This document studies the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on various physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer solutions. Several rheological properties (shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity) and mechanical properties (ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, bulk modulus) of CMC solutions of varying concentrations were measured before and after adding PVA. The results showed that most properties increased with higher CMC concentration but decreased after adding PVA, indicating interactions between the two polymer chains. Specifically, adding PVA enhanced ultrasonic absorption coefficient and reduced viscosity, relaxation time, and compressibility. The study suggests PVA addition can reduce water needs to achieve viscosity goals
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
This document is a chemistry exam for a Level 3 course on aqueous systems from 2011. It contains 4 questions testing understanding of properties of aqueous solutions including: classifying solutions as acids/bases, discussing relative concentrations of species in solutions, calculating concentrations from solubility expressions and pH, and interpreting titration curves. The exam is 5 pages long and students are advised to spend 45 minutes answering the questions.
India; Studies on Estimation Of Fluoride and Defluoridation of Drinking WaterD5Z
The document provides acknowledgements and thanks to various people who helped and supported the author. It then outlines the contents which include an introduction on fluoride in India and the present work, methods to estimate fluoride concentration, development of a device to estimate fluoride, experiments to estimate fluoride using the device, experiments on defluoridation of water, discussion, and suggestions for future work. Tables and figures are provided to support the various methods and results discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
A NOVEL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF ICATIBANT IN FORMULATIONSIJSIT Editor
This document describes the development and validation of a novel RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Icatibant in formulations. A simple isocratic elution method was developed using a C18 column with methanol, acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze Icatibant tablet formulations and bulk drug samples.
Nutrient Leaching and Groundwater Quality Assessment near Integrated Construc...Mawuli Dzakpasu
The document summarizes a study assessing nutrient leaching and groundwater quality near an integrated constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater. Key findings include:
1) The constructed wetland was very effective at removing nutrients like ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates from wastewater, achieving over 80% removal on average.
2) Leachate from the wetland cells contained high levels of ammonia but generally low levels of nitrates and phosphates.
3) Low infiltration rates from the wetland may not immediately threaten groundwater quality.
4) Groundwater nutrient levels were generally low except near sites with peat in the soil, which saw slightly elevated ammonia levels.
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pvaAlexander Decker
This study examines the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with different concentrations before and after adding ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). PVA solutions were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% and rheological properties like viscosity and density were measured. Ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and other mechanical properties were also determined. The results showed that properties like viscosity and density increased with increasing PVA concentration, while ultrasonic velocity decreased. Adding NH4Cl further increased these properties, indicating molecular interactions between PVA and NH4Cl.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
This document is a chemistry exam for a Level 3 course on aqueous systems from 2011. It contains 4 questions testing understanding of properties of aqueous solutions including: classifying solutions as acids/bases, discussing relative concentrations of species in solutions, calculating concentrations from solubility expressions and pH, and interpreting titration curves. The exam is 5 pages long and students are advised to spend 45 minutes answering the questions.
India; Studies on Estimation Of Fluoride and Defluoridation of Drinking WaterD5Z
The document provides acknowledgements and thanks to various people who helped and supported the author. It then outlines the contents which include an introduction on fluoride in India and the present work, methods to estimate fluoride concentration, development of a device to estimate fluoride, experiments to estimate fluoride using the device, experiments on defluoridation of water, discussion, and suggestions for future work. Tables and figures are provided to support the various methods and results discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
A NOVEL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF ICATIBANT IN FORMULATIONSIJSIT Editor
This document describes the development and validation of a novel RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Icatibant in formulations. A simple isocratic elution method was developed using a C18 column with methanol, acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze Icatibant tablet formulations and bulk drug samples.
Nutrient Leaching and Groundwater Quality Assessment near Integrated Construc...Mawuli Dzakpasu
The document summarizes a study assessing nutrient leaching and groundwater quality near an integrated constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater. Key findings include:
1) The constructed wetland was very effective at removing nutrients like ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates from wastewater, achieving over 80% removal on average.
2) Leachate from the wetland cells contained high levels of ammonia but generally low levels of nitrates and phosphates.
3) Low infiltration rates from the wetland may not immediately threaten groundwater quality.
4) Groundwater nutrient levels were generally low except near sites with peat in the soil, which saw slightly elevated ammonia levels.
Determination Of The Crystal Growth Rate Of Paracetamol As A Function Of Solv...cliff57
1) The document discusses a study that determined the crystal growth rate of paracetamol as a function of solvent composition using antisolvent crystallization in methanol-water mixtures.
2) Crystal growth rate was found to decrease with increasing water content up to 68% water, at which point the growth rate increased.
