Building envelop -It acts like a skin of the building which helps in making the inside environment healthier and safe from the outside environment. The envelop prevents the occupants and interior of the building from the weather conditions and other external elements
The main objective of this paper by Er.Deepak Bansal ad Ar.Poonja Nandy is to study the embodied energy values of walling materials used for cost effective houses up to 50 sq.m. The most important criteria for judging the energy efficiency of this housing typology has to fixed- whether Embodied energy or Maintenance/ Operational Energy.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Embedded Energies, SDIs and Sustainability Quantification Ajit Sabnis
This talk covers computation methodologies for evaluating Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon of stand alone materials and sub-systems in a building using three perspectives including geo-specific sustainability Development Index- with Example. Also covers Embodied Water.
Operational and Embodied Energy in three housesjpcardenas
In Chile, the LCA methodology applied on building sector it is a new subject and our work it is focused in incorporate the embodied energy concept by a simplified life cycle analysis study of operational and embodied energy of three new houses with similar surface areas, commercial price and internal conditions of occupation, but different materials. These houses are located in Temuco, Chile
Sustainable Design in Miami: Building Envelopes and Life Cycle AssessmentBuilding Center No. 3
The presentation summarizes an investigation into regionalism and the design of building envelope systems for low rise affordable housing in Miami and Phoenix. The research involved the application of three platforms: cost, energy modeling, and life cycle assessment in the early stages of design to help the design team make inform decisions about the building envelope system.
http://www.bcnumber3.com
Sustainable Design in Miami
The main objective of this paper by Er.Deepak Bansal ad Ar.Poonja Nandy is to study the embodied energy values of walling materials used for cost effective houses up to 50 sq.m. The most important criteria for judging the energy efficiency of this housing typology has to fixed- whether Embodied energy or Maintenance/ Operational Energy.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Embedded Energies, SDIs and Sustainability Quantification Ajit Sabnis
This talk covers computation methodologies for evaluating Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon of stand alone materials and sub-systems in a building using three perspectives including geo-specific sustainability Development Index- with Example. Also covers Embodied Water.
Operational and Embodied Energy in three housesjpcardenas
In Chile, the LCA methodology applied on building sector it is a new subject and our work it is focused in incorporate the embodied energy concept by a simplified life cycle analysis study of operational and embodied energy of three new houses with similar surface areas, commercial price and internal conditions of occupation, but different materials. These houses are located in Temuco, Chile
Sustainable Design in Miami: Building Envelopes and Life Cycle AssessmentBuilding Center No. 3
The presentation summarizes an investigation into regionalism and the design of building envelope systems for low rise affordable housing in Miami and Phoenix. The research involved the application of three platforms: cost, energy modeling, and life cycle assessment in the early stages of design to help the design team make inform decisions about the building envelope system.
http://www.bcnumber3.com
Sustainable Design in Miami
Sustainability Computation of Buildings using Real Time Data: Pre-Constructio...Ajit Sabnis
This talk will touch upon establishing baseline values thru a benchmark project, computation of sustainability percentage for individual and building clusters. It also explains about the sustainability classification of buildings at the conceptual stage providing us an insight to evolve mitigation strategies in reducing the carbon footprint.
Literature Review of the Application of Conductive Carbon Fiber-graphite Conc...IJERA Editor
The technical features of conductive carbon fiber-graphite concrete are reviewed in this paper, and its generation, development and the current technology condition are also introduced. According to the researches of conductive carbon fiber-graphite concrete material in recent years, the paper presents its application in all kinds of aspects especially floor heating engineering in which its advantages can be fully used. Finally, the paper summarized the developing trend of carbon fiber-graphite conductive concrete.
Types of embodied energy· Initial embodied energy; and· Recurring embodied energy
The initial embodied energy in buildings represents the non-renewable energy consumed in the acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. This initial embodied energy has two components:Direct energy the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building; andIndirect energy the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities.
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement of Thermal Performance of
RC Slab Roofs
November 2010
Note: This report is focused on calculating the efficiency (.i.e.temperature difference) of different roof insulative techniques currently available in Pakistan. The study was done in the peak summer months, in G-6/1, Islamabad. The study also compares the initial and running costs of the materials and their respective life cycles.
Sustainability Computation of Buildings using Real Time Data: Pre-Constructio...Ajit Sabnis
This talk will touch upon establishing baseline values thru a benchmark project, computation of sustainability percentage for individual and building clusters. It also explains about the sustainability classification of buildings at the conceptual stage providing us an insight to evolve mitigation strategies in reducing the carbon footprint.
