Pneumococci.pptx
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S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important pathogen that can cause pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and other infections. Key identification features include being Gram-positive diplococci, growing in optochin-susceptible and bile-soluble colonies, and having a polysaccharide capsule visible by Quellung reaction. There are over 90 serotypes defined by capsular antigens. Viridans streptococci commonly inhabit the mouth and throat but can cause infections in some cases; they are distinguished from pneumococcus by being optochin-resistant and non-pathogenic in mice.
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Pneumococci BACTERIA
S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. It is identified as Gram-positive lanciolate diplococci that are bile soluble, optochin susceptible, and cause fatal infections in mice. The pneumococcus has a polysaccharide capsule that can be typed using the Quellung reaction and is a key virulence factor allowing it to evade phagocytosis. The Viridans streptococci are common throat commensals but can also cause infections, they are α-hemolytic and do not have the identifying features of the pneumococcus such as being bile soluble or mouse pathogenic.
streptococcus-it a gram negative bacteria
Streptococci are Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains. They are classified based on hemolysis reactions into alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic types. Major pathogenic streptococci include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and E. faecalis. S. pyogenes causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis. S. pneumoniae is commonly found in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. S. viridans inhabits the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis. E. faecalis is found in the intestines and associated with infections like urinary tract infections.
Staphylococcus
Most important bacteria for undergraduate students. This topic packs up lot of short notes and viva questions. Examiner's Favorite
streptococcus-160915064757.pdf
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
streptococcus-160915064756 (1).pdf
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Streptococcus
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Staphylococcus.pptx
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms clusters resembling grape clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause both superficial and invasive infections. S. aureus is differentiated from other staphylococci by being catalase-positive and capable of fermenting mannitol. Antibiotic resistance is a major problem, with MRSA being resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene. MRSA causes both healthcare-associated and community-associated infections.
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus are Gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and can cause a variety of infections through toxins or direct invasion. Common species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
2. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. Virulence factors include coagulase, hemolysins and enterotoxins.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens on selective media, testing for catalase and coagulase production, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. MRSA strains are resistant to multiple
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Pneumococci BACTERIA
S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. It is identified as Gram-positive lanciolate diplococci that are bile soluble, optochin susceptible, and cause fatal infections in mice. The pneumococcus has a polysaccharide capsule that can be typed using the Quellung reaction and is a key virulence factor allowing it to evade phagocytosis. The Viridans streptococci are common throat commensals but can also cause infections, they are α-hemolytic and do not have the identifying features of the pneumococcus such as being bile soluble or mouse pathogenic.
streptococcus-it a gram negative bacteria
Streptococci are Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains. They are classified based on hemolysis reactions into alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic types. Major pathogenic streptococci include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and E. faecalis. S. pyogenes causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis. S. pneumoniae is commonly found in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. S. viridans inhabits the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis. E. faecalis is found in the intestines and associated with infections like urinary tract infections.
Staphylococcus
Most important bacteria for undergraduate students. This topic packs up lot of short notes and viva questions. Examiner's Favorite
streptococcus-160915064757.pdf
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
streptococcus-160915064756 (1).pdf
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Streptococcus
Streptococci are classified based on their hemolysis reactions. S. pyogenes causes serious infections like impetigo, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It produces enzymes and toxins as virulence factors. S. pneumoniae commonly resides in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. It is diagnosed using gram stain, culture and catalase test. S. viridans and S. faecalis can also cause infections and are treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Staphylococcus.pptx
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms clusters resembling grape clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause both superficial and invasive infections. S. aureus is differentiated from other staphylococci by being catalase-positive and capable of fermenting mannitol. Antibiotic resistance is a major problem, with MRSA being resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene. MRSA causes both healthcare-associated and community-associated infections.
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus are Gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and can cause a variety of infections through toxins or direct invasion. Common species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
2. S. aureus is an important human pathogen capable of causing skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and toxic shock syndrome. Virulence factors include coagulase, hemolysins and enterotoxins.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves culturing specimens on selective media, testing for catalase and coagulase production, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. MRSA strains are resistant to multiple
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Chapter_4_Pathogenic_Gram_positive_cocci.pptx
Gram-positive cocci include Staphylococcus (catalase-positive), which grows clusters, and Streptococcus (catalase-negative), which grows in chains. The staphylococci further subdivide into coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative (S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus) species. Streptococcus bacteria subdivide into Strep. pyogenes (Group A), Strep. agalactiae (Group B), enterococci (Group D), Strep viridans, and Strep pneumonia.
Gram-positive bacilli (rods) subdivide according to their ability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are spore-forming rods while Listeria and Corynebacterium are not. Spore-forming rods that produce spores can survive in environments for many years. Also, the branching filament rods encompass Nocardia and actinomyces.
Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram-negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.