3) The study introduced a method to link solvent composition to growth mechanism and rates. It was postulated that solubility gradient, viscosity, selective adsorption, and surface roughening affect growth rates with solvent composition.
Estimation Of The Nucleation Kinetics For The Antisolvent Crystallization Of ...cliff57
This document discusses estimating the nucleation kinetics for the anti-solvent crystallization of paracetamol in methanol-water solutions. Specifically:
- Laser back-scattering (focused beam reflectance measurement or FBRM) was used to detect nucleation events during anti-solvent crystallization experiments with paracetamol.
- Theoretical models were applied to analyze induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) data from these experiments and estimate nucleation kinetics parameters.
- Solvent composition, in terms of the methanol-water ratio, was found to significantly impact measured induction times and MSZWs. Estimated nucleation rates also decreased with more dynamic solvent compositions.
-
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Understanding hydrodynamics in membrane bioreactor systems for wastewater tre...Nicolas Ratkovich
The document discusses modeling the hydrodynamics of a membrane bioreactor system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and empirical modeling. Experiments were conducted to measure shear stress and gas slug velocity in a tube under two-phase slug flow conditions. A CFD model was developed and validated against experimental data. Empirical models were also developed to correlate shear stress measurements and predict bimodal shear stress histograms. The models were then used to analyze pressure drop, energy consumption, and opportunities for optimization in the membrane bioreactor system. Finally, the structure of a PhD thesis modeling the hydrodynamics of a specific Norit airlift membrane system is outlined.
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Combined spectra problem (ir, nmr & mass) format of organic moleculesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
This document outlines experiments for using spectroscopy techniques like UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry to determine the structure of organic compounds. It describes collecting spectroscopic data like IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectra for several unknown compounds. The data would be analyzed by identifying functional groups and interpreting chemical shifts, multiplicities, fragmentations to deduce molecular formulas and structures. The experiments aim to elucidate organic structures using various spectroscopy methods.
This document presents a comparative study of uranium(VI) extraction between three resins: Lewatit TP 260, polyethyleniminephenylphosphonamidic acid (PEIPPA), and diaminotriphosphonic acid grafted polystyrene divinyl benzene (DATPA). Batch studies were conducted to optimize parameters such as pH, contact time, initial uranium concentration, ion strength, and temperature. The results showed that PEIPPA extracts uranium best at high acidity (pH ~1.5), while DATPA extracts effectively at low acidity (pH ~3.5). Sorption capacities for uranium were 39.66 mg/g for PEIPPA,
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
The most common method of preserving raw hidesis brine curing with sodium chloride. However, thisprocess has three important disadvantages: first, thelength of time that it takes, which is a minimum of18 hours; second, the insufficient degree of curingreached in some hides due to an overload andpossibly the low efficiency of the brine raceway; andfinally, the environmental impact associated withthe discharge of large quantities of electrolytes in thesoaking step. Our long term goal is to address allthree issues. Initially, we have carried out a studyof the salt uptake and its diffusion mechanism inorder to attempt a reduction in the curing time. Acontinuous reaction mathematical model of a closedone dimensional system that describes the diffusionof sodium chloride in the hide during the curingprocess was chosen in the search for the optimumbrine curing conditions such as the optimum brineconcentration and percent float. The effect of thesetwo parameters on the values of transport coefficient
was reported. Brine diffusion into the hide wastracked by measurement of the chloride concentrationof the residual brine solution. In addition, a piece ofhide was cured with a fluorescently labeled brinesolution and analyzed by means of epifluorescentmicroscopy for direct visualization of the sodiumlocation within the hide.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
The document discusses a conference on green and sustainable technology held in Hong Kong from October 20-21, 2016. It provides details about the conference venue, keynote speaker, and includes an abstract for a presentation on optimizing chromium removal from wastewater using manganese oxide nanoparticles. It also includes another abstract on studying the photooxidation and biological reactions of bisphenol A in aqueous solutions using UV/oxidant processes.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of propranolol by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulphonamide (Chloramine-T or CAT) in sodium hydroxide medium. The key findings are:
1) The rate of reaction was first order with respect to CAT concentration, fractional order with respect to propranolol concentration, and zero order with respect to hydroxide ion concentration.
2) Addition of p-toluenesulphonamide, NaCl, and NaBr did not affect the reaction rate. Variation in ionic strength also did not affect the rate, indicating non-ionic species are involved in the rate-
11.ti o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper composite and study some acoustic pro...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The results also showed frequency and TiO2 concentration affected the measured mechanical properties.
Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasoundAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The study evaluated the effects of different TiO2 ratios and ultrasound frequencies on the mechanical properties of the PVA/TiO2 composites.