Literature Review of the Application of Conductive Carbon Fiber-graphite Conc...IJERA Editor
The technical features of conductive carbon fiber-graphite concrete are reviewed in this paper, and its generation, development and the current technology condition are also introduced. According to the researches of conductive carbon fiber-graphite concrete material in recent years, the paper presents its application in all kinds of aspects especially floor heating engineering in which its advantages can be fully used. Finally, the paper summarized the developing trend of carbon fiber-graphite conductive concrete.
Types of embodied energy· Initial embodied energy; and· Recurring embodied energy
The initial embodied energy in buildings represents the non-renewable energy consumed in the acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. This initial embodied energy has two components:Direct energy the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building; andIndirect energy the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities.
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement of Thermal Performance of
RC Slab Roofs
November 2010
Note: This report is focused on calculating the efficiency (.i.e.temperature difference) of different roof insulative techniques currently available in Pakistan. The study was done in the peak summer months, in G-6/1, Islamabad. The study also compares the initial and running costs of the materials and their respective life cycles.
Building materials used for the walls of simple houses in lower-middle-class areas in Indonesia are currently dominated by brick. This study proposes that soil-paper blocks coated with calcium silicate board may be a suitable alternative, with high embodied energy and density. The research aims to obtain an optimal wall thickness to provide protection against cooling and embodied energy in low income houses, as well as against the temperature conditions in these buildings in highland and lowland areas. Determination of wall thickness is performed by simulation of a 9 m2 building model with thick variables. Cooling calculations involved the use of Archipak software. Temperature measurements were carried out using a data logger on a sample of soil-paper blocks. The results indicate that the optimal wall thickness for protection against cooling and embodied energy is 8 cm. Soil-paper block has a lower density than brick. The use of calcium silicate boards does not affect the internal temperature of a low income house, but they can be used as protection against rainwater and as a substitute for wall plastering.
Reducing the Operational Energy Consumption in Buildings by Passive Cooling T...Saurabh Gupta
This presentation is part of the completion of my minor project in the final year of my B.Tech Civil Engineering course.
This shows the process of BIM (Building Information Modelling) for reducing operational energy consumption in Buildings by creating 3D model in Autodesk Revit and performing energy analysis in Autodesk Insight in terms of EUI (Energy Use Intensity).
Abstract:
Enormous increases in energy consumption, its costs, and significant challenges posed by climate change have inevitably drawn the world’s attention towards the upgradation of energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been identified as an effective tool used for energy performance analysis of buildings virtually in the design stage. Applying passive techniques provides a promising and cost-efficient solution to reducing the operational energy demand and decreasing environmental impacts during the lifecycle of the building. This study aims to reduce operational energy consumption in buildings by optimizing different passive parameters. For this purpose, 3D modelling of a residential building and a commercial building is performed using Autodesk Revit and energy analysis is performed using Autodesk Insight. In this paper, various passive techniques like Building orientation, Window-Wall Ratio (WWR), Window Shades and Glass types, Wall and Roof construction, with BIM are assessed to investigate the efficient passive cooling measures on residential and commercial buildings according to climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. The results indicate that the annual operational energy consumption can be reduced to 17.4% in residential building and 16% in commercial building by incorporating passive techniques. The findings will be helpful in passive building design and development in India and contribute to further energy reduction and optimization to realize both energy efficiency and favourable building environments and thermal comfort of the occupants.
Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Co...ijtsrd
The value of concrete in present society cannot be underestimated. We can see concrete structures everywhere, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. There is no escaping the impact concrete makes on your everyday life. Concrete is a composite material which is made up of filler and a binder. Typical concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate sand , coarse aggregate rock , cement, and water. Cement and lime are usually used as binding materials, while the sand binder is mixed as fine aggregates and crushed stones, gravel, broken bricks clinker is employed as coarse aggregates. The concrete having cement, sand and coarse aggregates mix up in an appropriate percentage in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this kind of concrete, cement is used as a binding substance, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.An investigation relating to the use of byproducts to enhance the functions of concrete has been about for many years. In the recent years, the researchers have been made to use industry by products such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, glass cullet, etc., in concrete production and civil applications. The potential uses of industrial byproducts in concrete or as a partial aggregate substitution or as a partial cement substitution depending on their chemical composition and grain size, The utilization of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of these products. Big interest is being focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of waste materials. Various industries are producing a significant number of products which incorporate residues such as reclaimed aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, foundry sand, copper slag, fly ash, glass cullet, polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene HDPE , unplasticized polyvinyl chloride UPVC , plasticized polyvinyl chloride PPVC , low density polyethylene LDPE , polypropylene PP , polystyrene PS , expanded polystyrene UPS . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Construction Work" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26689.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26689/behavior-of-concrete-using-copper-slag-as-a-strength-parameter-in-low-cost-construction-work/priyatam-kumar
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Study of different type of building envelop
1. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT
TYPE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE
CAPSTONE PROJECT
MSCP 600
SUBMITED BY
Karan Nagar
A13559018072
MBA- CPM
2. INTRODUCTION
By the year 2030, more than 40 % of the Indian population
will be living in urban India the rate of shifting of the people
is very high. as in today's status, about 34% of the people
are living in urban India. The increase in demand is
expected is about 25 million additional affordable housing
According to a report “brick By brick”: moving towards
housing for all, by RICS ( Royal Institution of chartered
surveyors) and property consultant Knight Frank.
