This document discusses a study on the spectral properties of Pinacyanol Chloride (PIN) in the presence of various anionic surfactants. The study found that PIN interacts electrostatically with surfactants, producing a blue-shifted absorption band. The wavelength of this band increases with rising surfactant concentration in the premicellar region. Binding constants between PIN and surfactant micelles were determined, with higher values found for surfactants with longer alkyl chains. This indicates hydrophobic interactions play an important role in complex formation between PIN and anionic surfactants.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the electrochemical treatment of synthetic wastewater containing Acid Green V dye in a tubular flow reactor. Experiments were conducted at different current densities and effluent flow rates to determine the effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and color removal. The percentage reduction in COD and color removal were found to be highest (up to 100%) at the lowest flow rate of 10 liters per hour and highest current density of 2.5 A/dm2, across initial dye concentrations of 1500 and 3000 mg/L. A flow rate of 30 liters per hour and current density of 1.5 A/dm2 provided lower power consumption while still achieving good COD and color reduction.
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
Film pore diffusion modeling for sorption of azo dye on to exfoliated graphit...Science Padayatchi
The document describes research on using exfoliated graphitic nanoplatelets (xGnPs) to adsorb the azo dye Acid Orange 7 from aqueous solutions. The effects of temperature, pH, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption process were studied. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models well. Adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model. Analysis of the kinetics and isotherms provided insight into the adsorption mechanism and rate determining steps. The xGnPs were found to efficiently and effectively remove the acid dye from solutions through an exothermic adsorption process governed by chemical reaction kinetics.
Synthesis, Structure Investigation and Dyeing Assessment of Novel Bisazo Disp...IOSR Journals
Novel bisazo-disperse dyes were prepared by the coupling of diazotized solutions of various aromatic diamines with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The resultant bisazo disperse dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. The UV Visible absorption spectral data were investigated in dimethylformamide. and are discussed in terms of structural property relationship. Their dyeing assessment of bisazo disperse dyes has been made on polyester fabrics. The results show that a better hue was obtained on polyester fabrics and have mild to moderate fastness properties.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the electrochemical treatment of synthetic wastewater containing Acid Green V dye in a tubular flow reactor. Experiments were conducted at different current densities and effluent flow rates to determine the effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and color removal. The percentage reduction in COD and color removal were found to be highest (up to 100%) at the lowest flow rate of 10 liters per hour and highest current density of 2.5 A/dm2, across initial dye concentrations of 1500 and 3000 mg/L. A flow rate of 30 liters per hour and current density of 1.5 A/dm2 provided lower power consumption while still achieving good COD and color reduction.
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
Film pore diffusion modeling for sorption of azo dye on to exfoliated graphit...Science Padayatchi
The document describes research on using exfoliated graphitic nanoplatelets (xGnPs) to adsorb the azo dye Acid Orange 7 from aqueous solutions. The effects of temperature, pH, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption process were studied. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models well. Adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model. Analysis of the kinetics and isotherms provided insight into the adsorption mechanism and rate determining steps. The xGnPs were found to efficiently and effectively remove the acid dye from solutions through an exothermic adsorption process governed by chemical reaction kinetics.
Synthesis, Structure Investigation and Dyeing Assessment of Novel Bisazo Disp...IOSR Journals
Novel bisazo-disperse dyes were prepared by the coupling of diazotized solutions of various aromatic diamines with 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone. The resultant bisazo disperse dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies. The UV Visible absorption spectral data were investigated in dimethylformamide. and are discussed in terms of structural property relationship. Their dyeing assessment of bisazo disperse dyes has been made on polyester fabrics. The results show that a better hue was obtained on polyester fabrics and have mild to moderate fastness properties.
The document summarizes research on the indirect electrochemical reduction of vat dyes using an iron-triethanolamine complex mediator system. Vat dyes are typically reduced using sodium dithionite, but this produces harmful byproducts. The study explores using electrochemistry and an iron-TEA mediator to reduce vat dyes in an environmentally friendly manner. Experiments are conducted to determine dye reduction potentials and optimize iron-TEA-NaOH ratios for dyeing cotton. Color yields are compared between the new electrochemical method and conventional sodium dithionite reduction.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
There are several methods for colouring polymers, each with advantages and disadvantages. Dry colour involves mixing pigments directly into the polymer but can be messy and inconsistent. Masterbatch uses a high concentration of pigments compounded with a carrier polymer for better dispersion. Liquid colour is similar but uses a liquid carrier. Fully compounded colour extrudes the pigments with the base polymer for the most accurate and controlled colours. The appropriate colouring method depends on factors like required colour consistency, flexibility, and impact on material properties.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing polyaniline-clay nanocomposites using a mechanochemical method and studying their optical properties. Key findings include:
1) Polyaniline-clay nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via a mechanochemical polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of clay.
2) Characterization using XRD, FT-IR, and optical measurements confirmed the formation of polyaniline-clay nanocomposites with an average grain size of 0.587 nm.
3) Optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical band gap were determined from UV-visible spectroscopy measurements.