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pva cu cl2 by ultrasonicAlexander Decker
The document studies the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with the addition of copper (II) chloride (CuCl2). PVA solutions were prepared with varying amounts of CuCl2 added. Ultrasonic measurements were taken to analyze properties including density, viscosity, velocity, bulk modulus, compressibility, transmittance, absorption coefficient, and relaxation amplitude. The results showed that adding CuCl2 increased viscosity and absorption coefficient, which decreased velocity, bulk modulus, and transmittance. This is because more CuCl2 molecules in solution lead to greater attenuation of ultrasonic waves. Overall, the intermolecular interactions between PVA and CuCl2 influenced the rhe
Enhancement mechanical properties of barium chloride by adding copper chlorid...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the enhancement of mechanical properties of barium chloride (BaCl2) by adding copper chloride (CuCl2) using ultrasonic techniques. The author measured various mechanical properties of BaCl2 solutions at concentrations from 0.05-0.3% both before and after adding 0.3g of CuCl2, including ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance, compressibility, and bulk modulus. The results showed that most properties increased with concentration and further increased after adding CuCl2, indicating CuCl2 enhances the properties of BaCl2 solutions. Compressibility was found to decrease with increasing concentration in both cases.
Determination Of The Crystal Growth Rate Of Paracetamol As A Function Of Solv...cliff57
1) The document discusses a study that determined the crystal growth rate of paracetamol as a function of solvent composition using antisolvent crystallization in methanol-water mixtures.
2) Crystal growth rate was found to decrease with increasing water content up to 68% water, at which point the growth rate increased.
3) The study introduced a method to link solvent composition to growth mechanism and rates. It was postulated that solubility gradient, viscosity, selective adsorption, and surface roughening affect growth rates with solvent composition.
Estimation Of The Nucleation Kinetics For The Antisolvent Crystallization Of ...cliff57
This document discusses estimating the nucleation kinetics for the anti-solvent crystallization of paracetamol in methanol-water solutions. Specifically:
- Laser back-scattering (focused beam reflectance measurement or FBRM) was used to detect nucleation events during anti-solvent crystallization experiments with paracetamol.
- Theoretical models were applied to analyze induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) data from these experiments and estimate nucleation kinetics parameters.
- Solvent composition, in terms of the methanol-water ratio, was found to significantly impact measured induction times and MSZWs. Estimated nucleation rates also decreased with more dynamic solvent compositions.
-
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
Understanding hydrodynamics in membrane bioreactor systems for wastewater tre...Nicolas Ratkovich
The document discusses modeling the hydrodynamics of a membrane bioreactor system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and empirical modeling. Experiments were conducted to measure shear stress and gas slug velocity in a tube under two-phase slug flow conditions. A CFD model was developed and validated against experimental data. Empirical models were also developed to correlate shear stress measurements and predict bimodal shear stress histograms. The models were then used to analyze pressure drop, energy consumption, and opportunities for optimization in the membrane bioreactor system. Finally, the structure of a PhD thesis modeling the hydrodynamics of a specific Norit airlift membrane system is outlined.
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Combined spectra problem (ir, nmr & mass) format of organic moleculesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
This document outlines experiments for using spectroscopy techniques like UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry to determine the structure of organic compounds. It describes collecting spectroscopic data like IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectra for several unknown compounds. The data would be analyzed by identifying functional groups and interpreting chemical shifts, multiplicities, fragmentations to deduce molecular formulas and structures. The experiments aim to elucidate organic structures using various spectroscopy methods.