The construction industry in India is growing at a rate of
10% as compared to world 5.2 % (as per Residential
Building in India: energy use Projection and saving
potential, India – Technical report)
3. INTRODUCTION
► If the trends go at the same pace and the same
practices will be followed the demand for energy will
be increase by 8 times in 2050 in residential building.
In India 29% of the energy is used by buildings out of
which about 69% is used by residential and about
31% is used by commercial buildings.
4. Building envelops
• It acts like a skin of the building which helps in making
the inside environment healthier and safe from the
outside environment. The envelop prevents the
occupants and interior of the building from the weather
conditions and other external elements..
• A building envelope design and material is selected on
the basic of the environment, functions, technological,
aesthetics.
• In a residential building about 43 % of the energy is
consume for heating and cooling load which can be
reduced up to 15 -20 % by change in design and
material .of the building envelop.
• of the building envelop.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
S.no Research topic Name year
1 Thermal performance of building
envelops
Jatinder Kaur
et al
2017
2 Improving building envelop
performance with respect to thermal,
sound and lighting- A case study
Shahryar
Habibi
2019
3 An evaluation on energy efficient
building material
Verma tanuj et
al
2106
4 Examining the role of building
envelop for energy efficiency in India
Farheen bano 2106
5 Green building handbook for south
Africa
Jeremy
Gibbered
2009
6 Durability and performance of
building envelopes
Michael A.
Lacasse
2104
7 Comparative study of the traditional
and contemporary building envelops
Polat Hancer et
al
2019
8 A systemic review of the
prefabricated encloser wall panels
Romeu Vicente
et al
2017
6. METHODOLOGY
The research is based on the secondary data analysis mainly by
the outcomes of the literature review, research paper and case
studies. By the literature review it has come that the vast research
has been carried out on the building envelops over the period.
The basic study that are carried out are-;
► Comparison of different component of building.
► Study of different building envelop material,
► Thermal performance.
► Impact of climate and orientation on energy.
The reasons for the selection of the secondary Data analysis are-:
► Lesser amount of time available.
► Insufficient funds are available for experiment.
► No availability of the such building envelop in locality.
► Already enough research has been done on the topic.
7. CLIMATE AND ORIENTATION
Consumption of the energy by the
building also depends on the type of
the climate of the region. India acc to
ASHRAE >1 comes under climate
zone-1 Mostly hot, dry and humid all
around the year. The design and
material of the building must be choice
carefully in according to the climate so
that there is thermal comfort.
Orientation -It plays an important role
in design consideration of the building
envelop with regards to daylight, solar
radiation and wind. In acc to get the
best orientation the building should
receive maximum solar radiation in
winter and minimum in summer season
8. Components of building envelop
Walls – They are the dominating part of the building envelop and provides
the thermal and sound insulation to the indoor environment of the building.
The R value of the wall must be checked as it influences the energy
consumption. At first the wood wall, metal wall and masonry wall were
used but the advancement of the technology the precast wall, concrete
wall and other advanced material is used to decrease energy
consumption.
The various advancement has come in wall system –
Passive solar wall
Light weight concrete walls
Ventilate/ double skin wall
Phase change material
Doors and Windows/Fenestration- They are the opening in the building
which are provided to maintain the air flow and moisture control in the
building. It plays an important role in providing a comfort level in a
building. It is used to maintain the thermal conductivity U value.
9. Roofs-Roof is the part on a building envelop which is exposes to the solar
heat, water etc throughout the tear and large amount of energy is transfer
through the roof.
