Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. There are over 90 known serotypes that can cause infections. The bacterium is usually found harmlessly in the nose and throat but can cause pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Diagnosis involves culture, Gram stain, and serological tests. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, while prevention includes polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia. It has over 90 known serotypes and uses an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule as a main virulence factor. Identification methods include culture characteristics such as being optochin positive and bile soluble as well as serological tests like the Quellung reaction.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. It is a facultative anaerobe that is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of humans. Virulence factors include an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysin toxin. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacterium from clinical specimens. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, with vaccines available to help prevent pneumococcal disease.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It was one of the first pathogens shown to behave as an extracellular pathogen and stimulate humoral immunity.
2. S. pneumoniae played a central role in early microbiology discoveries including the identification of DNA as the genetic material.
3. S. pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can cause invasive disease. Rates of invasive disease vary by age and are higher in infants, young children, and older adults.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It played a central role in the early discoveries of humoral immunity and that DNA is the genetic material. There are over 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae identified based on differences in their capsular polysaccharides. The bacterium has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, and an external capsule made of repeating oligosaccharides that are responsible for its serotype classification.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It was one of the first pathogens shown to be extracellular and cause disease through replication outside of cells.
2. Early studies in the late 19th/early 20th century established S. pneumoniae's role in causing pneumonia epidemics and demonstrated that immunization with killed pneumococci or antiserum could prevent disease.
3. S. pneumoniae has 91 known serotypes based on capsular polysaccharides and was important in establishing the concept of serotype-specific immunity and developing polysaccharide vaccines.
Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System.pptxTofikMohammed3
This document discusses several bacterial diseases of the respiratory system, including streptococcal diseases like strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. It describes the properties, classification, and diseases associated with different streptococcal species. It also covers Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, as well as pneumococcal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other topics include mycoplasmal pneumonia from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, and whooping cough from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first observed in 1881 and its relationship to pneumonia was established in 1886. It is a lancet-shaped diplococcus that appears in pairs and is encapsulated. Pneumococcus can be identified through its morphology, culture characteristics, and reactions like optochin sensitivity and bile solubility. It is a human pathogen that can cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Vaccines like PCV7 for children and PPV23 for adults help prevent pneumococcal infections.
Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain atypical pathogens rather than typical bacteria. In the 1930s, pneumonia cases emerged that were clinically distinct from bacterial pneumonia. Over decades, research identified the pathogens responsible as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Mycoplasma species. Through the 1930s-1960s, scientists like Eaton, Liu, and Chanock used techniques like cold agglutination testing, animal inoculation and staining to determine that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the causative agent of the majority of atypical pneumonia cases, which they named the Eaton agent. This resolved the nature of the atypical pneumonia-causing organism.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia. It has over 90 known serotypes and uses an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule as a main virulence factor. Identification methods include culture characteristics such as being optochin positive and bile soluble as well as serological tests like the Quellung reaction.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. There are over 90 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae. It is a facultative anaerobe that is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of humans. Virulence factors include an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysin toxin. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacterium from clinical specimens. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, with vaccines available to help prevent pneumococcal disease.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It was one of the first pathogens shown to behave as an extracellular pathogen and stimulate humoral immunity.
2. S. pneumoniae played a central role in early microbiology discoveries including the identification of DNA as the genetic material.
3. S. pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can cause invasive disease. Rates of invasive disease vary by age and are higher in infants, young children, and older adults.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen that causes pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It played a central role in the early discoveries of humoral immunity and that DNA is the genetic material. There are over 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae identified based on differences in their capsular polysaccharides. The bacterium has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, and an external capsule made of repeating oligosaccharides that are responsible for its serotype classification.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other infectious diseases. It was one of the first pathogens shown to be extracellular and cause disease through replication outside of cells.
2. Early studies in the late 19th/early 20th century established S. pneumoniae's role in causing pneumonia epidemics and demonstrated that immunization with killed pneumococci or antiserum could prevent disease.
3. S. pneumoniae has 91 known serotypes based on capsular polysaccharides and was important in establishing the concept of serotype-specific immunity and developing polysaccharide vaccines.
Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System.pptxTofikMohammed3
This document discusses several bacterial diseases of the respiratory system, including streptococcal diseases like strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. It describes the properties, classification, and diseases associated with different streptococcal species. It also covers Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, as well as pneumococcal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other topics include mycoplasmal pneumonia from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, and whooping cough from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first observed in 1881 and its relationship to pneumonia was established in 1886. It is a lancet-shaped diplococcus that appears in pairs and is encapsulated. Pneumococcus can be identified through its morphology, culture characteristics, and reactions like optochin sensitivity and bile solubility. It is a human pathogen that can cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Vaccines like PCV7 for children and PPV23 for adults help prevent pneumococcal infections.
Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain atypical pathogens rather than typical bacteria. In the 1930s, pneumonia cases emerged that were clinically distinct from bacterial pneumonia. Over decades, research identified the pathogens responsible as Chlamydia, Legionella, and Mycoplasma species. Through the 1930s-1960s, scientists like Eaton, Liu, and Chanock used techniques like cold agglutination testing, animal inoculation and staining to determine that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the causative agent of the majority of atypical pneumonia cases, which they named the Eaton agent. This resolved the nature of the atypical pneumonia-causing organism.
The document discusses Mycoplasma, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls and cause diseases in humans and animals. It focuses on Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae is transmitted through respiratory droplets and attaches to the respiratory epithelium, inhibiting cilia and causing tissue damage. Symptoms include gradual cough and constitutional symptoms. Diagnosis involves PCR or serologic testing, while treatment is with macrolides like erythromycin or azithromycin. The document also briefly discusses M. hominis and M. genitalium as causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and urethritis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococci, are a common cause of bacterial pneumonia. They are gram positive cocci that normally inhabit the human respiratory tract. There are over 90 known serotypes based on differences in their polysaccharide capsules. S. pneumoniae can cause both non-invasive infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media as well as invasive diseases including bacteremia, meningitis, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection, and serotyping. Bile solubility and optochin sensitivity tests can help identify S. pneumoniae. Vaccines are available to help prevent infection from some common serotypes.
Se mencionan los mecanismos que favorecen el desarrollo de Infecciones respiratorias bajas (IRB), identificando los factores de riesgo para cada uno de los principales cuadros clínicos, se identifican los principales patógenos asociados a las IRB y los principales aspectos en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico inicial de las IRB
Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract InfectionsOluwatosin Ogunwola
The document discusses various aspects of respiratory tract infections including the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes common respiratory infections such as common cold, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and others; their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic methods for respiratory infections include microscopy, culture, biochemical tests, nucleic acid amplification tests and serology. Organisms that commonly cause respiratory infections including bacteria, fungi and viruses are also discussed. Radiographic features of tuberculosis and images of diagnostic kits are presented.
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and complications. It begins by recognizing pneumonia as a common and serious condition, especially among children, older adults, and certain demographic groups. The document then discusses the pathophysiology of pneumonia, focusing on how microbial colonization of the lungs can lead to infection when defenses are disrupted or overwhelmed. It describes different patterns of pneumonia based on the location of inflammation within the lungs. The remainder of the document outlines community-acquired pneumonia and compares typical and atypical presentations, including relevant history, physical exam findings, investigations, and radiographic features. It concludes by reviewing potential complications of pneumonia such as empyema, abscess, and cavitary lesions
The document discusses Neisseria, a genus of Gram-negative cocci that includes the human pathogens N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while N. meningitidis most commonly causes meningitis. The document provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by these Neisseria species.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections acquired during medical care. The document discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of HAIs. The three main types are bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Risk factors include underlying illness, invasive devices like ventilators or catheters, and prolonged hospital stays. Diagnosis involves cultures of infected sites and imaging when needed. Treatment involves removing unnecessary devices, giving empiric antibiotics, and later streamlining based on culture results. Management also requires addressing any complications.
The document provides information about Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) and Streptococcus viridans. It describes the typical morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and laboratory identification of these two types of bacteria. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and other infections. It is distinguished from S. viridans by being optochin-sensitive, bile soluble and able to ferment inulin.
Streptococci and enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that are classified based on hemolytic patterns, Lancefield antigens, and biochemical characteristics. Medically important species include Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), S. agalactiae (Group B), S. pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria commonly colonize humans and can cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and endocarditis. Laboratory identification involves culturing specimens on blood agar to observe hemolysis and performing tests like bile solubility and optochin sensitivity.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Pneumonia is usually spread through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial or antivirals if viral. Prevention strategies include vaccination, reducing indoor smoke and pollution, and improving nutrition and primary healthcare access.
Group A Streptococcus, or Streptococcus pyogenes, is an important human pathogen. It is classified based on Lancefield grouping, which identifies the carbohydrate antigens present in the bacterial cell wall. S. pyogenes is in Lancefield Group A and causes a variety of infections through various virulence factors like M protein, streptolysin toxins, and extracellular enzymes. These virulence factors allow the bacteria to adhere to tissues, resist phagocytosis, damage host cells, and spread infection. Common infections include pharyngitis, impetigo, and potentially life-threatening illnesses like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome.