This document presents a comparative study of uranium(VI) extraction between three resins: Lewatit TP 260, polyethyleniminephenylphosphonamidic acid (PEIPPA), and diaminotriphosphonic acid grafted polystyrene divinyl benzene (DATPA). Batch studies were conducted to optimize parameters such as pH, contact time, initial uranium concentration, ion strength, and temperature. The results showed that PEIPPA extracts uranium best at high acidity (pH ~1.5), while DATPA extracts effectively at low acidity (pH ~3.5). Sorption capacities for uranium were 39.66 mg/g for PEIPPA,
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
The most common method of preserving raw hidesis brine curing with sodium chloride. However, thisprocess has three important disadvantages: first, thelength of time that it takes, which is a minimum of18 hours; second, the insufficient degree of curingreached in some hides due to an overload andpossibly the low efficiency of the brine raceway; andfinally, the environmental impact associated withthe discharge of large quantities of electrolytes in thesoaking step. Our long term goal is to address allthree issues. Initially, we have carried out a studyof the salt uptake and its diffusion mechanism inorder to attempt a reduction in the curing time. Acontinuous reaction mathematical model of a closedone dimensional system that describes the diffusionof sodium chloride in the hide during the curingprocess was chosen in the search for the optimumbrine curing conditions such as the optimum brineconcentration and percent float. The effect of thesetwo parameters on the values of transport coefficient
was reported. Brine diffusion into the hide wastracked by measurement of the chloride concentrationof the residual brine solution. In addition, a piece ofhide was cured with a fluorescently labeled brinesolution and analyzed by means of epifluorescentmicroscopy for direct visualization of the sodiumlocation within the hide.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
The document discusses a conference on green and sustainable technology held in Hong Kong from October 20-21, 2016. It provides details about the conference venue, keynote speaker, and includes an abstract for a presentation on optimizing chromium removal from wastewater using manganese oxide nanoparticles. It also includes another abstract on studying the photooxidation and biological reactions of bisphenol A in aqueous solutions using UV/oxidant processes.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of propranolol by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulphonamide (Chloramine-T or CAT) in sodium hydroxide medium. The key findings are:
1) The rate of reaction was first order with respect to CAT concentration, fractional order with respect to propranolol concentration, and zero order with respect to hydroxide ion concentration.
2) Addition of p-toluenesulphonamide, NaCl, and NaBr did not affect the reaction rate. Variation in ionic strength also did not affect the rate, indicating non-ionic species are involved in the rate-
11.ti o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper composite and study some acoustic pro...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The results also showed frequency and TiO2 concentration affected the measured mechanical properties.
Ti o2 composite and study some acoustic properties by ultrasoundAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the preparation and acoustic properties of PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membranes. The membranes were prepared using a sol-gel casting method with varying ratios of TiO2 powder added to a constant weight of PVA. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on the samples to analyze properties including velocity, compressibility, absorption coefficient, and viscosity. It was found that adding TiO2 enhanced the PVA polymer and increased properties like compressibility, making the composite a better reflecting medium for ultrasound waves. The study evaluated the effects of different TiO2 ratios and ultrasound frequencies on the mechanical properties of the PVA/TiO2 composites.
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Study the rheological and mechanical properties of pva cu cl2 by ultrasonicAlexander Decker
The document studies the rheological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions with the addition of copper (II) chloride (CuCl2). PVA solutions were prepared with varying amounts of CuCl2 added. Ultrasonic measurements were taken to analyze properties including density, viscosity, velocity, bulk modulus, compressibility, transmittance, absorption coefficient, and relaxation amplitude. The results showed that adding CuCl2 increased viscosity and absorption coefficient, which decreased velocity, bulk modulus, and transmittance. This is because more CuCl2 molecules in solution lead to greater attenuation of ultrasonic waves. Overall, the intermolecular interactions between PVA and CuCl2 influenced the rhe
Enhancement mechanical properties of barium chloride by adding copper chlorid...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the enhancement of mechanical properties of barium chloride (BaCl2) by adding copper chloride (CuCl2) using ultrasonic techniques. The author measured various mechanical properties of BaCl2 solutions at concentrations from 0.05-0.3% both before and after adding 0.3g of CuCl2, including ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance, compressibility, and bulk modulus. The results showed that most properties increased with concentration and further increased after adding CuCl2, indicating CuCl2 enhances the properties of BaCl2 solutions. Compressibility was found to decrease with increasing concentration in both cases.
Optical Properties of PVA:CdCl2.H2O Polymer ElectrolytesIOSR Journals
Polymer electrolytes based on Polyvinyl alcohol – Cadmium Chloride were prepared by solution cast
technique. Results of optical absorption, transmission spectra, refractive index, optical band gaps, optical
conductance, single oscillator energy, dispersion energy, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants
studies are presented. The optical properties were obtained using UV-VIS Double Beam Spectrophotometer in
the wavelength range (190-1100) nm. The optical transmittance at wavelength ≈ 190nm for pure PVA was
nearly at 78%, while it was 50% for all doped samples. The optical transmittance was increased with increasing
wavelength up to 98% for all films beyond ≈240nm. The calculated energy band gap changes from 6.42eV (pure
PVA) to 5.80eV (PVA-20%CdCl2.H2O). The optical conductance and band-gap indicated that the films are
almost transmitting within the visible range. The single oscillator expression has been used to obtain the
information about disorder degree. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant of the doped films
increases with increasing CdCl2.H2O concentration, and it shows decreases abruptly in the wavelength (200-
220) nm, and finally becomes constant with increase in photon energy.
