed hydrogen isotopes like deuterium at temperatures over 100°C. To improve the experiments, they developed a new transparent reactor and calorimetry method to directly measure the external temperature of the glass wall and calculate heat dissipation, allowing visual observation of the wire during testing. The improvements achieved smaller particle sizes and higher fractions of active material, producing more reliable and reproducible results than previous experiments.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses how mass spectrometry works by ionizing sample molecules and then separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The key components of a mass spectrometer are described, including sample introduction systems, ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors. Common techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are also summarized. The document outlines the wide applications of mass spectrometry across many scientific fields.
LONG TERM EFFECTS- APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the long-term durability of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in demanding applications that subject them to environmental factors over long periods of time. The document examines how physical and chemical aging processes like swelling, plasticization, hydrolysis, and oxidation can degrade the resin and fiber-resin interface, leading to losses in properties like creep and fatigue resistance over time. It also discusses how surface preparation affects the long-term durability of adhesively bonded composite joints.
On the-mechanism-of-proton-conductivity-in-h-sub3sub o-sbteo-sub6sub_2012_jou...Javier Lemus Godoy
This document summarizes a study investigating the proton conductivity mechanism in H3OSbTeO6 using neutron diffraction, quasielastic neutron scattering, and NMR experiments at various temperatures. H3OSbTeO6 has an outstanding proton conductivity even at room temperature. It consists of a three-dimensional framework of corner-sharing SbO6 and TeO6 octahedra forming cages where H3O+ ions are located. Three types of ion motion were observed: rotations of the H3O group, jumps between equivalent positions within cages, and long-range translational diffusion between cages. Structural changes reflected the onset of ionic conductivity. Details of the complex diffusion mechanism are provided.
Ultrasonic velocity and allied parameters of tetrahexylammonium iodidein bina...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
My research at Boston University (May 2013)
1. Thesis: Viscoelastic testing and modeling of PDMS micropillars for cellular force measurement
2. Side Projects
1) Conducting polymer actuators
2) PDMS and conducting polymer nanowire composites
3) Silicon oxycarbide thin films
4) Tribological study of DLC coatings
Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Doped Fe2O3 Thin Film Prepared by S...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) doping (Fe2O3) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrate. We have studied the effects of various doping percentage of (TiO2) on (Fe2O3) optical and electrical properties. The optical parameters of the prepared films as absorbance, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap and refractive index have been calculated for all prepared films. D.C conductivity and Hall effect for all films are measured. The results showed that absorbance of prepared films decreases with increasing percentage of (TiO2) this lead to increase the energy gap and conductivity decreased with increasing of percentage of (TiO2) as well as the results showed throughout the study that all films have tow activation energy, its value increase with increasing of percentage of (TiO2). Hall effect measurement showed all films have n-type conductivity.
This document describes the design and analysis of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gas sensor for detecting volatile organic gases. The sensor uses interdigitated transducers on a lithium niobate piezoelectric substrate coated with a polyisobutylene sensing film. Finite element modeling was used to simulate the sensor's response to various gases. The simulations showed shifts in resonant frequency when exposed to different gases, allowing for gas detection via mass loading effects. Sensitivity analysis found the sensor responded most strongly to tetrachloroethene exposure due to its high absorbed partial density in the sensing film. The SAW sensor design could enable applications in chemical industry, environmental monitoring, and other
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer Augment...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates how mechanical vibrations can augment natural convection heat transfer. The experiment subjects a horizontal cylinder to different heat inputs and vibration frequencies and amplitudes. Results show that vibration increases the local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along the axial direction of the cylinder. Previous studies on vibration-enhanced heat transfer are discussed for different geometries and applications like industrial processes and rocket propulsion. Acoustic streaming induced by sound waves is also known to enhance heat transfer.