1. A 25-year-old female was admitted with complaints of shortness of breath, loose stools, facial swelling and fever for a week and body pains. Chest X-ray showed consolidation in the right lung. She was diagnosed with pneumonia and pleural effusion, with a relapse of tuberculosis.
2. She was treated with oxygen, antibiotics including piperacillin-tazobactam and metronidazole, thoracentesis, and other supportive care. Her condition improved with treatment.
3. Pneumonia is classified based on location and cause. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management depend on whether it is community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or
Community Acquired Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection. It is defined as pneumonia occurring outside of a hospital setting. Respiratory infections are the leading cause of doctor visits. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen identified, causing around 46% of cases. Risk factors include older age, smoking, lung disease, and conditions that impair immunity or clearance of secretions. Diagnosis involves assessing severity, likely pathogens, and testing sputum, blood, or urine depending on the suspected germ. Most cases are treated initially with antibiotics at home or in the hospital depending on severity. Vaccines can help prevent many types of community acquired pneumonia.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of illness and death in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. The presentation of pediatric pneumonia includes cough, fever, tachypnea, grunting, and hypoxemia. Chest x-rays can identify infiltrates but may also show complications like effusions. Treatment involves hospitalization for young infants or severe cases, along with antibiotics chosen based on likely causative organisms and duration of 10 days. Prevention strategies encompass adequate nutrition, immunizations, reducing indoor air pollution, hand washing, exclusive breastfeeding, and influenza vaccination.
Pneumonia and its causes sign symptome treatmentwajidullah9551
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and complications. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It is classified into categories such as community-acquired (CAP), hospital-acquired (HAP), healthcare-associated (HCAP), and ventilator-associated (VAP) pneumonia. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year and is a major cause of death.
This document discusses several types of streptococci that are medically important, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viridans streptococci. S. pyogenes causes diseases like strep throat, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. S. pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia and meningitis. Viridans streptococci can cause endocarditis following bacteremia from dental procedures. The document covers characteristics, diseases caused, diagnostic tests, and treatments for these different streptococci.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. Pneumococcus is normally found in the nasopharynx but can spread to cause invasive disease. Virulence factors like its polysaccharide capsule allow it to evade the immune system. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, and prevention through vaccination programs targeting at-risk groups.
This presentation is about STREPTOCOCCI, GRAM POSITIVE STTREPTOCOCCI, BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION, ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREP.,BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, LANCIFIED CLASSIFICATION, GROUP A ( S. PYOGENS) , GROUP – B ( S. AGLACTIA ), GROUP - D, DISEASES, PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCI
TRANSMISSION, PATHOGENESIS,STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, IMPORTANT PROPERTIES, C - SUBSTANCE, TRANSMISSION, CONSOLIDATION OF LUNGS, FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE PERSON TO PNEOMCOCCAL INFECTIONS, CLINICAL FINDINGS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
This document provides information on various bacteria including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and others. It describes their characteristics, habitats, methods of transmission, methods of culture and identification, pathogenicity, and treatments. Key points covered include that Streptococcus is gram-positive and forms chains, Staphylococcus forms grape-like clusters, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is acid-fast and causes tuberculosis. Culture methods and identification of each organism is outlined along with diseases they can cause.
This document provides information on the classification, properties, species, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Neisseria bacteria. It discusses Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in detail, including their virulence factors, disease presentation, specimen collection and culture methods, biochemical testing, and antimicrobial susceptibility. It also briefly covers Moraxella and Acinetobacter genera.
Hepatitis viruses can cause liver infection. There are six main types: A, B, C, D, E, and G. Type B virus (HBV) is unique as it is a DNA virus while the others are RNA. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infection. It is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. While types A, E, and some cases of B can be prevented through vaccination, there is currently no vaccine for types C and D. HBV infection requires monitoring of antigen and antibody blood markers to determine infection status and risk of progression to chronic liver disease or cancer.
Marie Rathe Sterilization presentation.pptxMeenachi Ct
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection policies and procedures for Operation Smile missions. It outlines the objectives of ensuring sterile surgical care for patients and minimizing infection risks. It describes Operation Smile's commitment to providing a safe, efficient environment for patients. The document then details Operation Smile's medical policies for sterilizing critical items using steam sterilization. It discusses challenges in accomplishing sterilization in mission settings and quality assurance procedures. It also addresses high level disinfection of semi-critical items.
