One Health for the Real World: partnerships and pragmatismNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Sarah Cleaveland of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dynamics and Control of Infectious Diseases (2007) - Alexander Glaser Wouter de Heij
See also:
- https://food4innovations.blog/2020/03/26/montecarlo-simulaties-tonen-aan-wat-de-onzekerheid-is-en-dat-we-minimaal-1600-maar-misschien-wel-2000-2500-ic-plaatsen-nodig-hebben/
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global and national Burden of Disease II
Date: June 17 2013
Presenter: Arie Havelaar
Institute:
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
One Health for the Real World: partnerships and pragmatismNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Sarah Cleaveland of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dynamics and Control of Infectious Diseases (2007) - Alexander Glaser Wouter de Heij
See also:
- https://food4innovations.blog/2020/03/26/montecarlo-simulaties-tonen-aan-wat-de-onzekerheid-is-en-dat-we-minimaal-1600-maar-misschien-wel-2000-2500-ic-plaatsen-nodig-hebben/
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global and national Burden of Disease II
Date: June 17 2013
Presenter: Arie Havelaar
Institute:
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergenceNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Jonathan Epstein, EcoHealth Alliance, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
A critical social analysis of poverty and zoonotic disease riskNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jo Sharp of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Understanding zoonotic impacts: the added value from One Health approachesNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jakob Zinsstag of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
One Health – an interdisciplinary approach in combating emerging diseasesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace and Jakob Zinsstag at the International Symposium of Health Sciences (iSIHAT 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-21 August 2013.
The UK, Italy and France surely have lessons to learn from Germany and South Korea. The aim here is to understand, not judge, criticise or blame
I will share a serialised version of the overall slideshow which records facts that merit attention in the UK
- UK plans
- UK response
- Conclusions
- Numbers
- Political and moral dilemmas
Enjoy!
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
This paper reviews the evolution of the definition of sepsis and the controversy surrounding the sepsis-3 definition and the sepsis screening tool, qSOFA.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
HSA 535 Week 11 Final Exam Part 2 -
1. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?
2. Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach
Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergenceNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Jonathan Epstein, EcoHealth Alliance, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
A critical social analysis of poverty and zoonotic disease riskNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jo Sharp of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Understanding zoonotic impacts: the added value from One Health approachesNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jakob Zinsstag of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
One Health – an interdisciplinary approach in combating emerging diseasesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace and Jakob Zinsstag at the International Symposium of Health Sciences (iSIHAT 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-21 August 2013.
The UK, Italy and France surely have lessons to learn from Germany and South Korea. The aim here is to understand, not judge, criticise or blame
I will share a serialised version of the overall slideshow which records facts that merit attention in the UK
- UK plans
- UK response
- Conclusions
- Numbers
- Political and moral dilemmas
Enjoy!
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
This paper reviews the evolution of the definition of sepsis and the controversy surrounding the sepsis-3 definition and the sepsis screening tool, qSOFA.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
HSA 535 Week 11 Final Exam Part 2 -
1. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?
2. Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
Madhav Marathe and Anil Vullikanti will present a tutorial on computational epidemiology, along with Thomas L. Phillips Professor of Engineering Naren Ramakrishnan, at the 20th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining on August 24th, 2014 in New York City.
In this tutorial, the researchers will approach epidemics based on diffusion processes on complex networks, which are able to capture more realistic problems. They will provide a state of the art overview of computational epidemiology, a multi-disciplinary research area that overlaps different areas in computer science, including data mining, machine learning, high performance computing and theoretical computer science, as well as mathematics, economics and statistics.
Presentation to the Norfolk Medical and Surgical Society, January 21st 2022 on the current state of the pandemic worldwide and in the UK and other global and planetary threats to health and how to 'plan for an outbreak of health'
20220125middleton medchi
6Health and SafetyJupiterimagesStockbyteThinkstockLe.docxalinainglis
6Health and Safety
Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Describe global health concerns and efforts that prevent childhood mortality.
ሁ Identify common threats to infant, childhood, and adolescent safety.
ሁ Identify common diseases of childhood and their potential consequences.
ሁ Examine trends in nutrition and activity and their effects on health. Compare activity guidelines with
current practice.
ሁ Summarize the effects of malnutrition on development.
ሁ Outline the risks to health posed by overweight and obesity.
ሁ Compare and contrast three major eating disorders.
Section 6.1Worldwide Early Childhood Mortality and Prevention Efforts
Prologue
After the end of World War II and the beginning of the baby boomer generation, Americans
became more mobile, giving birth to the suburbs. As people moved, so did diseases. Screen
media, from which most children now get their information about the world, was virtually
nonexistent in the 1940s. Despite its obvious benefits, screen media contribute to a sedentary
lifestyle and sometimes promote other unhealthy behaviors through advertisements. Who
would have thought that new technology would have such a profound effect on health, safety,
and nutrition? Whereas many adults use technology and the easier access to information to
stay healthy, children often become heavier and may eventually die younger because of it.