This paper investigates the shell properties and concentration stability of a new acoustofluidic delivery agent liposome in comparison to DefinityTM microbubbles. Frequency dependent attenuation measurements were used to estimate the shell stiffness (Sp) and friction (Sf) parameters of both agents. The liposome had lower Sp and Sf values compared to DefinityTM microbubbles. Temperature increase resulted in decreased Sf for both agents but increased Sp for liposomes and decreased Sp for microbubbles. Size distribution measurements using tunable resistive pulse sensing showed the liposomes maintained >80% concentration for 24 hours at physiological temperature, while microbubbles maintained only 27% over the same period.
Prepare and study some mechanical and electrical properties of k al(so4)2.12...Alexander Decker
This document studied the mechanical and electrical properties of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Mechanical properties like ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and bulk modulus were measured. Absorption coefficient and compressibility increased with concentration while bulk modulus decreased. Electrical conductivity also increased with concentration. Molar conductivity decreased with concentration, obeying Ostwald's law of dilution. The degree of dissociation results showed KAl(SO4)2.12H2O is a strong electrolyte. In conclusion, this material could be used for ultrasonic detection coatings, in electrical circuits requiring conductivity sensing, and as an environmentally resistant material due to its mechanical properties.
Swift and efficient_sono-hydrolysis_of_nKarlitox Saoj
This document discusses the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids under basic conditions using ultrasound activation. Key findings include:
- Ultrasound significantly increases the rate of nitrile hydrolysis to carboxylic acids under basic conditions compared to thermal activation alone.
- The positive effect of ultrasound is attributed to more than just mechanical effects and likely involves a radical mechanism with the oxide anion radical (OÅÀ).
- Model reactions converting benzonitrile and adiponitrile to benzoic acid and adipic acid, respectively, demonstrate this sono-hydrolysis method under basic conditions.
This laboratory manual provides instructions and procedures for experiments in a Physical Pharmacy-II Lab course. The manual was prepared by Md. Imran Nur Manik and acknowledges Sushanta Halder. The manual includes 4 experiments focused on topics like the variation of viscosity with temperature, determination of adsorption isotherms, determination of reaction velocity constants, and equilibrium constants. Precise procedures, observations, calculations and results are provided for each experiment.
Ultrasonic velocity and allied parameters of tetrahexylammonium iodidein bina...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Doped wi...IJERA Editor
The polyaniline were prepared by using different inorganic and organic acids via oxidative polymerization
method. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, the peaks are found to be at 507 cm˗1, 592 cm˗1, 798
cm˗1, 1138 cm˗1, 1244 cm˗1, 1302 cm˗1, 1471 cm˗1 and 1556 cm˗1. These predominant peaks may be
confirming the formation of polyaniline. The structural analysis was studied by employing XRD; found that
polyaniline is amorphous in nature. The SEM studies reveal that they are agglomerated, irregular and size of
these grain increases with increasing amount of polyaniline with different organic and inorganic acids. The dc
conductivity (dc) as a function of temperature (T) for polyaniline is studied in the temperature range from 30 to
1600C. At higher temperature it is found that conductivity increases because of hopping of polarons from one
localized states to another localized states. The ac conductivity of polyaniline was prepared by oxalic acid show
high conductivity at 106 Hz. This is due to the space charge polarization and electrode polarizations.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE ON OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATIONAM Publications
Several technologies has been developed to removal of sulfur compounds from liquid fuels is oxidative
desulfurization, hydro desulfurization, catalytic hydro desulfurization, bio desulfurization etc.. Although several studies have
reported enhancement effect of ultrasound irradiation on oxidative desulfurization, exact mechanism underlying this
enhancement is not known yet. In this study, we have addressed this issue with dual approach with how pressure and
temperature effect the desulfurization mechanism. Results of this study have given interesting revelation of interaction
between mechanism of ultrasound, cavitation and oxidation system. Isolation of cavitation phenomenon helps to increase the
extent of oxidation. This effect is attributed to formation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide during transient collapse of
cavitation bubbles due to thermal dissociation of hexane vapor entrapped in the bubble, which hamper action of O species
generated from oxidation system. Transient cavitation itself does not give rise to radical formation due to rather low
temperature peaks reached during collapse. Therefore, cavitation does not enhance the oxidation process, but in fact, has
adverse effect on it. Current study has established that beneficial effect of ultrasound on oxidative desulfurization system is
merely of physical nature (i.e. emulsification due to intense micro-mixing) with no involvement of sonochemical effect.
What is the Rate Law for the Crystal Violet Reaction327-43.docxalanfhall8953
This document summarizes an experiment to determine the rate law for the reaction between crystal violet (CV+) and sodium hydroxide. Students measured the absorbance of CV+ solutions over time using a spectrophotometer. The data showed the reaction was first order with respect to CV+ concentration. The pseudo-first order rate constant was determined to be 0.0066 s-1. The half-life of the reaction was calculated to be 226.923 seconds. In conclusion, the rate law for the crystal violet reaction is rate = 0.0066[CV+].
Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature Control Viscomet...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes research on the electrical properties of poly-(diamino-naphthalene) (PDAN) doped poly-(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA) films. The films were produced via chemical polymerization of PDAN within a PVA matrix. Alternating current impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the films. The results showed that the films exhibited a single conduction mechanism and poly-dispersive relaxation times, indicating a distribution of relaxation times. The AC conductivity of the films increased with higher PDAN concentration. Relaxation times followed an Arrhenius relationship with temperature. Overall, the study characterized the electrical properties and conduction mechanism of PDAN-doped PVA films.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on the preparation, characterization, and application of polyvinylidene fluoride-polystyrene (PVDF/PS) ultrafiltration membranes. The membranes were prepared using a phase inversion technique with PVDF and PS polymers and the additive polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP). The effects of PS composition and PVP concentration on membrane properties like shrinkage ratio, water flux, water content, and porosity were analyzed. Membranes with higher PS and PVP showed lower shrinkage ratio but higher water flux, water content, and porosity. The PVDF/PS membranes were also able to effectively separate heavy metal ions like zinc and copper from water streams.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
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Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
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Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
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The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
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Study the effect of adding pva on some physical properties of cmc polymer as aqueous solutions
1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 5, 2012
Study the Effect of adding PVA on Some Physical Properties of
CMC Polymer as aqueous solutions
Prof. Dr. Abdul-Kareem J. Al-Bermany (Corresponding author)
Babylon University / Facility of Science / Physics department/Advanced polymer laboratory
PO box 4, Babylon, Iraq
E-mail: dr.abdulkaream@yahoo.com
Safa Ahmed Jabbar
Babylon University / Facility of Science / Physics department/Advanced polymer laboratory
PO box 4, Babylon, Iraq
E-mail: Saaa34@yahoo.com
The research is financed by Asian Development Bank. No. 2006-A171(Sponsoring information)
Abstract
Some of physical properties of Carboxy methyl cellulose dissolves in distilled water had been studied at different
concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% ,0.5 ,%,0.6 %,0.7% and 0.8%) gm./ml) before and after adding (0.5,
1 ,1.5 ) gm. of PVA for all concentrations, the Rheological properties such as shear, relative reduced and Specific
Viscosity are measured; the mechanical properties such as ultrasonic velocity had been measured by ultrasonic
waves system at frequency 45 KHz, other mechanical properties had been calculated such as absorption
coefficient of ultrasonic waves, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance,
compressibility and bulk modules. The results show that all these properties are increasing with the increase of
the polymer concentration except compressibility is decreasing with increase the concentration; results show that
when adding PVA these properties are increasing except viscosity, Relaxation time and compressibility are
decreasing. Results also shows that adding PVA polymer to CMC enhances the ultrasonic absorption coefficient
as a result of high values after addition.
Keywords: CMC solution, PVA solution, mechanical properties, rheological properties, ultrasound technique.
1. Introduction
CMC is an ionic linear polysaccharide derived from cellulose .it is an important industrial polymer with a wide
range of applications in flocculations, drug reduction, detergents, textiles, papers, foods, roiling oil and drugs [1].
CMC is water – soluble synthetic polymers. CMC is used primarily because it has high viscosity, it is non-toxic,
and is non-allergenic. CMC has a wide range of applications due to its low cost [2] Because of its polymeric
structure and high molecular Wight; it can be used as filler in bio- composite films [3]. CMC is able to improve
the mechanical and barrier properties of pea starch-based films [4]; Because of its pronounced visco- elastic and
structure-forming properties, the cellulose ether sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) is employed as a
flow enhancer, stabilizer, and also as an agent for binding, suspending and thickening. The physical properties are
strongly dependent not only on the molecular weight and concentration of polymer but also the kind of solvent
systems [5]. PVA is a water-soluble synthetic polymer, due to the characteristics of easy preparation, good
biodegradability, excellent chemical resistance, and good mechanical properties, polyvinyl alcohol is used
mainly as a solution in water but its solubility in water depends on its degree of polymerization and degree of
hydrolysis of its precursor (poly vinyl acetate), The rheological properties of the PVA solutions are affected by
effectiveness of the physical bonding solvent systems the physical state of water is very important to rheological
responses because free water forms hydro-gel structure [6] solvent effects might therefore be expected to
influence the ultrasonic relation behavior, the absorption of ultrasonic in liquid polymer systems is governed by
local modes of motion and cooperative whole molecule movement because of the strong intermolecular
interaction within the polymer it should be possible to observe cooperative motion in the ultrasonic range [7].