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The document discusses Mycoplasma, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls and cause diseases in humans and animals. It focuses on Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae is transmitted through respiratory droplets and attaches to the respiratory epithelium, inhibiting cilia and causing tissue damage. Symptoms include gradual cough and constitutional symptoms. Diagnosis involves PCR or serologic testing, while treatment is with macrolides like erythromycin or azithromycin. The document also briefly discusses M. hominis and M. genitalium as causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and urethritis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococci, are a common cause of bacterial pneumonia. They are gram positive cocci that normally inhabit the human respiratory tract. There are over 90 known serotypes based on differences in their polysaccharide capsules. S. pneumoniae can cause both non-invasive infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media as well as invasive diseases including bacteremia, meningitis, and sepsis. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection, and serotyping. Bile solubility and optochin sensitivity tests can help identify S. pneumoniae. Vaccines are available to help prevent infection from some common serotypes.
Se mencionan los mecanismos que favorecen el desarrollo de Infecciones respiratorias bajas (IRB), identificando los factores de riesgo para cada uno de los principales cuadros clínicos, se identifican los principales patógenos asociados a las IRB y los principales aspectos en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico inicial de las IRB
Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract InfectionsOluwatosin Ogunwola
The document discusses various aspects of respiratory tract infections including the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes common respiratory infections such as common cold, pharyngitis, pneumonia, and others; their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic methods for respiratory infections include microscopy, culture, biochemical tests, nucleic acid amplification tests and serology. Organisms that commonly cause respiratory infections including bacteria, fungi and viruses are also discussed. Radiographic features of tuberculosis and images of diagnostic kits are presented.
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and complications. It begins by recognizing pneumonia as a common and serious condition, especially among children, older adults, and certain demographic groups. The document then discusses the pathophysiology of pneumonia, focusing on how microbial colonization of the lungs can lead to infection when defenses are disrupted or overwhelmed. It describes different patterns of pneumonia based on the location of inflammation within the lungs. The remainder of the document outlines community-acquired pneumonia and compares typical and atypical presentations, including relevant history, physical exam findings, investigations, and radiographic features. It concludes by reviewing potential complications of pneumonia such as empyema, abscess, and cavitary lesions
The document discusses Neisseria, a genus of Gram-negative cocci that includes the human pathogens N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while N. meningitidis most commonly causes meningitis. The document provides details on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by these Neisseria species.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections acquired during medical care. The document discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of HAIs. The three main types are bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Risk factors include underlying illness, invasive devices like ventilators or catheters, and prolonged hospital stays. Diagnosis involves cultures of infected sites and imaging when needed. Treatment involves removing unnecessary devices, giving empiric antibiotics, and later streamlining based on culture results. Management also requires addressing any complications.
The document provides information about Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) and Streptococcus viridans. It describes the typical morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and laboratory identification of these two types of bacteria. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and other infections. It is distinguished from S. viridans by being optochin-sensitive, bile soluble and able to ferment inulin.
Streptococci and enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that are classified based on hemolytic patterns, Lancefield antigens, and biochemical characteristics. Medically important species include Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), S. agalactiae (Group B), S. pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria commonly colonize humans and can cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, and endocarditis. Laboratory identification involves culturing specimens on blood agar to observe hemolysis and performing tests like bile solubility and optochin sensitivity.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Pneumonia is usually spread through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial or antivirals if viral. Prevention strategies include vaccination, reducing indoor smoke and pollution, and improving nutrition and primary healthcare access.
Group A Streptococcus, or Streptococcus pyogenes, is an important human pathogen. It is classified based on Lancefield grouping, which identifies the carbohydrate antigens present in the bacterial cell wall. S. pyogenes is in Lancefield Group A and causes a variety of infections through various virulence factors like M protein, streptolysin toxins, and extracellular enzymes. These virulence factors allow the bacteria to adhere to tissues, resist phagocytosis, damage host cells, and spread infection. Common infections include pharyngitis, impetigo, and potentially life-threatening illnesses like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome.
1. A 25-year-old female was admitted with complaints of shortness of breath, loose stools, facial swelling and fever for a week and body pains. Chest X-ray showed consolidation in the right lung. She was diagnosed with pneumonia and pleural effusion, with a relapse of tuberculosis.
2. She was treated with oxygen, antibiotics including piperacillin-tazobactam and metronidazole, thoracentesis, and other supportive care. Her condition improved with treatment.