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
Correlation between thermodynamic parameters andAlexander Decker
Nine carboxylated reactive dyes were synthesized and applied to silk fabric. The dyes showed high equilibrium exhaustion percentages between 80-97% on the silk. However, wash fastness was poor due to weak dye-fiber bonds. Aftertreatment with carbodiimide improved fixation and significantly increased wash fastness for dyes containing carboxylic acid groups by forming covalent bonds between the dye and silk fiber. Thermodynamic parameters like partition coefficient and standard affinity correlated with exhaustion percentage and were higher for dyes with stronger dye-fiber interactions.
IRJET- Colours Removal using Iron Oxide Nano PaarticlesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using iron oxide nanoparticles to remove two types of dyes (Reactive green 19A and Direct yellow 12) from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Reactive green 19A removal was most efficient at alkaline pH 9, while Direct yellow 12 removal worked best at neutral pH 7.
2) Dye removal efficiency decreased as the initial dye concentration increased.
3) The highest dye removal rates of 99.99% for Reactive green 19A and 99.9% for Direct yellow 12 were achieved with 400mg of iron oxide nanoparticles at a contact time of 80 minutes and initial dye concentration of 10mg/L.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Adsorption Studies on The Removal of Reactive Red Dye from Aqueous Solution U...IJLT EMAS
The increase in the use of dyes in industries has caused
major problems in the treatment of the industrial effluent. The
need to create economically and ecologically sound solutions to
this problem has been investigated here. Bio-adsorbent chitosan
has shown very promising characteristics in this field. A
comparative study of adsorption of aqueous Reactive red dye
solution on non-cross linked chitosan beads and ECH cross
linked chitosan beads was conducted using batch operations. The
extent of adsorption was tested against parameters of time,
adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, rpm and pH. Cross
linked beads were found to be more efficient than normal beads.
ECH cross linked chitosan beads are visibly more rigid than
chitosan beads and they have high stability in acidic medium
compared to chitosan beads which disintegrate in acidic medium.
A higher initial concentration of dye and pH of 3 was found to be
favorable for adsorption. Complete removal of dye was achieved
at 3 hours for a dye solution of 100ppm at pH 3. Kinetic rate
studies established that the pseudo-second order kinetics was
most suited to the adsorption of reactive red onto chitosan beads
The Freundlich isotherm was in agreement with the experimental
data.
1. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the synergistic extraction of neodymium ions using a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane with a mixture of 0.5M D2EHPA and 0.5M TOPO extractants.
2. The simulation results from the developed models showed good agreement with reported experimental data, with an average percentage absolute error of 8.95%.
3. Key findings were that the hollow fiber supported liquid membrane system using a synergistic mixture of D2EHPA and TOPO extractants is effective for the extraction of neodymium ions from solution.
This document provides information about organic chemistry concepts including synthetic dyes, synthetic drugs, and synthetic polymers. It discusses the classification of dyes based on their chemical constitution and provides examples of important synthetic dyes like Congo red, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein, and Alizarin. It also summarizes theories on the relationship between color and chemical structure, including Witt's theory and the modern electronic concept. Classification of dyes as natural or synthetic is described.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
This document describes the development of a new spectrophotometric method for determining gadolinium concentration using Alizarin Red S as the complexing agent. Key findings include:
1) Gadolinium forms a stable complex with Alizarin Red S at pH 4.6-4.8 that has maximum absorbance at 530 nm.
2) Beer's law is followed in the concentration range of 1-14 μg/mL of gadolinium.
3) The method allows for detection of gadolinium down to 0.264 μg/mL with good precision.
4) The method is proposed for determining gadolinium concentration during solvent extraction studies of gadolinium removal from nuclear
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Some Polymeric Dyes Derived Fr...IOSR Journals
In this study, Some Monoazo disperse dyes namely, 4-arylazoaminophenols (AAPs) were synthesized via diazotization and coupling reactions and later, polycondensation of these dyes with formaldehyde in the presence of aqueous oxalic acid was carried out. The resulting polymeric dyes namely, (4-arylazoaminophenol-formaldehyde)s (PAAP-F)s as well as their low-molecular weight precursors were characterized by yield, melting point, color, solubility, viscosimetry, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and Infra red spectroscopy. Their dyeing performance on nylon and polyester were assessed using standard methods. The products were obtained in good yield and had low melting points The dyes were found to be soluble in chloroform and acetone, some were found to dissolve in ethanol and methanol, and generally insoluble in water. The dyeing on nylon and polyester had yellow shades with moderate to good light and wash fastness. Their rubbing fastnesses on nylon and polyester were very good. Polymerizations of the monomeric dyes on dyed nylon and polyester have also been carried out. The dyeing properties of the monomeric and polymeric dyes were compared with the dyes polymerized in situ on nylon and polyester and the fastness properties were found to increase on polymerization and even better with the dyes polymerized inside the fibers
Dendrimers are nanoscale, tree-branching polymers that have potential applications as drug delivery agents. They are synthesized in a stepwise process that builds up branches around a core molecule. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules, releasing them in a controlled manner. They have properties like water solubility and low toxicity that make them promising for targeted drug delivery. However, further research is still needed to address challenges like toxicity at high generations and scale up for commercialization before dendrimer-based drugs can be developed.