Family influences are entwined in the 21st century culture, as well. Compared to the 1960s,
when I was a child, more fathers in North America, Europe, and elsewhere are involved in the
daily care and upbringing of their children. No doubt, part of my children’s physical, cogni-
tive, and psychosocial health was influenced by the care that my wife and I provided. And
that care has been influenced by socioeconomic, historical, and cultural factors. For instance,
the number of single mothers has grown dramatically since the 1960s. Because single moth-
ers generally have fewer social and economic resources than two-parent families, it is more
difficult for them to ensure their children’s health and
safety. In addition, previous generations of children were
typically freer to roam their neighborhoods and engaged
in random physical activity; now there is more orga-
nized sports activity that includes safety standards. This
module explores these health and safety issues within a
contemporary context, while also examining significant
historical trends.
6.1 Worldwide Early Childhood Mortality
and Prevention Efforts
The United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals to reduce the unaccept-
ably high under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 (United Nations,
2014). Because of their large populations, just five countries account for half of early child-
hood deaths: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China. However,
worldwide, the ann.
Surname 6
Insert name
Institution
Course
Lecturer’s name
Date
Should Vaccination be Mandatory?
Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases of the 20th century. In America, smallpox spread among the population at a very fast rate and killed over 50% of all those who contracted it. It was estimated that over 300 million people across the world. The spread of the disease was witnessed more during and after the First World War. Inoculated vaccinations, the smallpox was introduced by Jenner Edwards. There are countless other diseases that have vaccines which protect people from contracting diseases. Development of vaccines was a game changer in the field of medicine. Instead, searching for cures of diseases, focus on vaccines prevents the spread of disease which eventually eradicates the disease from the face of the earth as was the case with smallpox (De Soto, 23). Mandatory vaccination has been a debatable topic for years, due to the loss of lives caused by diseases whose vaccines are available. Thesis: Mandatory vaccination should be implemented in the United States to help eradicate diseases whose vaccines are available as well as save the lives of children from deadly diseases.
From a historical perspective, the debate on making vaccinations mandatory has been in existence for centuries. There are numerous societies that have a negative opinion on vaccinations, while an even larger group of people are ignorant of the significance of vaccinations. The eradication of smallpox, a deadly disease in the 20th century is living proof of the significance of vaccination to the general of all people in the United States (Netzley, 21). Some of the reasons for the resistance to vaccination apart from ignorance is the lack of basic education on facts about vaccines. There are numerous misconceptions help by different groups of people especially those with religious affiliations that don’t believe in modern medicine. However, the general public needs to understand the significance of vaccination through campaigns by the healthcare department.
The debate on mandatory vaccination is aimed at eradicating diseases that spread and caused death among the people. With mandatory vaccination, the health department is able to deal with diseases that have vaccines and protect generations to come from the effects of such disease. The aspects that prevent the implementation of mandatory vaccination in the united states is the existence of civil rights that needs to be upheld by the government at all cost. Mandatory vaccination in the United States will lead to the violation of the civil rights granted to the United States citizen by the constitution (Offit, 17).
The need for mandatory vaccination, however, is based on the fact that vaccines are quite helpful in the protection of the lives of people and those around them. Research indicates that millions of lives have been saved due to the introduction of numerous vaccines across the world. The United States Cent.
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 1
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 2
Outbreak Investigation
Introduction
Epidemiology deals with the study of the determinants and distribution of disability or disease in the population groups (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Epidemiology is one of the core areas in public health study and is essential for the evaluation of the efficacy of the new therapeutic and preventive modalities as well in the new organizational health care delivery patterns. I have for a long time developed a lot of interest in the area towards learning more on finding the causes of diseases and health outcomes in populations. Epidemiology views the individuals collectively, and the community is considered to be patient. The area of public health study is systematic, scientific, and data-driven in analyzing the pattern or frequency of the distributions and the risk factors or causes of specific diseases in the neighborhood, city, school, country, and global levels. Epidemiology handles various areas including environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, non-infectious diseases, natural disasters and terrorism (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Specifically, this paper explores epidemiology in addressing infectious disease, food-borne illness in the community. Also, the paper examines outbreak investigations as an intervention towards addressing the foodborne illness in the society. Further, an evaluation of the intervention and the expected results are discussed to examine or analyze the contributions of the intervention.
Foodborne Illness
Foodborne illness is any illness that results from food spoilage of the contaminated food. Food can be contaminated by the pathogenic bacteria, contaminated food, parasites, or viruses, as well as natural or chemical toxins including several species of beans, and poisonous mushrooms. In the United States, food-borne illness is estimated to impact negatively over 76 million people annually (Jones, McMillian, Scallan et al., 2007). This is translated to 5,2000 deaths, and 325,000 hospitalizations. However, the true incidence of food-borne illness is unknown. The majority of food-borne illness and most of the deaths are linked to “unknown agents” following the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis a foodborne disease. An estimated $7 billion is lost regarding productivity and medical expenses and is attributed to the most prevalent but diagnosable foodborne illnesses. Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: Reference needed for this statement Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: References needed for these statements
The under diagnosis in foodborne illnesses is further contributed by the majority who has the symptoms and signs of the disease but totally fail to seek medical attention. This circumstance coupled with the global and national distribution of foo.