3. Pneumonia is classified based on location and cause. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management depend on whether it is community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or
Community Acquired Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection. It is defined as pneumonia occurring outside of a hospital setting. Respiratory infections are the leading cause of doctor visits. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen identified, causing around 46% of cases. Risk factors include older age, smoking, lung disease, and conditions that impair immunity or clearance of secretions. Diagnosis involves assessing severity, likely pathogens, and testing sputum, blood, or urine depending on the suspected germ. Most cases are treated initially with antibiotics at home or in the hospital depending on severity. Vaccines can help prevent many types of community acquired pneumonia.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of illness and death in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. The presentation of pediatric pneumonia includes cough, fever, tachypnea, grunting, and hypoxemia. Chest x-rays can identify infiltrates but may also show complications like effusions. Treatment involves hospitalization for young infants or severe cases, along with antibiotics chosen based on likely causative organisms and duration of 10 days. Prevention strategies encompass adequate nutrition, immunizations, reducing indoor air pollution, hand washing, exclusive breastfeeding, and influenza vaccination.
Pneumonia and its causes sign symptome treatmentwajidullah9551
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention, and complications. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It is classified into categories such as community-acquired (CAP), hospital-acquired (HAP), healthcare-associated (HCAP), and ventilator-associated (VAP) pneumonia. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year and is a major cause of death.
This document discusses several types of streptococci that are medically important, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viridans streptococci. S. pyogenes causes diseases like strep throat, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. S. pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia and meningitis. Viridans streptococci can cause endocarditis following bacteremia from dental procedures. The document covers characteristics, diseases caused, diagnostic tests, and treatments for these different streptococci.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first isolated in 1881 by George Sternberg and Louis Pasteur. Pneumococcus is normally found in the nasopharynx but can spread to cause invasive disease. Virulence factors like its polysaccharide capsule allow it to evade the immune system. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin, and prevention through vaccination programs targeting at-risk groups.
This presentation is about STREPTOCOCCI, GRAM POSITIVE STTREPTOCOCCI, BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION, ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREP.,BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, LANCIFIED CLASSIFICATION, GROUP A ( S. PYOGENS) , GROUP – B ( S. AGLACTIA ), GROUP - D, DISEASES, PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCI
TRANSMISSION, PATHOGENESIS,STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, IMPORTANT PROPERTIES, C - SUBSTANCE, TRANSMISSION, CONSOLIDATION OF LUNGS, FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE PERSON TO PNEOMCOCCAL INFECTIONS, CLINICAL FINDINGS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
This document provides information on various bacteria including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and others. It describes their characteristics, habitats, methods of transmission, methods of culture and identification, pathogenicity, and treatments. Key points covered include that Streptococcus is gram-positive and forms chains, Staphylococcus forms grape-like clusters, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is acid-fast and causes tuberculosis. Culture methods and identification of each organism is outlined along with diseases they can cause.
This document provides information on the classification, properties, species, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Neisseria bacteria. It discusses Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in detail, including their virulence factors, disease presentation, specimen collection and culture methods, biochemical testing, and antimicrobial susceptibility. It also briefly covers Moraxella and Acinetobacter genera.
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Hepatitis viruses can cause liver infection. There are six main types: A, B, C, D, E, and G. Type B virus (HBV) is unique as it is a DNA virus while the others are RNA. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infection. It is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. While types A, E, and some cases of B can be prevented through vaccination, there is currently no vaccine for types C and D. HBV infection requires monitoring of antigen and antibody blood markers to determine infection status and risk of progression to chronic liver disease or cancer.
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This document discusses sterilization and disinfection policies and procedures for Operation Smile missions. It outlines the objectives of ensuring sterile surgical care for patients and minimizing infection risks. It describes Operation Smile's commitment to providing a safe, efficient environment for patients. The document then details Operation Smile's medical policies for sterilizing critical items using steam sterilization. It discusses challenges in accomplishing sterilization in mission settings and quality assurance procedures. It also addresses high level disinfection of semi-critical items.
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S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important pathogen that can cause pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and other infections. Key identification features include being Gram-positive diplococci, growing in optochin-susceptible and bile-soluble colonies, and having a polysaccharide capsule visible by Quellung reaction. There are over 90 serotypes defined by capsular antigens. Viridans streptococci commonly inhabit the mouth and throat but can cause infections in some cases; they are distinguished from pneumococcus by being optochin-resistant and non-pathogenic in mice.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It commonly affects about 21.5 million people per year in developing countries. Salmonella bacteria are gram-negative rods that can cause diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food poisoning. Salmonella enter the body through contaminated food or water and cause illness by invading the intestinal wall and spreading to other organs. Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever involves culturing Salmonella from the blood, bone marrow, urine or stool and performing serological tests to detect antibodies produced in response to infection. Treatment may involve antibiotics like chloramphenicol or fluoroquinolones, though drug resistance has become a challenge in some areas
Streptococcus are gram positive cocci that can appear in chains or pairs. They are classified based on oxygen requirement, hemolysis on blood agar, and Lancefield grouping. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) causes a variety of suppurative and toxin-mediated diseases like pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, and toxic shock syndrome. It produces virulence factors like M protein and streptolysins that help it evade the immune system and spread in tissues. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture on blood agar showing beta hemolysis, catalase and bacitracin tests to identify S. pyogenes, and CAMP testing to identify Group B streptococci.