Types of roof can be used for energy conservation-
► Masonry roof
► Lightweight roof
► Ventilated roof
► Green roof
► Photovoltaic roof
► Thermal roof insulation system
Building envelop Maintenance-For the maintains of the building skin
about 30-40% of the total cost of the maintains of the building is spend on
it. by reviewing the component of it we can save the spending, Nature has
its own capacity on the man-made things, and which can’t be controlled by
the humans many times.
10. COMPARISON OF BUILDING
ENVELOP MATERIAL
The comparison of the solid concrete blocks, autoclaved Aerated concrete
blocks, fired clay fly ash block, fly ash -lime-Gypsum block and Fired clay
bricks on the basics of the following parameters is done.
► CO2 emission
► Thermal conductivity
► Embodied energy
Solid Concrete Blocks -(SCB)
Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks- (ACC)
Fly ash-lime -Gypsum Blocks -(FLGB)
Stabilized Mud Blocks -(SMB)
Fired clay Fly ash Bricks -(FFB)
Fired Clay bricks -(FCB)
11. Material size Volume in
M3 of the
block
Thermal
Conductivity
Embodied
energy
SCB 400*200*200 0.016 1.35 28.150
FLGB 230*115*75 0.00198375 .350 3.150
ACC 650*240*200 0.0312 .15 70.170
SMB 230*190*100 0.00437 .90 4.620
FFB 230*115*75 0.00198375 .50 5.010
FCB 230*115*75 0.00198375 10 4.560
12. COMPARISON OF THE EMBODIED ENERGY
FOR 1METER CUBE
material volume of the block embodied energy of the block embodied energy for1m3
SCB 0.016 28.15 1759.375
FLGB 0.00198375 3.15 1587.901701
AAC 0.0312 70.15 2249.0350
SMB 0.00437 0.9 205.9496568
FFB 0.00198375 0.5 252.0478891
FCB 0.00198375 1 504.0957782
13. Comparison of the CO2 emission
Material CO2 Emission (G/m2)
Production emission Transportation cost
SCB 30277 4808
FLGB 50051 5040
AAC 28137 7798
SMB 21544 4071
FFB 18693 9830
FCB 18698 8073
14. Cost comparison of the blocks
Material
Cost of one bock/brick in Rupee
SCB- Solid Concrete Blocks 30
FLGB- Fly ash-lime -Gypsum Blocks 9
AAC -Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks 60
SMB- Stabilized Mud Blocks 2
FFB -Fired fly ash bricks 4
FCB- Fired clay bricks 5.5
15. Conclusion & Recommendation
The component of the building envelops as discussed in the report such
as walls, window, door, glazing, frames and roof are the ones through
which transfer of the solar heat takes place. the need of using various
technique must be done such ventilated walls, passive walls, phase
change material walls and light weight concrete walls. In case of each
component the choice of the material design and technique should be
choice on the basics of the analysis of the climatic zone and orientation
so that the minimum requirement is fulfilled and no extra funds are spend.
The embodied energy of the ACC block and concrete block is very high as
they consume large amount of energy during the production process. The
highest CO2 emission is done by Fly ash lime gypsum block production.
And financially the cost of the ACC block is high, and the mud block have
lowest cost but the properties which ACC block have can’t be compared
with the mud or other block. each brick or block have it advantages and
disadvantage under different climate and design the properties of each
material is different hence deep research and analysis should be done in
choosing of the material
16. References
► A.lacasse, Michael. 2003. "durability and performance of building envelop." MRCC National
research council Canada.
► B.sadineni, Suresh. 2011. "Passive building energy saving." 15.
► deboucha sadek, hashim roslan 2011. 2011. "calculation of the embodied energy."
► environment, jt Gibberd CSIR built. January 2009. "building envelop." research gate.
► farheen bano, mohammad arif kamal. 2016. "examining the role of building envelop for
energy efficiency in office building in India." research papaer.
► goncalo Correia, Romeu Vicente,miguel Azenha. october 2017. "prefabricated wall panel
system." research gate 12.
► jatinder kaur, dr,prbhjot,dr sanjiv kumar aggarwal. 2016. "thermal performance of building
envelop." International journal of research and analytical review 7.
► kumar, gireendra. 2016. "design determinants of building envelop." research gate 8.
► Nayak, J.K and Prajapati. 2006. "Handbook on energy conscious building."
► noura ghabra, lucelia Rodrigues ,philip oldfield. 2017. "the impact of building envelop of
residential tall buildings in Saudi Arabia." international journal of low carbon technologies 9.