when new subject come into existence ,we have to give a place among already existing subject. this ppt will help to how can we assign a place to particular subject.it will helpful for all the students whom are pursuing their master in library science ans information management

1. by
Gurjeet kaur
Research scholar
Department of PG Studies and Research in library
and information science
Gulbarga university, Kalaburagi - 585 106
Structure of Subject Literature
Submitted to
Prof. N Parvathamma

2. Introduction
Whenever a new subject is created, it should be
assigned a place among the already existing subjects
without disturbing the helpful sequence already
arrived in a classification scheme. Hence, there is
need for awareness among classificationists and
classifiers about different modes of formation of
subjects forming universe of knowledge.

3. Universe of knowledge
Universe of knowledge is the totality of
knowledge that has survived till date. The
knowledge that is being generated now and will
be generated in future will also be the part of
universe of knowledge.

4. CONCEPTS OF UNIVERSE OF KNOWLEDGE
Idea
An idea is the product of thinking, reflecting,
imagining etc, got by the intellect by integrating with
the aid of logic, a selection from the apperception
mass and /or what is directly apprehended by the
intuition and deposited in the memory.

5. Information
Information is idea which is communicated
by others or obtained by personal study and
search. It can be recorded and transmitted as a
signal. Information is valuable because it can
affect behavior, a decision, or an outcome.

6. Knowledge
Knowledge is "the fact or condition of
knowing something with familiarity gained
through experience or association. Knowledge
can refer to a theoretical or practical
understanding of a subject.

7. Subject
Subject is a systematized and organized
body of ideas. Subject is a segment of
knowledge whose extension and intension are
limited by the interest, intellectual competence
and specialization of normal person.

8. Types of subject
1 Basic subject without any isolate is called basic
subject Eg. History.
2 Compound subject when a basic subject combines
with an idea belonging to one of the fundamental
categories it is called compound subject
Eg . Indian history
3 Complex subject when one basic subject merge
with another basic subject It is called a ‘complex
subject’
Eg. Biology + Technology = Biotechnology

9. Modes of formation of subjects
The modes of formation of subjects is actually
a search for the pattern of relationship among
the ideas forming constituents of subjects. It
represents a typology of relation among ideas
subject or subjects.

10. A subject can be formed by any one of the following
modes of formation
• Loose assemblage-1 :
Two and more subjects are studied in their mutual
relation .It is also called inter phase relation. Eg.
Difference between Physics and Chemistry
• Loose assemblage-2:
Two and more isolates from same schedule are
brought into mutual relation, also called intra phase
relation. Eg. Relation between farmer and agriculture
• Loose assemblage-3:
Two or more isolates taken from same array and
same schedule are brought into mutual relation, which is
called intra array phase relation.
Eg. Difference between school and college education

11. • lamination-1:
One or two isolates from same class combined
with basic class.
•lamination-2:
Lamination of basic subject and an isolate idea
give rise to new subject ie compound subject. Eg
drought in Karnataka
•Fission:
A basic subject splits into subdivisions.
•Fusion :
Two or more subjects are fused together in such a
way that each of them lose its individuality. and give rise
to new subject. Eg :Biophysics

12. • Distillation:
A pure discipline is evolved as a primary subject out of its
appearance in action in diverse subjects, going with either
different basic subject or same subjects. Eg: Forestry,
Management Science
•Agglomeration:
Collect together entities of large population without
cohesion among the components. Eg: Natural Science
• Cluster:
Several specialized studies on a particular phenomenon are
gathered together into a field of study. Eg: Ocean Science

13. Structure of subjects:
Many attempts were made by philosophers to
organize the universe of subjects. They followed
different methods such as:
 Dichotomy:
Dichotomy means division into two. It is called tree
of porphyry. Here in the first stage, two divisions take
place, then the second two subdivision of each
division are obtained. In this manner, the process of
division may be continued

14.  Decachotomy:
It refers to a division into ten.DDC is the
example of this kind of division. Melvil Dewey
divided the whole universe of knowledge into
nine main classes and tenth class was formed for
general subjects. This process of 10 divisions at
each stage continued until the required
subdivisions were obtained

15.  Polychotomy:
Means division into many. In this, number of
division to be 24 . Within 50 years, the rate of
growth of universe of subject found even 24
divisions to be far to restrictive. The indication
is that the number of division should at no stage
be pre determined.
.

16. Proliferation:
According to Ranganathan, there are various ways
in which the universe of subjects going with the basic
subject can get proliferated. For a complex subject in
that universe may be formed by attaching some other
basic subject as a phase and a compound subject may
be formed by attaching one or more isolate ideas to a
basic subject and various are the ways in which such
isolate ideas can themselves proliferate.