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- The establishment of microbiology as a science through their work proving spontaneous generation is false, microbes cause
This document provides an overview of bacteria, including their cellular structure, differences from eukaryotic cells, and key characteristics. Some of the main points covered are: bacteria lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, their DNA is contained in a single circular chromosome, they have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and divide via binary fission. Gram staining is used to classify bacteria as Gram positive or Gram negative based on differences in their cell wall structure. Bacterial cell shapes include bacilli, cocci, and spirilla.
The document outlines the rules and procedures for biomedical waste management in hospitals. It discusses the objectives of waste management which are to prevent infections, protect health, and minimize environmental pollution. The hospital contracts with a licensed agency for waste disposal. Waste is segregated by color-coded bags at the source and then collected. Yellow, red, white, and blue categories of waste are treated differently with options like incineration, autoclaving, or landfilling. Non-compliance can result in penalties according to the Biomedical Waste Management Rules of 2016. Some hospitals in Karnataka were issued closure notices for failing to properly treat their waste.
This document provides an introduction and overview of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). It discusses that RT-PCR uses the product of a reverse transcription reaction as a template for PCR amplification. The document outlines the basic principles and steps of RT-PCR, including reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA. It also compares one-step vs two-step RT-PCR methods and discusses considerations like avoiding contamination of genomic DNA.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Bacteria / Phylum: Firmicutes /
Class: Diplococci / Order: Lactobacillales /
Family: Streptococcaceae /
Genus: Streptococcus
Binomial name:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
In 1881, the organism, then known as the
pneumococcus for its role as an etiologic
agent of pneumonia, was first isolated
simultaneously and independently by the U.S
Army physician George Sternberg and the
French chemist Louis Pasteur.
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
➢
➢
•
•
5-40% normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract; 40-
70% of humans are natural carriers; 60% of all bacterial
pneumonia
Types of Pneumococci
Types 1- 8: adults
Types 6,14,19,23: children
Predisposing factors:
1. Viral & other respiratory tract infections
2. Alcohol or drug intoxication
3. Abnormal circulatory dynamics
4. Other mechanisms: malnutrition, general debility, sickle
➢
cell anemia, hyposplenism, nephrosis or complement
11/26/12deficiency Dr.T.V.Rao MD 4
5. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A. Morphology
1. Encapsulated, spherical, ovoid, lancet-shaped
cocci
2. Size: 0.5-1.25 μ
m
3. Orientation: pairs or chains (length depends on
environmental conditions)
4. Gram-stain: POSITIVE
• Old cultures: NEGATIVE
6. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 6
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. 90 known serotypes
C. Polysaccharide capsule
important virulence factor
D. Type-specific antibody is
protective
7. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 7
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A. Morphology
5. Ultrastructure
• Similar to other gram-positive organisms
• Lipid bilayer surrounded by rigid cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan & teichoic acid, which contains the
determinant for C polysaccharide antigenic activity
• Teichoic acid contains AMINO ALCOHOL CHOLINE
(regulatory ligand)
• Plasma membrane contains choline-containing
teichoic acid which carries the F antigen
8. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Physiology
1. Cultural characteristics
i. Facultative anaerobe
ii. Optimal Growth pH: 7.4-7.8
•
•
iii. CHOLINE: absolute nutritional requirement
iv. Culture Media: brain heart infusion enriched with 5%
defibrinated blood
Young cultures of encapsulated pneumococci produce circular,
glistening, dome-shaped colonies 1 mm in diameter; later center
of colonies collapse
Unencapsulated strain produce rough colonies
10. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Clinical Features
A. Abrupt onset
B. Fever
C. Shaking chill
D. Productive cough
E. Pleuritic chest pain
F. Dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 10
11. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Clinical Features
A. Abrupt onset
B. Fever
C. Shaking chill
D. Productive cough
E. Pleuritic chest pain
F. Dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 11
12. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12
Pneumococcal Disease in Children
A. Bacteremia without known site of
infection most common clinical
presentation
B. S. pneumoniae leading cause of
bacterial meningitis among children
<5 years of age
C. Common cause of acute otitis media
13. Streptococcus pneumoniae
• CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