Bloodstream infection mortality rates have increased by 78% in just two decades[1]. Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that gram-positive organisms in those with an underlying malignancy accounted for 62% of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76% in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22% and 14% of infections for these years.[2]
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2. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis. It has virulence factors like a polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysins toxin. Group A Strep causes infections like pharyngitis and flesh-eating disease. Complications include rheumatic fever
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This document discusses Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), including its normal habitat in the nasopharynx, morphology as gram-positive diplococci that are encapsulated, and cultural characteristics such as alpha hemolysis on blood agar. Key virulence factors include its polysaccharide capsule which inhibits phagocytosis. Pneumococcus can cause diseases like pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis when host immunity is compromised. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram stain morphology and testing for sensitivity to optochin to identify it as the cause of infection.
Enteric fever
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The bacteria infects the lymphoid tissues of the small intestine and spreads to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Common symptoms include sustained fever over 38°C, abdominal pain and hepatosplenomegaly. Blood cultures are the gold standard for diagnosis but other tests like the Widal test and Typhidot can also be used. Fluoroquinolones are usually the treatment of choice but azithromycin is an alternative. Treatment duration is typically 14 days to prevent relapse. Improving sanitation and hygiene as well as vaccination can
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- 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae & Viridans group of Streptococci Professor Sudheer Khe
- 2. • S. pneumoniae • diplococci • Pneumococcus • autolysin • bile solubility test • optochin susceptibility • capsule • Quellung reaction • Inulin fermentation • Mouse pathogenecity KEY WORDS
- 3. Viridans group of Streptococci • Viridis = Green • Throat commensals, can cause opportunistic infections. • ά - Haemolytic on blood agar. • Species – S. mitis, mutans, salivarius, sanguis. • Tooth extraction – Transient bacteremia leading to implantation on damaged/prosthetic heart valves – Commonest species - sanguis. • Dental caries - Commonest species – mutans.
- 5. Important features • Gram + , Lanciolate, capsulated diplococci
- 6. Important features • Aerobes & facultative anaerobes. Growth improved by 5-10 % CO2 • Colonies on BA –ά - Haemolytic, dome shaped later showing flat and concentric ring pattern (carrom coin) • Mucoid appearance
- 7. Important features • Catalase & oxidase negative • Bile soluble • Inulin fermentation • Optochin (ethyl dihydrocuprein) sensitive • Pathogenic to mice
- 8. Antigens • Most important – Type specific capsular polysaccharide also called SSS (specific soluble substance). More than 90 serotypes detected. • Typing methods – – Agglutination – Quellung reaction – Precipitation for SSS
- 9. S. pneumoniae • leading cause of lobar pneumonia – particularly young and old – after damage to upper respiratory tract *e.g. following viral infection • bacteremia • meningitis • middle ear infections (otitis media) • Sinusitis, bronchitis, eye infections.
- 10. S. pneumoniae • ά - hemolytic • pneumolysin – degrades red blood cells under aerobic conditions • grows well on sheep blood agar • no group antigen
- 11. Diagnosis - spinal fluid • direct Gram staining • detection of capsular antigen
- 12. Autolysis - identification Bile peptidoglycan cell membrane lipoteichoic acid teichoic acid -choline autolysin
- 13. C polysaccharide • Teichoic acid – Precipitates in serum – C-reactive protein – An abnormal protein (β-globulin) that precipitates with somatic C antigen of pneumococci appears in acute phase sera in pnemonia and disappears in convalescence. Also occurs in many other pathological conditions. This is called CRP or acute phase protein. • Used to monitor response to treatment in various conditions like rheumatic fever and is replacing ESR.
- 14. Not optochin sensitive optochin sensitive Identification Pneomococci Not Pneomococci
- 15. Capsule • Prominent in virulent strains • Anti-phagocytic • Carbohydrate antigens - vary among strains • Immunity - serotype specific • Vaccine contains multiple serotypes – Only for susceptible population
- 16. Quellung reaction • Using antisera • Capsule "fixed" • Visible microscopically
- 17. Pathogenesis • Teichoic acid –complement activation –large numbers of inflammatory cells at infection site
- 18. Therapy • S. pneumoniae – most strains susceptible to penicillin – resistance is uncommon but known (5%) –Third generation of cephalosporin or Vancomycin
- 19. Prophylaxis • Polyvalent polysaccharide capsular antigens of 23 most common serotypes given to population at high risk – Absent/dysfunctional spleen – Sickle cell disease – Coeliac disease – Chronic renal/lung/heart/liver disease – NOT given to children < 2yrs, immunosuppression / deficiency, lymphoreticular malignancy
- 20. Differences between Viridans Gp & Pneumococci Point Pneumococci Viridans Gp Morphology Capsulated, lanceolate, diplococci Oval or rounded in chains Quellung test + - Colonies Dome shaped Draughtsman Dome shaped Growth in liquid Uniform turbidity Granular turbidity with powdery deposits Bile solubility + - Inulin fermentation + - Optochin sensitivity + - Intraperitoneal inoculation in mice Fatal Infection Non-pathogenic
- 21. • S. pneumoniae • diplococci • Pneumococcus • autolysin • bile solubility test • optochin susceptibility • capsule • Quellung reaction • Inulin fermentation • Mouse pathogenecity KEYWORDS