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
Interaction of Components in Molecular Optoelectronics for the Next Generati...Scientific Review SR
The interaction of molecular optoelectronic components on the molecular scale were studied where
the solvent shell indicating the influence of the medium was found to be surprisingly small. The transport of
energy as resonant energy transfer covers distances of about 5 nm and was shown not to proceed by a simple to
dipole dipole interaction with typical restrictions, but by a more complex mechanism. Furthermore, a novel -type of
far-reaching interactions of electronically excited structures until macroscopic dimensions were fond and may be
applied for addressing molecular structures by conventional electronics
The document summarizes research on the indirect electrochemical reduction of vat dyes using an iron-triethanolamine complex mediator system. Vat dyes are typically reduced using sodium dithionite, but this produces harmful byproducts. The study explores using electrochemistry and an iron-TEA mediator to reduce vat dyes in an environmentally friendly manner. Experiments are conducted to determine dye reduction potentials and optimize iron-TEA-NaOH ratios for dyeing cotton. Color yields are compared between the new electrochemical method and conventional sodium dithionite reduction.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
There are several methods for colouring polymers, each with advantages and disadvantages. Dry colour involves mixing pigments directly into the polymer but can be messy and inconsistent. Masterbatch uses a high concentration of pigments compounded with a carrier polymer for better dispersion. Liquid colour is similar but uses a liquid carrier. Fully compounded colour extrudes the pigments with the base polymer for the most accurate and controlled colours. The appropriate colouring method depends on factors like required colour consistency, flexibility, and impact on material properties.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
This document presents a study on enhancing the efficiency of adsorption processes using activated carbon through microwave activation and a high gravimetric rotating packed bed technology. The study aims to optimize preparation conditions for activated carbon from agricultural waste using microwaves. Response surface methodology and Taguchi experiments were used to determine optimal preparation parameters. The prepared activated carbon was then used in a rotating packed bed reactor to minimize contact time for dye and heavy metal removal. Kinetic and isotherm studies showed the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Optimization of process parameters for the rotating packed bed reactor enhanced removal efficiency.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing polyaniline-clay nanocomposites using a mechanochemical method and studying their optical properties. Key findings include:
1) Polyaniline-clay nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via a mechanochemical polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of clay.
2) Characterization using XRD, FT-IR, and optical measurements confirmed the formation of polyaniline-clay nanocomposites with an average grain size of 0.587 nm.
3) Optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical band gap were determined from UV-visible spectroscopy measurements.
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
Correlation between thermodynamic parameters andAlexander Decker
Nine carboxylated reactive dyes were synthesized and applied to silk fabric. The dyes showed high equilibrium exhaustion percentages between 80-97% on the silk. However, wash fastness was poor due to weak dye-fiber bonds. Aftertreatment with carbodiimide improved fixation and significantly increased wash fastness for dyes containing carboxylic acid groups by forming covalent bonds between the dye and silk fiber. Thermodynamic parameters like partition coefficient and standard affinity correlated with exhaustion percentage and were higher for dyes with stronger dye-fiber interactions.
IRJET- Colours Removal using Iron Oxide Nano PaarticlesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using iron oxide nanoparticles to remove two types of dyes (Reactive green 19A and Direct yellow 12) from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Reactive green 19A removal was most efficient at alkaline pH 9, while Direct yellow 12 removal worked best at neutral pH 7.
2) Dye removal efficiency decreased as the initial dye concentration increased.
3) The highest dye removal rates of 99.99% for Reactive green 19A and 99.9% for Direct yellow 12 were achieved with 400mg of iron oxide nanoparticles at a contact time of 80 minutes and initial dye concentration of 10mg/L.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Adsorption Studies on The Removal of Reactive Red Dye from Aqueous Solution U...IJLT EMAS
The increase in the use of dyes in industries has caused
major problems in the treatment of the industrial effluent. The
need to create economically and ecologically sound solutions to
this problem has been investigated here. Bio-adsorbent chitosan
has shown very promising characteristics in this field. A
comparative study of adsorption of aqueous Reactive red dye
solution on non-cross linked chitosan beads and ECH cross
linked chitosan beads was conducted using batch operations. The
extent of adsorption was tested against parameters of time,
adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, rpm and pH. Cross
linked beads were found to be more efficient than normal beads.
ECH cross linked chitosan beads are visibly more rigid than
chitosan beads and they have high stability in acidic medium
compared to chitosan beads which disintegrate in acidic medium.
A higher initial concentration of dye and pH of 3 was found to be
favorable for adsorption. Complete removal of dye was achieved
at 3 hours for a dye solution of 100ppm at pH 3. Kinetic rate
studies established that the pseudo-second order kinetics was
most suited to the adsorption of reactive red onto chitosan beads
The Freundlich isotherm was in agreement with the experimental
data.
1. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the synergistic extraction of neodymium ions using a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane with a mixture of 0.5M D2EHPA and 0.5M TOPO extractants.
2. The simulation results from the developed models showed good agreement with reported experimental data, with an average percentage absolute error of 8.95%.
3. Key findings were that the hollow fiber supported liquid membrane system using a synergistic mixture of D2EHPA and TOPO extractants is effective for the extraction of neodymium ions from solution.