17. Structure of information sources
An information source is the medium on which information is
stored for future retrieval and use. Information sources may be
broadly categorized as follows:
•Documentary ( Primary, Secondary, Tertiary )
•Non-Documentary ( Human source, Institutional source,
Electronic source )
Documentary sources
The sources of documentary information can also be
termed as an information product.
Denis Grogan, on the basis of level of reorganization, has
classified the documents into three categories. They are:
primary, secondary and tertiary

18. Primary Sources:
Primary publications are those in which the
author for the first time supplies evidence,
describes a discovery, makes or drives a new
proposition or brings forward new evidence
about previous proposition.

19. Some of Primary sources discuss as below:
• Periodicals Include journals, bulletins, proceeding,
or similar works which appear at regular period in
numbered sequence. Eg ILA bulletin
• Technical Reports: Generally give the results of R
and D experiments/ projects.
• Patents: An official document conferring an
exclusive right, generated by government to an
inventor to manufacture, use or seek an invention for a
certain number of years

20. • Standards: Are the publications issued by
certain authorities such as international
standards organization, Bureau of Indian
Standards etc.
• These and Dissertation: These are the
unpublished documents containing the results of
research and submitted to a university in partial
fulfillment for the completion of a course,
degree etc.

21.  Secondary Sources:
A document concerning a particular subject of
inquiry which is derived from or based on the
study and analysis of the primary source of
information is called the secondary source of
information. In the secondary source of
information, the original information is selected,
modified and arranged in a suitable format for
the purpose of easy location by the user .

22. Secondary publication includes
•Dictionary
•Encyclopedia
•Yearbook and almanacs
•Maps and atlases
•Reviews and directories
•Indexing and abstracting services
•Handbooks and manuals

23.  Tertiary Sources:
The tertiary sources of information are last to appear
and mostly do not contain subject knowledge. It is
designed to provide information about information and
so acts as a guide to the primary and secondary
sources of information.
The tertiary sources of information are:
•Guides to libraries other organizations
• list of accession,
•list of research in progress
•Bibliography of bibliographies

24. Non documentary sources Include Human sources,
institutional sources and electronic resources
•Human sources
The information available with subject experts is considered
as a human sources of information. Hence, human sources can
be categories into following manners.
• Consultants
•Experts
•Resource person
•Technical gatekeeper
•Invisible college
•Common man etc

25. • Institutional source
When the information expertise in a given subject
is available in an institution, we refer them as
institutional sources. These are :
• Government departments
• International agencies
• R & D institutions
• Archives and Museum
• Information analysis centers

26. •Electronic resources
An electronic resource is defined as resource which
requires computer or any electronic device that deliver a
collection of data from inside the library or remote to the
library. E-Resources usually consist of e-books, E-Journals,
articles, newspaper, thesis, dissertation, databases and CD-
ROMs, which are likely to be the alternative to the print
media.
Examples of e-resources
Electronic books:
E-journals
E-reference sources
E- Databases
CD-ROMs

27. Structure of subjects in various Library
classification schemes:
 DDC ( Dewey Decimal Classification ):
The main structure of the DDC is presented in the
DDC Summaries preceding the schedules. The first
summary contains the ten main classes. The second
summary contains the hundred divisions. The third
summary contains the thousand sections. The headings
associated with the numbers in the summaries have
been edited for browsing purposes, and do not
necessarily match the complete headings found in the
schedules.

28.  UDC (Universal Decimal Classification):
Originally based on the Dewey decimal
classification, the UDC was developed as a new
analytico - synthetic classification system which
includes common auxiliary tables; a series of special
auxiliary tables ; an expressive notational system with
connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable
coordination of subjects and the creation of a
documentation language proper. The main tables or main
schedules containing the various disciplines and
branches of knowledge, arranged in 9 main classes,
numbered from 0 to 9 with class 4 being vacant.

29.  CC (Colon Classification):
The first edition of Colon Classification was
published in 1933. It had three distinct part : 127 pages
of rules explaining the underlying principles, The
notation was mixed, consisting of the-26 Roman
capital letters denoting main classes, Indo-Arabic
numerals- and also Roman lower case letters. The
colon (:) was used as the connecting symbol for
joining facets. Each main class was provided with a
facet formula.

30. In CC, Ed 7.
Instead of zero Ampersands is used to
indicate phase relation and hyphen is used for
speciation. Tool phase is also added in new
edition. Eg. Application of physic and
chemistry.

31. Conclusion:
Knowledge is dynamic and new information is
being added continually. Several attempts are being
made to organize the universal of knowledge in the
form of subjects . Such attempts have been discussed
under the headings the modes of formation of subjects,
structure of subjects and structure of information
sources, and structure of classification schemes such
as DDC, CC, UDC in this seminar.

32. Thank You