1. Pulmonary infections
i. URTI (sinusitis, otitis media)
ii. Pneumonia
iii. Complications: Pleural effusion, empyema
2. Extra-pulmonary Infections (complications)
i. Meningitis, brain abscess
ii. Pericarditis, Endocarditis
iii. Bacteremia
iv. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis
v. Peritonitis
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 13
14. Pneumococcal Disease
Epidemiology
A. Reservoir Human carriers
B. Transmission Respiratory
"Autoinoculation“
A. Temporal pattern Winter and early spring
B. Communicability Unknown
Probably as long as
organism in respiratory
secretions
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 14
15. Children at Increased Risk of Invasive
Pneumococcal Disease
A. Functional or anatomic asplenia,
especially sickle cell disease
B. HIV infection
C. Alaskan native, Native American,
African American
D. Day care attendance
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15
16. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
Pneumococcal Disease Outbreaks
A. Outbreaks uncommon
B. Generally occur crowded
environments (jails, nursing
homes)
C. Persons with invasive disease
often have underlying illness
D. May have high fatality rate
19. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 19
Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Physiology
1. Metabolism
i. Facultative anaerobe
•
•
• Catalase-negative: accumulation of hydrogen peroxide
kills microorganism in culture medium
i. Carbohydrate fermentation yields lactic acid,
hydrogen peroxide, acetic & formic acids
Aerobic incubation produce zone of alpha hemolysis
Anaerobic incubation: produce zone of beta hemolysis
21. Streptococcus pneumoniae
•
B. Physiology
3. Laboratory Identification
OPTOCHIN TEST (ethylhydrocupreine HCl)
Inhibits growth of pneumococci but not viridans
Optochin positiDvre.T.V
.RaoM
O
Dptochin negative
11/26/12 21
22. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Physiology
3. Laboratory Identification
BILE SOLUBILITY TEST
• Bile or bile salts (surface-active agents)
activate an autolytic AMIDASE which
cleaves the bond between alanine &
muramic acid in the peptidoglycan
resulting in lysis of microorganism
Amidase is present in pneumococcus but
•
not in viridansD
r
s.
T
t.
V
r.
eR
a
poM
t
o
Dcocci
11/26/12 22
23. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Physiology
3. Laboratory Identification
(Neufeld) QUELLUNG (capsular
precipitation) REACTION
• Most rapid & most useful: identifies & specifies type
of pneumococci in sputum, spinal fluid, exudates,
or culture
Pneumococcal specimen mixed with (polyvalent)
antipneumococcal serum & methylene blue:
Positive result: refractile & swollen capsules on oil
•
•
immersion
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23
25. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Physiology
•
3. Laboratory Identification
ANIMAL INOCULATION
Fatal infection within 16-48 hours
to mice injected intraperitoneally
with sputum infected with
pneumococci
• For experD
ir
m
.T.Ve
.Ra
n
o M
tD
al purposes
11/26/12 25
26. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Antigenic Structure
1. Capsular antigens
i. Forms hydrophilic gels on the surface
of microorganisms
ii. Antigenicity produces immunity
iii. Basis for separation of serotypes
iv. Cross-reactions with other bacteria
due to common polysaccharide N-
acetyl-D glu
Dr.
c
T.o
V.R
saa
o M
m
D ine
11/26/12 26
27. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27
Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Antigenic Structure
•
2. Somatic antigens
i. C polysaccharide (species-specific)
Major cell wall structural component
•
• Teichoic acid polymer with phosphocholine (major
antigenic determinant), galactosamine, glucose,
phosphate, ribitol & trideoxydiaminohexose
Phosphocholine responsible for agglutination of
pneumococci
C polysaccharide binds with C reactive protein to
activate complement-mediated phagocytosis
•
28. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28
Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Antigenic Structure
2. Somatic antigens
i. F or FORSSMANN Antigen
•
• Lipoteichoic acid consisting of C
polysaccharide covalently linked to
lipids
Inhibits N-acetyl-L-alanine amidase
ii. M protein
29. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 29
Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Determinants of Pathogenicity
1. Polysaccharide Capsule (91 types)
• antiphagocytic capability by inhibiting C3b opsonization
of the bacterial cells
1. Choline binding protein A/Pneumococcal surface
protein A (CbpA/PspA) - Adhesins
• Attachment to mucosal surface by attaching with N-
acetyl-galactose
1. Enzymes
a) Neuraminidase: cleaves terminal N-acetylneuraminic
acid to invade nasopharynx
b) Proteases: degrades IgG, IgM & secretory IgA
30. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Determinants of Pathogenicity
1. Toxins
•
•
a) Pneumolysin O (Ply)
• A 53-kDa protein that is cytolytic to eukaryotic cells that
have cholesterol as a component of their cell membranes
particularly the respiratory epithelium; also activates
complement
a) Autolysin (LytA)
Causes lysis of pneumococci in the presence of surface-
active agents or antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall
synthesis
Release toxic proteases