This document provides information about organic chemistry concepts including synthetic dyes, synthetic drugs, and synthetic polymers. It discusses the classification of dyes based on their chemical constitution and provides examples of important synthetic dyes like Congo red, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein, and Alizarin. It also summarizes theories on the relationship between color and chemical structure, including Witt's theory and the modern electronic concept. Classification of dyes as natural or synthetic is described.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
This document describes the development of a new spectrophotometric method for determining gadolinium concentration using Alizarin Red S as the complexing agent. Key findings include:
1) Gadolinium forms a stable complex with Alizarin Red S at pH 4.6-4.8 that has maximum absorbance at 530 nm.
2) Beer's law is followed in the concentration range of 1-14 μg/mL of gadolinium.
3) The method allows for detection of gadolinium down to 0.264 μg/mL with good precision.
4) The method is proposed for determining gadolinium concentration during solvent extraction studies of gadolinium removal from nuclear
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
Analysis of Natural Sensitizers to Enhance the Efficiency in Dye Sensitized S...IJERA Editor
Three vegetable dyes are used for the study: anthocyanin dye from pomegranate arils extract, betalain dye from
beet root extract and chlorophyll dye from tridax procumbens leaf. The anthocyanin and betalain, anthocyanin
and chlorophyll, betalain and chlorophyll dyes are blended in cocktail in equal proportions, by volume. This
study determines the effect of different extraction concentrations and different vegetable dyes on energy gap
using dye sensitized solar cells. The experimental results show that the cocktail dye blended using extracts of
pomegranate arils, beet root and tridax procumbens leaf, in the volumetric proportion 1:1, using an extraction at
room temperature the greatest energy gap (eg) of up to 1.87eV.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Some Polymeric Dyes Derived Fr...IOSR Journals
In this study, Some Monoazo disperse dyes namely, 4-arylazoaminophenols (AAPs) were synthesized via diazotization and coupling reactions and later, polycondensation of these dyes with formaldehyde in the presence of aqueous oxalic acid was carried out. The resulting polymeric dyes namely, (4-arylazoaminophenol-formaldehyde)s (PAAP-F)s as well as their low-molecular weight precursors were characterized by yield, melting point, color, solubility, viscosimetry, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and Infra red spectroscopy. Their dyeing performance on nylon and polyester were assessed using standard methods. The products were obtained in good yield and had low melting points The dyes were found to be soluble in chloroform and acetone, some were found to dissolve in ethanol and methanol, and generally insoluble in water. The dyeing on nylon and polyester had yellow shades with moderate to good light and wash fastness. Their rubbing fastnesses on nylon and polyester were very good. Polymerizations of the monomeric dyes on dyed nylon and polyester have also been carried out. The dyeing properties of the monomeric and polymeric dyes were compared with the dyes polymerized in situ on nylon and polyester and the fastness properties were found to increase on polymerization and even better with the dyes polymerized inside the fibers
Dendrimers are nanoscale, tree-branching polymers that have potential applications as drug delivery agents. They are synthesized in a stepwise process that builds up branches around a core molecule. Dendrimers can encapsulate or conjugate to drug molecules, releasing them in a controlled manner. They have properties like water solubility and low toxicity that make them promising for targeted drug delivery. However, further research is still needed to address challenges like toxicity at high generations and scale up for commercialization before dendrimer-based drugs can be developed.
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
Interaction of Components in Molecular Optoelectronics for the Next Generati...Scientific Review SR
The interaction of molecular optoelectronic components on the molecular scale were studied where
the solvent shell indicating the influence of the medium was found to be surprisingly small. The transport of
energy as resonant energy transfer covers distances of about 5 nm and was shown not to proceed by a simple to
dipole dipole interaction with typical restrictions, but by a more complex mechanism. Furthermore, a novel -type of
far-reaching interactions of electronically excited structures until macroscopic dimensions were fond and may be
applied for addressing molecular structures by conventional electronics
1) The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was studied at various pH levels between 2 and 10 using dye absorption, conductance, and light scattering measurement techniques.
2) The results showed that at low pH (below pH 4), the CMC decreases, whereas at higher pH (between 5 and 10) it remains constant.
3) This suggests that pH has an effect on the CMC of SDS, likely by decreasing the electrostatic repulsion of the charge heads on the micelle surface and changing the stability of the micelle at low pH levels.
Study the effect of thin film thickness on the optical features of (IR5 laser...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document studies the effect of thin film thickness and number of laser pulses on the linear and non-linear optical properties of thin film samples composed of IR5 laser dye, CdSe nanoparticles, and polypropylene polymer. Linear properties such as transmittance, absorbance, absorption coefficient, and refractive index were calculated for films of varying thickness and number of laser pulses. Non-linear properties including non-linear refractive index, non-linear phase shift, and non-linear absorption coefficient were determined from Z-scan measurements for films of different thickness. The results show that thicker films eliminate non-linear effects between layers, while CdSe nanoparticles cause absorption shifting to longer wavelengths. Film thickness and number of laser pulses influence non-
This paper studied the competitive adsorption of nitrate and oxalic acid on TiO2. It found that while nitrate had a higher Langmuir adsorption coefficient, oxalic acid adsorbed about 10 times more due to its ability to bind in two ways. In competitive adsorption, oxalic acid preferentially adsorbed, inhibiting nitrate uptake by up to 93% at higher oxalic acid concentrations. This inhibition could reduce the effectiveness of photocatalytic nitrate remediation, suggesting surface modification may be needed to enhance nitrate adsorption for faster reaction rates.