Experimental investigation on natural convection heat transfer augmentation w...sudhakarbammidi
The usual conventional fluids like H2O, engine oil, kerosene, ethanol, and ethylene glycol have lower thermal potential analysis to solids. Lower melting conductivity of fluid became an obstacle to use in distinctive utilization. The observations were carried out to obtain the increase in heat transfer rates as an outcome of mechanical vibrations enforced to a horizontal cylinder. The two cylindrical diameters are one in which external diameter 25cm and internal diameter is 12cm is heated inside the brass cylindrical surfaces. A Thermal layer was recognized outside the boundary layer in the ambient fluid later the study-state condition is obtain as the fluid temperature goes on increasing along an axial direction with Temperature variation of the cylinder along an axial direction. Preliminary carried out different heat inputs 30w, 40w, 50w, 60w and an interrelationship between the Nusselt numbers (Nu) for perpetual heat flux. The cylindrical surface is various vibrating frequencies 190 Hz, 160 Hz, 130 Hz, and 100 Hz. A range of amplitude, frequency, temperature difference and it is observed that amplitude length 0.5 amps. The vibration local heat transfer coefficient increases with linearly and Nusselt number increases from the bottom location to the top location.
Similar to Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasound (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
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Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasound
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol 1, No.1, 2011
Preparation PVA/TiO2 composite and study some acoustic
properties by ultrasound.
Dr. Prof .Abed Al-Kareem J.Rashid
University of Babylon /college of science/Physics department/Babylon/Iraq
* E-mail of the corresponding author: dr.abdul-kaream@yahoo.com
Abstract
The PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes were prepared by a sol-Gel casting method, the weight
of PVA is constant (1gm) while the TiO2 powder ratios were (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) gm. In order
to evaluate the mechanical properties of PVA/TiO2 composite the ultrasonic measurements were
performed at the samples , these properties are ultrasonic velocity, compressibility, acoustic impedance,
relaxation time, bulk modulus, shear viscosity and density were analyzed at different frequencies
(25,30,35,40) KHz , another acoustic mechanical properties were measured and calculated at a same
time such as the ultrasonic wave amplitude before and after absorption by composite were showed on
oscilloscope ,then we calculated absorption coefficient and transmittance. It was found that the
frequency effect on the ultrasonic velocity except the first concentration (1gmPVA) stay constant and
the material properties also shows that (20 KHz) frequency has the best results for other frequencies
under search, results also shows that adding TiO2 enhances PVA polymer and the composite became
good membrane foe reflecting ultrasound waves.
Keywords: composite polymer; ultrasound technique; mechanical properties; sol-gel method.
1. Introduction
Ultrasonic technique is one of the basic non-destructive methods for evaluation of materials and
structures. A significant part of every ultrasonic inspection is the way in which the ultrasonic energy is
transferred between the transducer and tested object. Different types of commercial liquids and gels are
used as a coupling medium. Sometimes the use of a liquid or gel is undesirable because it may
contaminate or penetrate into the material being tested leading to reduction of mechanical properties or
corrosion (Bogomil et. al. 2006). Ultrasonic technique is good method for studying the structural
changes associated with the information of mixture assist in the study of molecular interaction between
two species; some of mechanical properties of different polymers were carried by some workers using
ultrasonic technique (B. Boro 2009).The absorption of ultrasound in polymer systems is governed
by local modes of motion and cooperative because of the existence of strong intermolecular interaction
within the polymer. The breakage of chemical bonds is due to cavitations into the medium. Cavitations
are the formation and violent collapse of small bubbles. This leads to shearing forces of sufficient
magnitude to cause the rupture of chemical bonds (Jayanta 2004). The effects of various parameters
like ultrasound intensity, frequency of ultrasonic waves and polymer concentration have been
investigated (Jayanta 2004 & Andre 2003). Ultrasonic velocity measurements are relatively simple to
make in bulk solids and can be related to the various elastic modules, especially for isotropic solids.
For these bulk solids the sound speed may be weakly related to the crush or abrasion strength of the
material, as the sound transmission depends on both the properties of the particles and their
configuration, care must be taken to understand the preparation of the sample for measurement. This
includes shaking steps to consolidate the powder and prepare as uniform as possible configuration of
the powders at measurement (P.J. Coghill and P. Giang 2011). Composites have good potential for
various industrial fields because of their excellent properties such as high hardness, high melting point,
low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, good chemical stability
and improved mechanical properties such as higher specific strength, better wear resistance and
specific modulus (Shu, K.M. and G. C. Tu, 2002 & Canan and Ayşe 2009).