Polyvinyl alcohol has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties.
However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is
absorbed, the water which acts as a plasticizer, will then reduce its tensile strength, but increase its elongation
and tear strength. Acoustic relaxation measurements on other polymers have been reported by several workers
[8, 9], ultrasonic technique is good method for studying the structural changes associated with the information of
mixture assist in the study of molecular interaction between two species; some of mechanical properties of
different polymers were carried by some workers using ultrasonic technique [10]. The purpose of this research
was to investigate the physical properties of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as
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ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 5, 2012
aqueous solutions by ultrasound wave at fixed frequency (45 KHZ) and study the effect of adding PVA on the
physical properties of CMC to enhance its different applications.
2. Experimental:
2.1 Preparation of Solutions:
CMC- sodium salt (pancreas- Barcelona-Spain) with assay (99.9 %) of high viscosity and PVA (Gerhard
Buchman –Germany) with assay (99.8%).The CMC solution was prepared by dissolving a known weights of
CMC powder in affixed volume (400 ml) of distilled water under stirring at 70oC for ( 30 min). The CMC
concentrations were (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3 %, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7% and 0.8%) gm./ ml ; then PVA was added with
different weights (0.5, 1, 1.5 gm.) to all CMC Concentrations. The resulting solution was stirred continuously for
(30 min) until the solution mixture became a homogeneous
2.2 Density and Rheological measurements:
ined before and after the adding of PVA by the following equations [12].The Shear viscosity had been calculated
by the following equation [13]: The density of the solutions (ρ) was determined by density bottle method and
their viscosities measured before and after adding PVA for all CMC concentrations by using Ostwald viscometer
with accuracy of ± 1.05% [11], the method of measurement has been described elsewhere different types of
viscosity were determ
η s t ρ
= .......... (1 )
η o to ρ o
Where (ρ) and (ηs) are the solution density and viscosity respectively, (ρo) and (ηo) are density and viscosity of
distilled water respectively, Relative viscosity (ηrel) was calculated by the following equation.
t ηs
η = = .......... ( 2 )
rel to ηo
The specific viscosity (ηsp) and reduced viscosity (ηred) was calculated by the equations where (C) is the
concentration:
(η s − η
o)
η sp = =η − 1 .......... .....( 3 )
ηo rel
η sp
η = .......... (4 )
r ed C
2.3 Ultrasonic measurements:
Ultrasonic measurements were made by pulse technique of sender-receiver type (SV-DH-7A/SVX-7 velocity of
sound instrument) with constant frequency (45 KHz), the receiver quartz crystal mounted on a digital vernier
scale of slow motion, the receiver crystal could be displaced parallel to the sender and the samples were put
between sender and receiver. The sender and receiver pulses (waves) were displaced as two traces of cathode ray
oscilloscope, and the digital delay time (t) of receiver pulses were recorded with respect to the thickness of the
samples (x). The pulses height on oscilloscope (CH1) represents incident ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A0) and
the pulses height on oscilloscope (CH2) represents the receiver ultrasonic wave’s amplitude (A).
2.4 Theoretical calculation:
The absorption coefficient (α) was calculated from Lambert – Beer law [14]:
A/A0 = e (- α x) …… (5)
Where (A0) is the initially amplitude of the ultrasonic waves,(A) is the wave amplitude after absorption and (x)
is the thickness of the sample.
The ultrasonic wave velocity (v) was calculated using the following equation [15]:
v = x / t …… (6)
Where (t) is time that the waves need to cross the samples (digital obtained from the instrument). Attenuation is
generally proportional to the square of sound frequency so the relaxation amplitude (D) was calculated from the
following equation [16] where (f) is the ultrasonic frequency:
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3. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol 5, 2012
D = α/ f2……… (7)
The acoustic impedance of a medium (Z), it was calculated by equation [17]:
Z = ρ v …….. (8)
Bulk modulus (K) is the substance's resistance to uniform compression, it is defined as the pressure increase
needed to decrease the volume; it was calculated by Laplace equation [18]:
K = ρ v 2……. (9)
Compressibility (β) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or
mean stress) change, it was calculated by the following equation [19]:
β = (ρ v2)-1 …….. (10)
The relaxation time (τ) was calculated from the equation [20]:
τ =4 ηs /3ρ v2…….. (11)
3. Results and Discussion:
3.1 Rheological properties:
The density is increasing with the increase of polymer concentration as shown in (Fig.1) since the density
defined as mass per unit volume and we adding different weight of polymer to fixed volume of solvent so there
are linear increment for density. Shear Viscosity is increasing with concentration as shown in (Fig.2) this
attributed to the mechanism that hydrogen bonding of water attached to oxygen sites, this leads to salvation
sheaths and increase in the size of the molecules, so its viscosity [21] furthermore water act as plasticizer will
reduce tensile strength and increase its chains [22, 23]. Relative, specific and reduced viscosities showed in
(Fig.3), (Fig.4) and (Fig.5) respectively possess the same behaviors of shear viscosity because they derived from
it as shown in equations (2, 3), adding PVA reduced these viscosities, this attributed that there are
intermolecular interactions and network formation between the two types of molecules as a result of adding
PVA so decreasing the size of macromolecules and attributed that CMC molecular weight is higher than
PVA which has Low molecular weight, and adding PVA to CMC reduced the friction between the two
types of molecules in a solution therefore the solutions have new conformation and configuration that lead to
reduce viscosity. [24, 25, 26].