• Teichoic acid & peptidoglycan beneath the capsular
4. Cell wall components
11/26/12
polysaccharide Dr.T.V.Rao MD 30
31. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 31
Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Determinants of Pathogenicity
6. Hydrogen peroxide –
•
•
• causes damage to host cells (can cause apoptosis in
neuronal cells during meningitis) and has bactericidal
effects against competing bacteria (Haemophilus
influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus
aureus)
6. Pili –
hair-like structures that extend from the surface
contributes to colonization of upper respiratory tract
and increase the formation of large amounts of TNF by
the immune system during sepsis, raising the
possibility of septic shock
32. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 32
Streptococcus pneumoniae
E. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Direct examination of Sputum
•
• Gram-stain (PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS)
1. Culture
Appearance of α-hemolytic colonies that are
bile soluble & optochin sensitive & positive
Quellung reaction: (if typing sera is available
- simplest, most rapid & accurate)
33. Streptococcus pneumoniae
E. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Serologic Diagnosis
•
•
11/26/12
i. Detection of pneumococcal
antibodies
radioimmunoassay
i. Detection of capsular
polysaccharide
counterim
Dr
m
.T.V
u
.Ra
n
o M
o
D
electrophoresis
33
34. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 34
Streptococcus pneumoniae
• MANAGEMENT
– CHEMOTHERAPY:
Based on sensitivity teating
DOC: IM PCN G (uncomplicated pneumonia) OR oral
PCN V (milder URTI)
PCN-allergic alternatives: cephalosporin or erythromycin
(pneumonia),chloramphenicol (meningitis), quinolones
•
•
•
– PREVENTIVE:
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for high-risk cases
•
35. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 35
Pneumococcal Vaccines
A. 1977 14-valent polysaccharide
vaccine licensed
B. 1983 23-valent polysaccharide
vaccine licensed
C. 2000 7-valent polysaccharide
conjugate vaccine licensed
36. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 36
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
A. Purified capsular polysaccharide
antigen from 23 types of
pneumococcus
B. Account for 88% of bacteremic
pneumococcal disease
C. Cross-react with types causing
additional 8% of disease
37. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
A. Polysaccharide conjugated to
nontoxic diphtheria toxin (7
serotypes)
B. Vaccine serotypes account for 86%
of bacteremia and 83% of
meningitis among children <6
years
38. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
A. Purified pneumococcal
polysaccharide (23 types)
B. Not effective in children <2 years
C. 60%-70% against invasive
disease
D. Less effective in preventing
pneumococcal pneumonia
39. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Recommendations
A. Adults >65 years of age
B. Persons >2 years with
1. chronic illness
2. anatomic or functional asplenia
3. immunocompromised (disease,
chemotherapy, steroids)
4. HIV infection
5. environments or settings with increased
risk
40. Pneumococcal Conjugate
Vaccine
A. Routine vaccination of children age
<24 months and children 24-59
months with high risk medical
conditions
B. Doses at 2, 4, 6, months, booster
dose at 12-15 month
C. Unvaccinated children >7 months
1
r
1/e
26/1
q
2 uire fewer d
Dr.o
T.Vs
.Rao
e
Ms
D 40
41. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Revaccination
A. Routine revaccination of immuno-
competent persons is not
recommended
B. Revaccination recommended for
persons age >2 years at highest
risk of serious pneumococcal
infection
C. Single revaccination dose >5 years
after first dose
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 41
42. A. Persons >2 years of age with:
1. Functional or anatomic asplenia
2. Immunosuppression
3. Transplant
4. Chronic renal failure
5. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Persons vaccinated at <65 years of
age
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Candidates for Revaccination
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 42
43. The currently licensed vaccine
A. The polyvalent polysaccharide
vaccine contains per dose (0.5 ml) 25
micrograms of purified capsular
polysaccharide from each of the 23
capsular types of S. pneumoniae that
together account for most cases
(90%) of serious pneumococcal
disease in Western industrialized
countries..
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44. 11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 44
Effectiveness of Current Vaccine
The currently licensed pneumococcal
polysaccharide vaccine has been shown to
protect adults and children under two years of
age against invasive pneumococcal infection,
and its use is recommended for adults and
children at high risk of pneumococcal disease.
Such groups include splenectomised patients
and persons with chronic organ failure or
sickle-cell disease, and the elderly population
45. Pneumococcal Vaccines
Contraindications and Precautions
A. Severe allergy
to vaccine
component or
following prior
dose of vaccine
B. Moderate to
severe acute
illness
11/26/12 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45