Sustainable Design in Miami: Building Envelopes and Life Cycle Assessment
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The presentation summarizes an investigation into regionalism and the design of building envelope systems for low rise affordable housing in Miami and Phoenix. The research involved the application of three platforms: cost, energy modeling, and life cycle assessment in the early stages of design to help the design team make inform decisions about the building envelope system. http://www.bcnumber3.com Sustainable Design in Miami
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Sustainable Design in Miami: Building Envelopes and Life Cycle Assessment
- 1. Jason Tapia, AIA, LEED AP, NCARB, CDT
- 4. Method
- 5. Scope
- 6. Results
- 8. Affordable housing shortage in U.S.
- 9. 2.9 million in urban cities
- 10. Population will grow by 15% by 2030 2
- 11. In 2003 83% of the US population lived in metro areas 3—which grew at a faster rate than the general population (3.8% vs. 3.3%)
- 12. Four states expected to grow the fastest: 1st Nevada, 2nd Arizona and 3rd Florida & 4th Texas
- 13. Need for housing that is sustainable AND affordable 1 The Department of Housing and Urban Development 2007 2 US Census Bureau 2009 3 Mackun, P.J. Population Change in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: 1990 - 2003
- 15. 68% is single family homes and 28% buildings of three stories or taller 1
- 16. Of the 28%, ¾ were buildings 3-6 stories in height 1
- 17. Multi-family low rise is an important area of research and well suited to address the housing problem
- 18. Lower initial costs compared to taller buildings
- 19. More diverse structural and material options
- 22. Investigation: compare the performance of conventional building envelopes in affordable housing to alternative systems with higher R values or that are regarded as best practice, by applying a technical evaluation in the early stages of the design process using three platforms:
- 23. Cost
- 25. Life cycle environmental impacts 1 The American Housing Survey 2007
- 27. Environmental impacts whole structures as the functional unit of assessment
- 29. Office buildings
- 30. Focused on the envelope in different climate regions but only looked at energy performanceGaps: Low rise buildings in the US: evaluating cost, energy performance and life cycle impacts
- 32. Cities: Miami and Phoenix
- 33. Building type: low-rise affordable housing
- 34. Owned and operated by developer
- 35. Rented (eliminates problem of split incentives)
- 36. 4 stories
- 37. 2700 sf floor plate
- 39. 10,700 sf of façade area
- 41. Energy performance modeling: Design Builder
- 43. Cradle to grave for building envelope assembly
- 44. Façade: exterior cladding – interior finish
- 45. Roof: membrane – roof structure
- 46. Excluded:
- 47. Foundation, parapets, floor slabs, interior partitions
- 51. Average American family spends about $810 a year on heating and cooling 2
- 55. More waste equals more GHGs such as methane WASTE 1 US Energy and Information Administration 2008 2 US Energy and Information Administration 2005 3 Cole and Kernan 1996 4 US EPA 2010 5 Sznopek 2006. Drivers of US Mineral Demand 6 US EPA 2009
- 56. CMU R 6 ICF R 22 FC SIPs R 40
- 57. Wood Frame R 22 ICF R 22 OSB SIPs R 39
- 59. Performance difference in this climate appears insignificant
- 60. ICFs perform better because of thermal mass
- 61. Florida energy code allows for thermal mass discount (from R13 to 4)
- 62. Energy code loosely based on IECC 2007
- 64. Occupancy load
- 66. Thermal transfer between zones (adiabatic modeling)
- 69. Only energy required to heat and cool based on heat loss and gain through envelope
- 70. Air infiltration modeled differently in two studies: .7 AC/H constant and another study that varied based on envelope type
- 71. R-Value: Wood 22, ICF 22, SIPS 39
- 72. Arizona code based on IECC 2000
- 73. Minimum of R13—conventional outperforms code
- 75. Windows more than a third of the costs
- 76. For ICF wall the forms are 10% of the costs
- 77. SIPs are precision engineered to 1/8” tolerance
- 79. 34% Difference between SIPs and CMU1 Data from RS Means 2009 and interviews conducted by investigator
- 82. Demolition of envelope modeled
- 83. Recycling of EPS rigid foam in certain applications
- 84. Transportation of materials factored
- 85. Maintenance in Use Phases includes:
- 86. Window replacement (and recycling)
- 88. Stucco repair
- 90. Clay, limestone and sand
- 92. ICFs are nearly 13 inches thick with finishes
- 95. Truck was assumed to be primary form of transport for site delivery
- 98. SIPs benefits:
- 99. Efficient use of material: interior cladding serves as both structure and paint substrate
- 100. Has the greatest potential for “Design for Disassembly”
- 101. HOWEVER wood frame construction in Phoenix is less expensive and has a smaller environmental footprint than either alternate system
- 102. ICFs perform slightly better but the environmental impact is hard to justify
- 103. Recommend that architects in this practice area incorporate cost, BPM and LCA in the early stages of design in order to:
- 104. Validate their design decisions
- 105. Improve energy performance, reduce costs and negative environmental impacts
Editor's Notes
- My opinion is that low rise multi-family housing will be the primary building type used to densify our cities-So the investigation is about building affordably and sustainably in urban cities-The challenge in cities is that architects are trained to use site orientation as the first tool to affect the energy performance of a building, but within a city we’re often constrained by the urban grid.
- Investigate the design of building envelopes as a region problem with very context specific solutionsClimate region and city population were the first sets of criteria to determine where to investigateWe know that construction and the operation of buildings has a significant negative impact on the environmentAs populations in our cities grow the need for sustainable affordable housing will increase in importanceThis investigation seeks to isolate the design and construction of the building envelope as the first line of defense in the attempt to improve the performance buildings from the standpoint of the environmentThe investigation requires additional scope boundaries, so I am focusing on low rise (4 story) multi-family housing in an urban context. The climate region currently investigated is hot-humid and the city is Miami which is considered part of the sub-tropicsTypical floor plate indicating circulation and unoccupied areas
- Cost, energy use modeling and life cycle assessment are the three models that will be overlayed atop one another to assess what the best options are in a specific city within a particular climate regionThere are four environmental indicators that are relevant to this investigations:Greenhouse gas emissionsNon-renewable resource depletionEnergy useWaste production
- Energy:GWP:Resources:Waste: 3.2 lbs per capita
- A: 4 and 2%B: 6 and 5%Boston: 11 and 12% (w/o air infiltration)