3.2 Mechanical properties:
(Fig.6) shows that absorption coefficient is increasing with concentration this attributed to the fact that when
polymer concentration increase there will be more molecules in solution this lead to more attenuation against
wave propagation, the attenuation can be attributed to the friction and heat exchange between the particles and
the surrounding medium as well as to the decay of the acoustic wave in the forward direction due to scattering by
the Particles [8], this behavior same to that give by [11] for other polymers, adding PVA enhances absorption
coefficient by increasing its values. This attributed as we explained that adding PVA reduced the viscosity of the
solution this means that there were more flexibility for these polymer chains in solution as a result of adding
PVA molecules, and because ultrasonic waves propagate as compression and rarefaction in a medium so there
are variation in density medium and there were more attenuation to energy of ultrasound waves when adding
PVA [27]. Ultrasonic velocity is increasing with increasing concentration as shown in (Fig.7) this because
structural or volume relaxation it occurs in associated liquids such as polymers, a liquid when at rest has a lattice
structure similar to that possessed by solid when waves are propagated through it, the resultant periodic
changes of wave pressure causes molecules to flow into vacancies in the lattice during compression phase and
to return to their original positions in the lattice during rarefaction so when concentration increases the velocity
is also increase [28]. Adding PVA increase the velocity, this attributed that ultrasonic waves interact with
polymers causing association between the two types of molecules that lead to increase the velocity [26]. The
compressibility is decreasing with the increase of concentration (Fig.8) and attributed to the fact that in Laplace
equation no. (10) There are inverse proportionality between compressibility and ultrasonic velocity [28, 29].
Ultrasonic relaxation time was calculated by using equation no. (11) Shown in (Fig.9) and the relaxation
amplitude shown in (Fig.10) calculated from equation no.(7) their values are increasing with concentration, this
behavior same to that give by [11] for other polymers, also Fig.9 Shows that relaxation time reduced when
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ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
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adding PVA this attributed to the fact that ultrasonic energy depends on viscosity thermal conductivity, scattering
and intermolecular processes , thermal conductivity and scattering effects are known to be negligible [18] so
viscosity is responsible for the decrease of relaxation time for this reason absorption coefficient commonly
known as visco –absorption. Specific acoustic impedance shown in (Fig.11) is increasing with concentrations
this behavior same to that given by [30] for other polymers and attributed to the equation no. (8) has only one
variable parameter which is velocity and density has very small variations with respect to that of velocity. and
the bulk modulus is increasing with concentration (Fig.12) ; this behavior same to that give by [23].Fig.11
shows that adding PVA reduced acoustic impedance because PVA polymer chains fills the valances by
swallowing water molecules and be closer to CMC macromolecules that increasing Specific acoustic impedance
[31].
4. Conclusion
Adding PVA polymer to CMC enhances the ultrasonic absorption coefficient as a result of high values after
addition.
it can be applied as a coated material to object that want to be observed by sonar or such radars.
Small amount of PVA can reduce CMC solution viscosity instead of adding large quantity of water to obtain
same results.
When concentration increases the velocity increases there will be complexes molecules were formed in the
solution by the effect of peroxide and roots that rebounded to Network formations between polymer chains
when adding PVA.
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Figure.1. Density due to concentration Figure.2. Shear viscosity due to concentration
Figure.3. Relative viscosity due to concentration Figure.4. Specific viscosity due concentration
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Figure.5. Reduce viscosity due to concentration Figure.6. Absorption coefficient due to concentration
Figure.7. Velocity due to concentration Figure.8. Compressibility due to concentration
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Figure.9. Relaxation time due to concentration Figure.10. Relaxation amplitude due to concentration
Figure.11.Acoustic impedance due to concentration Figure.12. Bulk Modulus due to concentration
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