The document describes a method for synthesizing and characterizing fluorescent dye-labeled smart polymers (microgels). Microgels based on N-isopropylacrylamide were synthesized and coupled with the amine-reactive fluorescent dye Nuclear Fast Red using standard coupling chemistry. Analytical techniques including DLS, FTIR, HS-DSC and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the dye was successfully conjugated to the microgels. The dye-labeled microgels were larger in size and had a higher volume phase transition temperature compared to unlabeled microgels.
Densities and Refractive Indices of solutions of
potassium bromate (KBrO3) have been studied in water and
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of
KCl with temperature in the range T = 298.15˚K- 313.15˚K. The
data obtained is utilized to determine Specific Refraction (RD)
and Molar Refraction (RM) of solutions. The values of Refractive
indices, Molar Refraction (RM) and Molar Polarisability (α)
constant are found to be decreased with decreasing concentration
of solute in solvent and these results are also interpreted in terms
of interaction in salt solution. It has been verified that Molar
Refraction is additive and constitutive property.
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Doped wi...IJERA Editor
The polyaniline were prepared by using different inorganic and organic acids via oxidative polymerization
method. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, the peaks are found to be at 507 cm˗1, 592 cm˗1, 798
cm˗1, 1138 cm˗1, 1244 cm˗1, 1302 cm˗1, 1471 cm˗1 and 1556 cm˗1. These predominant peaks may be
confirming the formation of polyaniline. The structural analysis was studied by employing XRD; found that
polyaniline is amorphous in nature. The SEM studies reveal that they are agglomerated, irregular and size of
these grain increases with increasing amount of polyaniline with different organic and inorganic acids. The dc
conductivity (dc) as a function of temperature (T) for polyaniline is studied in the temperature range from 30 to
1600C. At higher temperature it is found that conductivity increases because of hopping of polarons from one
localized states to another localized states. The ac conductivity of polyaniline was prepared by oxalic acid show
high conductivity at 106 Hz. This is due to the space charge polarization and electrode polarizations.
Influence of Cr Doping On Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of...IOSR Journals
Cr-doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile structure. Increasing the Cr dopant concentration from 10% to 20% caused a shift of diffraction peaks to higher angles, decreasing the interplanar spacing and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the films had a homogeneous, crack-free morphology with spherical grains that decreased in size as the Cr concentration increased. Optical analysis found the energy bandgap increased with higher Cr doping levels, exhibiting a blue shift. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were influenced by the Cr dopant concentration.
The document discusses the applications of infrared (IR) spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis. IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups and determine molecular structures. It allows study of hydrogen bonding, geometrical isomers, and reaction progress. Near IR is applied to agriculture and pharmaceutical analysis while mid IR identifies organic and biological species. Far IR is used in medical treatments and astronomy. In summary, IR spectroscopy enables structural analysis and has various applications across chemistry, biology, medicine, and astronomy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–100
μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6 and
1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
IRJET- A Study on Dye Sensitized Solar Cell from 2-Naphthalehyde Dye as Sensi...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on dye sensitized solar cells that use 2-naphthaldehyde dye as the sensitizer. Key points:
1) ZnO nanostructured electrodes were prepared using a hydrothermal method and used as the photoanode. 2-naphthaldehyde dye was synthesized and characterized. Dye sensitized solar cells were assembled using the dye and iodide/triiodide electrolyte solution.
2) The efficiency of cells using the synthesized 2-naphthaldehyde dye and its polymer derivative were tested and compared to using 2-naphthol as the starting material. The polymer dye showed the highest efficiency of 0.266%.
3) Characterization of
Synthesis, Characterization of ZnS nanoparticles by Coprecipitation method us...IOSR Journals
ZnS nanoparticles are prepared by coprecipitation method using various capping agents like PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVA (polyvinylalcohol) and PEG-4000 (polyethyleneglycol). These are characterized by UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Visible absorption spectra are used to find the optical band gap and the values obtained have been found to be in the range of 3.80-4.00eV. The particle size of nanoparticles calculated from XRD pattern has been in the range of 2-4 nm. It is also observed that the particle size of nanoparticle is affected by the nature of capping agent. Photo catalytic degradation of xylenol orange (XO) by the nanoparticles shows that these act as photo catalysts under sunlight irradiation. The XO dye was degraded more than 87.24, 83.42 and 73.05% in the presence of PEG-4000, PVA and PVP capped ZnS nanoparticles in 120, 150 and 180 min. respectively. The kinetics of catalyzed by synthesized ZnS nanoparticles with XO dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics with reasonable apparent rate constants.
Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy And SpectroscopyMelissa Moore
Spectroscopy is a broad field that includes techniques like Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and optical spectroscopy. These techniques involve using electromagnetic radiation to interact with and study matter. Infrared spectroscopy can help identify functional groups in a molecule by examining how the molecule vibrates when exposed to infrared light. NMR spectroscopy provides information about the molecular structure by measuring magnetic properties of atomic nuclei and how they interact with applied magnetic fields. Data from NMR indicates the number of protons and their chemical environment, aiding in determining molecular structure.