2. Experimental:
2.1 Sample Preparation:
PVA (Gerhard Buchman -Germany) with assay (99.8 %) and TiO2 with assay (99.7%) and M.W.
(81.38) were used as received without further purification. The PVA/TiO2 composite membranes were
prepared by a sol-Gel casting method, the appropriate weight of PVA is constant (1gm) was dissolved
in (25ml) of distilled water under stirring and heat (70◦C) for (1 hour) then leave the PVA solution for
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2. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
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Vol 1, No.1, 2011
(15min) to get could at room temperature, then the TiO2 powder was added slowly to the PVA solution
with stirring with weights (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 0.04 0.05) gm. The resulting solution was stirred
continuously until the solution mixture became a homogeneous viscous appearance at room
temperature for (30 min.). The PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes are obtained by leaving the
mixture solution in a petre dish at room temperature for 2 weeks and then the composites samples were
cut in the circle shape with (4cm) diameter and the density of the samples were measured by the weight
method.
2.2 Ultrasonic measurements:
Ultrasonic measurements were made with variable frequencies (f=25,30,35,40 KHz) using pulse
technique of sender-receiver type (SV-DH-7A/SVX-7 velocity of sound instrument) .The receiver
quartz crystal mounted on a digital vernier scale of slow motion, the receiver crystal could be displaced
parallel to sender and the samples were put between sender and receiver. The sender and receiver
pulses (waves) were displaced as two traces of cathode ray oscilloscope, and the digital delay time of
received pulses were recorded with respect to the thickness of the samples. The pulses height on
oscilloscope (CH1) represents incident ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A0) and the pulses height on
oscilloscope (CH2) represents the receiver ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A) after passing the composite.
2.3 Theoretical calculation:
The absorption coefficient (α) was calculated from Lambert – Beer law (Zong fang et. al. 2011):
A/A0 = e (- α x) …… (1)
Where (A0)is the initially amplitude of the ultrasonic waves,(A) is the wave amplitude after absorption
and (x) is the thickness of the sample, the transmittance (T) is the fraction of incident wave at a
specified wavelength that passes through a sample was calculated from the following equation (Dipak
2001):
T = I / Io ……… (2)
Where (I0) is the initially intensity of the ultrasonic waves and (I) is the received intensity. The
ultrasonic wave velocity was calculated using the following equation (Abdul-Kareem and Burak.2011):
v = x / t …… (3)
Where (t) is time that the waves need to cross the samples (digital obtained from the instrument).
Attenuation is generally proportional to the square of sound frequency so the relaxation amplitude (D)
was calculated from the following equation (Josef and Herbert1990):
D = α/ f2……… (4)
The wavelength (λ) can change only when the speed of the wave changes inside the samples we can
calculate it by the equation (David et al.2002):
λ = v / f ……. (5)
Bulk modulus (B) of a composite is the substance's resistance to uniform compression, it is defined as
the pressure increase needed to decrease the volume; it was calculated by Laplace equation where (ρ) is
the density (Al-Bermany E.2004):
B = ρ v 2……. (6)
Compressibility (β) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a
pressure (or mean stress) change, it was calculated by the following equation (Hassina et. al. 2009):
β = (ρ v2)-1 …….. (7)
The acoustic impedance of a medium (Z), it was calculated by equation (Jarth 2008):
Z = ρ v …….. (8)
On the basis that all solids flow to a small extent in response to small shear stress, some researchers
have contended that substances known as amorphous solids, such as glass and many polymers may be
considered to have viscosity. This has led some to the view that solids are simply "liquids" with a very
high viscosity; the viscosity (ηs) of the samples was measured by using the equation (Al-Bermany K.J.
