This document discusses different modes of subject formation in library science, as proposed by Ranganathan in the 1950s. It outlines seven modes of subject formation - loose assemblage, lamination, dissection, fusion, distillation, agglomeration, and cluster. These modes represent systematic relationships that guide how ideas are organized into subjects. Understanding these formation modes helps classify subjects in documents to efficiently retrieve and disseminate knowledge to library users.

1. BY:
ADITI BHANDARKAR
ALONGBAR BASUMATARY

2.  When ideas gets organized or systematized in the form
of a body of idea, a subject is formed.
 The modes of forming subjects represents a system of
relationships and act as a guide in guiding ideas in
recognizing and formulating relationships among
concepts constituting a subject.
 These modes of formation have a natural effect on the
structure of the subject, and leaves its impression on the
structure of the subject.

3.  The study serves as a introduction of the theory of freely-
faceted classification.
 The study has lead to the development of a relation, which
has been proved useful for designing scheme of
classification.
 It enables the prediction and understanding of various kinds
of inter-relations between subject and their component.
 It has been found useful in teaching and learning the
subject of study.

4.  In 1950’s Ranganathan put forward that subject in
the universe of knowledge can be formed by
means of 4-modes of formation, namely:
1. Loose Assemblage
2. Lamination
3. Dissection
4. Denudation

5.  The modes of formation of subject and isolates or
relations between the components of subject are,
Namely:
1. Loose Assemblage
2. Lamination
3. Fission
4. Fusion
5. Distillation
6. Agglomeration
7. Cluster

6.  Loose assemblage is basically concerned with mutual
relations.
 They are available at three levels of phase relations:

7. a) Loose Assemblage 1 (INTER-SUBJECT PHASE
RELATION):
In this mode, two or more subjects ‘simple or compound’
are studied in their mutual relation. Such a relation is
called inter-subject phase relation and it gives rise to a
complex subject. The phase relation taken under this
mode of formation are:
 General Relation: Example- Relation of mathematics to
biology.
 Bias: Example- Physics biased to biology.
 Comparison: Example - Physics compared with
Chemistry.
 Difference: Example- Difference between Physics and
Chemistry
 Influence : Example- Influence of economics on social life.
 Tool : Application of statistics to the study of economics.

8. b) Loose Assemblage 2 (INTRA-FACET PHASE
RELATION):
 In this mode two or more isolates from one and the
same schedule are brought into mutual relation.
Such a relation is called the intra-facet phase
relation .
 It helps connecting facets within basic subjects.

9. Phase relation taken under Loose Assemblage 2 are:
 General Relation: Example- The relation between Jainism and
Hinduism.
 Bias: Example- Bias of Bernard Shaw to Shakespeare.
 Comparison: Example- Comparison between Hinduism and
Jainism.
 Difference: Example- Difference between human physiology
and diseases.
 Influence : The Christians influenced by Hinduism.
 Tool: Application of computer on PERL programming language.

10.  Here two or more isolates are taken from one and the same
array of order higher than 1. Such a relation is called the
inter-array phase relation and give rise to a complex isolate.
Phase relation taken under this mode are:
 General Relation: Example- The relation between UDC and
DDC.
 Bias: Example- The bias of RIC towards DDC.
 Comparison: Example- Colon Classification compared with
DDC.
 Difference: Example- Difference between CC and DDC.
 Influence: Example- Influence of CC on DDC.

11.  When the basic layer is a basic subject and the other
layers are isolate ideas, a compound subject is
formed.
 There are basically two types of Lamination:

12. There are two types of this mode of formation:
a.) Lamination 1: In this form one or more isolate facets are
combined with the basic subject giving rise to a compound
subject.
Example- Anatomy of human body.
Basic facet= Medicine
Isolate facet= Human body, Anatomy.
b.)Lamination 2: In this form two or more species of basic
subject going with the same primary basic subject are
compound over one another, giving rise to a compound
basic subject. They are components of host main basic
subject.
Example: The homeopathic system of medicine
Main subject: medicine
system component: homeopathy

13.  In this form a basic subject or an isolate is split into
subdivision which is commonly known as fragmentation.
 Fission may be of basic subject or isolate ideas:
a) Fission of basic subject:
Example- The primary basic subject philosophy may be
fission into the secondary basic subject- logic,
epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.
b) Fission of isolate ideas : It may be achieved in the following
ways-
 As an array division: Fissioning of an isolate Asia gives us
array division such as India, Iran, Nepal.

14.  As the combination of a principal isolate and speciator:
Example- Bicycle, Hind-brand.
Here bicycle is a principal isolate and Hind-brand is a
speciator.
 Dissection: The term used to denote fission when we consider
the array of division of an isolate or a basic subject resulting
from fission. It is also cutting of universe of entities into parts
of coordinate status.
 Denudation: This term is used to denote fission when we
consider one and only one subdivision of an isolate or a basic
subject resulting from fission. It is also called progressive
decrease of extension and increase of intention of subject.

15.  In this mode of formation of subject, two or more
primary basic subjects are fused together in such
a way that each of them loses its individuality with
respect to the schedule of isolates needed to form
the compound subject along with it. This gives rise
to a new primary basic subject.
 Example- Biochemistry
it is a primary basic subject achieved by the fusion
of Biology and Chemistry

16.  In this mode of formation it is a pure discipline
evolved as a primary basic subject from its
appearance-in-action in diverse compound subject
going with either different basic subject or one and
the same basic subject.
 Distillation gives rise to a primary basic subject.
 Example- biology, Forestry.

17.  Agglomeration is a process of the collecting together of
entities into large masses without cohesion among the
components.
 An agglomeration can be a basic subject or it can also
be an isolate idea.
Example- Natural Science.
 It may be made up of consecutive constituents or even
non-consecutive constituents.
Example- History, Economics.

18.  In this mode of subject formation several
specialized studies on a particular entity are
gathered together into the field of study.
 It may involve interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary
results.
 Example: financial economics, biochemistry.

19. Library service is, in essence, the retrieval and
dissemination of embodied knowledge to individual
members and groups in community. Hence ,
inorder to achieve efficiency of services to readers,
it has become imperative to adopt and develop
such tools and techniques which would facilitate
the classification of subjects embodied in
documents and thus help in retrieval and service to
the satisfaction of the laws of library science.