Monitoring of the Sulfur and Nano Silver in Water by Method of Laser Spectros...IJERA Editor
We developed new automatic method that combines the method of forced lumines-cence and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). We used the method for the pathogens monitoring in water supply system earlier. We have researched spectral peaks of gases and show that method allows determining H2S content with 0.01% accuracy and determining the content constituents of nano silver in water.
Dielectric Relaxation And Molecular Interaction Studies Of PEG With Non-Polar...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a study of the dielectric relaxation and molecular interactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with non-polar solvents like carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and 1,4-dioxane using time domain reflectometry technique. The complex dielectric permittivity was measured for PEG-solvent mixtures at different concentrations from 10 MHz to 30 GHz. Parameters like the static dielectric constant, relaxation time, Bruggeman factor, and Kirkwood correlation factors were determined. The results indicate that heteromolecular hydrogen bonding between PEG and the solvents significantly affects the dielectric properties of the mixtures.
Cl2 complexes and characterization of (pva [co(nh3)5 cl]cl2]) compositesAlexander Decker
This document describes the preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with the addition of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complexes. The composites were prepared by casting technique with different thicknesses and concentrations of the complex. Optical properties including absorption, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and dielectric constant were measured using UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that all optical properties increased with higher concentrations of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 complex in the PVA composites.
simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric
method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is
based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin-
2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression
analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–
100 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6
and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results
demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
Values of dielectric constant (ɛ') and dielectric loss (ɛ") have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixtures of acetonitrile + n-butyl alcohol at 10.75 GHz microwave frequencies at 300C and over the complete mole fraction range. The values of ɛ' and ɛ" have been used to evaluate the loss tangent ( tan ),
molar polarization (P12), apparent polarization (P2) and a.c. conductivity ( p ).The results are discussed in
terms of intermolecular interactions. The results are positive over the entire range of composition.
Viscosity, density and refractive index measurement of pure liquid and binary liquid mixtures were carried out at 300C. The values of viscosity have been used to evaluate the activation energy (Ea). The surface tension has been experimentally determined for pure liquid and binary liquid mixtures at 300C. These parameters have been used to explain the formation of hydrogen bonding and formation of complex in the binary liquid mixtures.
Similar to Spectral studies of pinacyanol chloride in sodium alkyl sulfate (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on Investing in AI for ABS Alu...Herman Kienhuis
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on developments in AI, the venture capital investment landscape and Curiosity VC's approach to investing, at the alumni event of Amsterdam Business School (University of Amsterdam) on June 13, 2024 in Amsterdam.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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Spectral studies of pinacyanol chloride in sodium alkyl sulfate
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol 2, No.3, 2012
Spectral studies of Pinacyanol Chloride in Sodium Alkyl Sulfate
Banti Ganguly and R.K.Nath*
Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799022, India.
*
Corresponding Author: - Tel.: +91 9436508446; fax: +91 3812374802.
E-mail address: mamom.0123@gmail.com; rknath1995@gmail.com
Abstract
Interaction of pinacyanol chloride (PIN) with anionic surfactants at premicellar and postmicellar concentration
range was studied by visible spectrophotometry and these interaction produces a blue shift metachromatic band
(at ~ 490 nm), which gradually shifted to higher wavelength region as the concentration of sodium alkyl sulfate
increased in the premicellar region. PIN-micelle binding constant (KC and KC΄) was determined from spectral
data for post micellar stage and premicellar stage.
Keywords: Pinacyanol Chloride; Anionic surfactant; Binding constant.
1. Introduction
Pinacyanol chloride (1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-carbocyanine) (PIN) is a cationic dye that belongs to the class of
conjugated cyanine dyes. The amphipathic nature of these dyes confers solubility in a wide range of solvents,
including water and chloroform. It can form aggregates. A strong dispersion force associated with the high
polarizability of the chromophoric chain favors the aggregation of cyanine dyes in aqueous solution. The high
dielectric constant of water facilitates the aggregation process by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between
similarly charged dye molecules [1]. Cyanine dyes are intensively colored, polymethine dyes and have been
frequently used as optical probes in the study of membranes, surfactants, micelles, proteins, amyloid fibrils, and
dendrimer-based host systems [2-5]. As a redox indicator, it is used to monitor peroxide activation [6]. In health
sciences, it has been observed that PIN causes respiratory immunogenicity [7]. PIN has been used to study
bacterial polysaccharides [8].
Aggregation produces new spectral bands, now commonly referred as the J and the H band [9]. H
aggregates are spectroscopic entities that are characterized by a blue-shifted absorption band with respect to
monomer absorption, whereas J aggregates present a red-shifted band. H aggregates appear at low concentration
prior to the formation of the J aggregates. In water, maxima of such spectral components can be located at 600,
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550, and ≈520 nm. The first one is usually interpreted as the vibrationless electronic S0 → S1 transition and the
other two as the same electronic transition under vibration cooperation. With increasing dye concentration, the
spectrum undergoes some variations: the peak at 600 nm diminishes, whereas that at 550 nm enhances.