2009):
ηs = 3 α ρ v3/ 8 π2 f2…….. (9)
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3. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
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Vol 1, No.1, 2011
The relaxation time (τ) was calculated from the equation (Herbert 1985):
τ =4 ηs /3ρ v2…….. (10)
3. Result and discussions:
In our study we try to enhance some of PVA mechanical properties by adding different TiO2
concentrations. Result show that the density is decreasing when adding TiO2, since TiO2molecules fills
the vacancies between polymer macromolecules chains that randomly coiled in distilled water (Abdul-
Kareem et. al. (2011) & Subhi et. al. 1990) and the polymer macromolecules are heavier than TiO2, so
the density decreasing as show in fig.(1).Since the density decreasing ultrasonic velocity decreasing
also when increasing TiO2 and the composite of (0.5 gm TiO2) has the lower value of velocity as shown
in fig.(2) .Bulk modulus reducing when adding TiO2since these molecules restricted polymer
macromolecules by filling the vacancies and forming new conformations and configurations in the
composite and reducing bulk modulus agree with equation (6) which indicate that bulk modulus must
decreasing when velocity decreasing. Specific acoustic impedance is decreasing when increasing TiO2,
the concentration (0.5 gm TiO2) shown in gig.(4) has lower value ,since TiO2 and polymer
macromolecules come close together when passing ultrasonic waves, as a result the specific impedance
decreasing this agree with equation (8).The compressibility is increasing when adding TiO2, the
concentration (0.5 gm TiO2) has the higher compressibility value as shown in fig.(5) as we discussed
above that bulk modulus decreasing so compressibility must increasing that means TiO2 molecules
forming network formation as a result of entanglement interaction between the two types of molecules
,polymer macromolecules and TiO2 molecules (Tomasz et. al. 2010).The transmittance is decreasing
when TiO2 increasing as shown in fig. (6) Since the compressibility increasing, so transmittance must
decrease as result of adding TiO2 molecules. Absorption coefficient of the composite is decreasing with
increasing TiO2 and (0.5 gm TiO2) has lower absorption coefficient as shown in fig. (7), this could be
attributed that the attenuation of ultrasonic waves depend on viscosity, thermal conductivity, scattering
and intermolecular interactions, the thermal conductivity was known to be negligible (Tomasz et. al.
2010 & E.Foled et. al. 1988 ) Therefore intermolecular processes and scattering were assumed to be
responsible for reducing acoustic absorption coefficient. The relaxation time is decreasing when TiO2
and (0.5 gm TiO2) is lower than other concentrations, this attributed that we saw absorption coefficient
decreasing so reducing the number of molecules as a result of degradation by ultrasonic waves, this
lead to reducing relaxation time for molecules to be stated their positions (Al-Bermany E. 2004). The
viscosity is decreasing by increasing TiO2 as shown in fig. (10) ,this attributed that hydrogen bonding
of water attached to oxygen sites then lead to salvation sheaths and increase the size of molecules so
TiO2 molecules between new macromolecules lead to reduce its viscosity (Andre 2003). Relaxation
amplitude is decreasing with increasing TiO2 as shown in fig. (11) , since polymer molecules swelling
water and increase its size , adding TiO2 molecules made macromolecules to be restricted and the free
radical obtained as a result of degradation (E.Foled et. al. 1988) resist molecules to back to their
positions with mall amplitude.
4. Conclusion
1. Ultrasonic waves made degradation to the polymer chains then affect the velocity.
2. Adding TiO2 enhances this composite to become good reflected medium for ultrasonic and can be
applied on air plane surface and so on that reflected radar waves or sonar surface.
3. Adding TiO2 made composite not good absorber for ultrasonic waves.
4. The composite can be applies in echo or sonar instrument.
5. Adding TiO2 made composite hard because its compressibility increasing.
6. The composite can applied in echo or sonar instrument.
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Vol 1, No.1, 2011
Abdul-Kareem J. Rashid and Burak Y. Kadem (2011) “Effect of variable ultrasonic frequencies on
some physical properties of Iraqi palm fiber PVA composite” Journal of Asian Scientific Research,
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Fig. (1) The density due to the TiO2 Weights
Fig. (2) The velocity of sound due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (3) The bulk modulus due to the ultrasonic frequency
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Fig. (4) The acoustic impedance due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (5) The compressibility due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (6) The transmittance due to the ultrasonic frequency
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Fig. (7) The absorption coefficient due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (8) The relaxation time due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (9) The wavelength due to the ultrasonic frequency
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Fig. (10) The viscosity due to the ultrasonic frequency
Fig. (11) The relaxation amplitude due to the ultrasonic frequency
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