Surfactants form organized structure both in polar and nonpolar media due to the presence of polar
head and nonpolar tail groups [10]. They play key role in synthetic, analytical, pharmaceutical and industrial
fields. Surfactants, both in pre- and post- micellar concentration ranges, can affect the electronic absorption
spectra of many dyes [11]. Hence, spectroscopic techniques can be used to determine certain physic-chemical
properties of surfactant aggregates [12].
A number of research works in the field of the interactions between surfactants and dyes in both
aqueous and non-aqueous media have been reported [13-14]. Dye-surfactant interaction has importance in
various dyeing processes such as textile dyeing, photography, printing ink and inhabitation of dye transfer in
detergency as well as in biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and photosensization. Panda et al [15] have studied
the interaction of pinacyanol chloride with binary surfactants in aqueous medium. Sabate et al. [16] have located
pinacyanol in micellar solutions of N-alkyl trimethylammonium bromide surfactants. The interaction of
Coomassie brilliant blue G250 with CTAB was studied by Gao et al. [17].
Although several reports are there on the studies of surfactant and solvent effect on dyes but still such
studies are considered to be fragmentary in nature on the basis of spectral behavior of Pinacyanol Chloride with
different anionic surfactants and solvents. Despite of numerous applications of Pinacyanol Chloride dye in
various areas, information on the spectral properties of the dye in various solvents and different anionic
surfactants required for understanding its spectral behavior is incomplete. The aim of this work is to investigate
the effect of different anionic surfactants by varying its chain length on the cyanine dye and to evaluate the
binding constant between dye and surfactant at pre-micellar and post-micellar stage.The chemical structure of
the investigated dye is presented in the inset of Fig. 1.
2. Experimental
Pinacyanol Chloride (PIN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and was used as such. Sodium
dodecylsufate C12H25OSO3-Na+ (SDS), sodium tetradecyl sulfate C14H29OSO3-Na+ (STS) and sodium hexadecyl
sulfate C16H33OSO3-Na+ (SHS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The purity of the sample was >
99%. Absorption spectra of PIN in water, and different solvents were recorded using a Lambda 25
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spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, USA). A stock solution of PIN of concentration 10-5 mol dm-3 was
prepared using double distilled water and wrapped with black paper kept at 40C. The CMC values are
taken from literature [18].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Absorption spectra of PIN in aqueous medium
Visible absorption spectra of PIN in aqueous medium at different concentrations ranging from 1 x 10-6
to 2.5 x 10-5 mol dm-3 showed that the intensity of both monomeric and dimeric bands increased with the
increase of dye concentration. The shape of the visible absorption spectrum of PIN in water was dependent on
the dye concentration, as we can see in Fig.1. At low concentrations, band absorption at 600 nm predominated
slightly over that observed at ~558 nm, whereas in more concentrated solutions, this later was clearly higher
than the most red-shifted band. This fact provoked a lack of linearity in the plot of absorbance vs dye
concentration; that is, the Lambert Beer law did not hold, as a consequence of the presence of monomer
molecules of PIN, as well as its dimer form. It was found that there are three overlapping spectral components:
the first one at 600 nm (monomer peak), second one at 550 nm (dimer peak) and another at 517 nm (peak for
higher aggregates of PIN); which were found to be comparable with the earlier reported results [1].
3.2. Interaction of PIN with anionic surfactants
Effect of anionic surfactants at various concentrations on the absorption spectra of PIN was studied. It
was observed that at premicellar stage, a new band at ~490 nm (metachomatic band) at the cost of its
monomeric and dimeric peaks was observed and on progressive addition of surfactant a red shift in this band
along with hyperchromic effect was also observed. After certain concentration of anionic surfactant was reached
no further shift in band of PIN was observed; only the intensity of peak increased. Fig. 2 shows (as
representative) the spectra of PIN in the presence of varying concentration of STS in aqueous medium at 298 K.
The above result indicates the electrostatic interaction between dye and surfactant. However, in the post-
micellar stage, the dye molecules became complexed with anionic surfactants, no further shift of band occurred.
The length of the hydrophobic tail of the sodium alkyl sulfate surfactants affect some properties of the
micelles; for example, a decrease in the length increases the cmc, and the degree of micelle dissociation
decreases the micellar aggregation number and the thickness of its Stern layer. As a result, the hexadecyl chain
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micelles are smaller and less compact and their Stern layers are more ionic than their dodecyl (SDS) chain
counterpart.
3.3. Determination of binding constant between dye-surfactant systems
The binding constant (KC) was calculated by using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation [19] valid at higher
concentration, was used in the following modified form [20-21]:
DT 1 1
= + (1)
∆A ε m − ε ο K C (ε m − ε ο )Cm
where DT is the total concentration of PIN, ∆A= A-A0, A and A0 which are the absorbance of PIN in the
presence and absence of surfactants, respectively, εm is the molar extinction coefficient of the dye fully bound to
micelles determined in large excess of the micelles. Cm is the concentration of the micellized surfactant (Cm =
[total surfactant concentration-CMC]/ n).
DT 1
The plot of versus was found to be linear in all cases showing 1:1 complex. The KC values
∆A Cm
derived from the slope and intercept of the straight line are presented in Table 1. Free energy changes were
calculated from the relation ∆GO= -RT ln KC. The negative sign of ∆GO indicates the spontaneity of the binding
of PIN with sodium alkyl sulfate. The dye-micelle complexes have different degrees of affinity following
the order: SHS> STS> SDS which follows reverse order with CMC values. Since KC varies inversely with the
CMC, a good correlation can be observed by plotting log KC vs log CMC as shown in Fig. 3 and can be fitted as
log K C = log A − φ log CMC (2)
where A and φ are appropriate constants. The values of log A and φ calculated from the plots in Fig. 3. It is
observed that the larger the non-polar tail in the sodium alkyl sulfate, the stronger the complex,
indicating a direct correlation of complexation with hydrophobicity.
Inset of fig. 3 shows the relationship between the logarithm of the CMC and the alkyl chain length.
This Fig. shows that the relationship between the logarithm of the CMC and the alkyl chain length is linear.
The binding constant (KC΄) at premicellar stage was calculated using Rose-Drago equation [22] at
different temperatures.
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C D .C S 1 CS
= + (3)
A − A0 ′ L(ε DS − ε D )
K C .L(ε DS − ε D )
Where, CD = Initial concentration of the dye, CS = Initial concentration of the surfactant, A0= Absorbance of
the pure dye solution at λmax, A = Absorbance of the dye-surfactant solution at λmax , KC΄ = Binding constant
between the dye and surfactant, εD = molar absorption coefficient of the dye, εDS = molar absorption coefficient
of the dye-surfactant complex, L = Length of the light path.
Plot of (CD.CS)/ (A-AO) versus CS at 298 K shows a linear relationship. From the slope and intercept
of the straight lines, the interaction constant (KC΄) values were calculated. All thermodynamic properties
calculated from this method are summarized in Table 2. The value of binding constant between dye-surfactant
systems for pre-micellar stage is not appreciable as in post-miceelar stage because both hydrophobic and
electrostatic interaction takes place in post-micellar stage.
4. Conclusion
PIN-sodium alkyl sulfate interaction was basically electrostatic in origin. When the effect of the length
of the alkyl chain of surfactants and cyanine dye were investigated, the results indicated that hydrophobicity of
alkyl chain plays an important role in the complex formation. Therefore, for the interaction between anionic
surfactant and ionic dye both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces were important. Interaction of PIN with
micellar systems depends on the hydrocarbon chain. It can be predicted from the above table that, the value of
maximal absorbance is related to the number of methyl groups. In this way, SHS with a chain of 16 methyl
gave the highest value, whereas the least corresponds to SDS with12 methyl. That means that the more
hydrophobic the molecule, the higher the hyperchromic effect produced. Dye-micelle binding constant values at
higher concentration indicate 1:1 stoichiometry. The negative values of free energy change indicate the process
to be spontaneous. The longer the alkyl chain of surfactant, higher is the KC values. KC varies inversely with the
CMC. The KC values of the complexes formed are linearly related to the CMCs of the sodium alkyl
sulfate.
Acknowledgement
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The authors are thankful to the Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, for providing
laboratory facilities and also to U.G.C, Govt. of India for supporting financial assistance through
Research Eligibility Test.
References
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12. Zana, R. (1987) Surfactant Solution: New Methods of Investigation New York
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Pinacyanol with n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide Micelles, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 233, 205-210
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Table 1: Spectroscopic and thermodynamic parameters of PIN in micellar medium at 298 K
Surfactants CMCa mM KCb(10-6) KC΄ d(103) -∆GOe λmic*/nm
(mol dm-3) (mol dm-3) (kJ/mol)
SHS 0.5 1.332 0.732 34. 29 610.5
STS 2.1 1.025 0.678 34.20 608.3
SDS 8.0 0.921 0.654 34.15 607
CMCa is the critical micellar concentration of the surfactants taken from refs. [18]
KCb is the dye-surfactant binding constant at post-micellar stage
KC΄ d is the dye-surfactant binding constant at pre-micellar stage
∆GOe is the free energy change for post-micellar stage; λmic*/nm is the absorption maxima of PIN at different surfactant
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Fig 1: Visible absorption spectrum of PIN in various concentration of water; Inset: chemical structure of
PIN
Concentration of PIN (mol dm-3) in water: 1, 1x 10-6; 2, 5x 10-6; 3, 1x 10-5; 4, 1.5x 10-5; 5, 2.0x 10-5; 6, 2.5x
10-5.
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Fig 2: Visible absorption spectra of PIN (10-5 mol dm-3) in presence of varying concentration of STS in aqueous
medium at 298 K. Concentration of STS (mmol dm-3): 1, 0; 2, 0.3; 3, 0.9; 4, 1.5; 5, 3.0; 6, 3.5.
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Fig 3: Variation in the dye-surfactant binding constant (KC) with the CMC of surfactants at 298 K. Inset:
Dependence of critical micellar concentration (CMC) on the hydrocarbon chain length of surfactants. A 10-5
mol dm-3 PIN was used in water. Surfactants used are: 1, SDS; 2, STS; 3, SHS.
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