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
Week 4: Week 4 - Epidemiology—Introduction
Epidemiology—Introduction
The study of epidemics is epidemiology. Its primary focus is on the distribution and causes of disease in populations. Epidemiology involves developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease by studying its origin, spread, and vulnerabilities.
As a discipline, epidemiologic research addresses a variety of health-related questions of societal importance. Epidemiologic research methods are used by clinical investigators and scientists who conduct observational and experimental research on the prevention and treatment of disease.
The Cholera epidemic, a case from the 19th century, was enabled by the global movement of people. Having appeared in India in 1817, it spread throughout Asia and the Middle East within a decade. It was reported in Moscow in 1830 and then spread to Warsaw, Hamburg, Berlin, and London in 1831 (Snow, 1855, 2002). When it crossed the Atlantic to reach North America, Cholera gained the notoriety of the first truly global disease.
The modern day world is dominated by free trade and rapid transportation. An unprecedented rate of global interchange of food, consumer products, and organisms—including humans—is occurring. The threat of pandemics in the 21st century has heightened the importance of epidemiology at national and international levels.
Although diseases such as Influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), West Nile Virus, Salmonella, are commonly recognized as epidemics, as they cause large scale disruption of health in populations. The field of epidemiology also addresses epidemics of obesity (Ogden et al., 2007), diabetes (Zimmet, 2001), mental health (Insel & Fenton, 2005), and any other disease that may cause large scale disruption of health in populations.
In general, there are ten stages to an outbreak investigation:
1. Investigation preparation
2. Outbreak confirmation
3. Case definition
4. Case identification
5. Descriptive epidemiology
6. Hypothesis generation
7. Hypothesis evaluation
8. Environmental studies
9. Control measures
10. Information dissemination
Investigation preparation requires a health crisis manager to identify a team of professionals who will lead the outbreak investigation, review the scientific literature, and notify local, state, and national organizations of the potential outbreak.
Outbreak confirmation requires actual laboratory confirmation of the disease, which may involve the collection of blood, urine, and stool samples from ill people and performing bacteriologic, virologic, or parasitic testing of those samples.
Case definition is the process by which we establish a set of standard criteria to determine who is and is not infected with respect to a specific outbreak; that is, a protocol is developed to determine case patients.
Case identification requires the health crisis manager and team of professionals to conduct a systematic and organize.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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1. Social epidemiology studies ____.
2. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is currently a ____.
3. A disease or condition that affects a greater than expected
(normal) number of individuals within a population,
community, or region at the same time is referred to as an ____.
4. Identifying diseases prior to the clinical stage means that
prevention efforts can begin immediately. Because the disease
is already present, this is an example of ____ prevention.
5. The time between infection and clinical disease is referred to
as a(n) ____.
6. James Lind (1716-1794) observed the effect of time, place,
weather, and diet on the spread of disease by ____.
7. The number of new cases of disease in a specified time
(usually one year) divided by the population “at-risk” to
develop the disease is known as ____.
8. A proportion measured over a period of time is known as a
____.
9. A person in the population or study group identified as
having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition
under investigation is known as a ____.
10. Infectious diseases are responsible for ____% of worldwide
deaths in children under 15 years old and ____% of deaths in
people aged 15-59 years old.
11. The probability of death due to infectious disease in sub-
2. Saharan Africa is ____%, but only ____% in developed countries,
such as the United States.
12. How many new cases of HIV infection were reported in the
United States for the year 2009?
13. During 2008, the most recent year for which data are
finalized, ____ food-borne disease outbreaks were reported.
14. Outbreaks are generally classified as one of two types: ____.
15. Once the population at risk has been identified, it’s finally
time to develop a(n) ____ about the suspected cause of the
outbreak and then test it.
16. The MMR vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine that combines
antigens for what infectious diseases?
17. Anthrax is caused by ____.
18. Which sub-group is considered at the highest risk for
anthrax infection?
19. In 1970, cardiovascular research indicated that high blood
pressure (hypertension) increased the risk of ____.
20. The brain consists of two major hemispheres, the right and
the left, which are joined by tissue called the corpus callosum.
The right hemisphere controls movements of which part of the
body?
21. In 1948, the National Heart Institute and Boston University
began an ambitious project to follow over time a large number
of persons who had not yet developed cardiovascular disease to
study the characteristics of the disease and determine the risk
factors. This project is commonly known today as the ____.
22. Cancer in the ____ is the second most common cancer when
considering men and women combined.
23. What is the overall case fatality rate of lung cancer in the
United States (men and women combined)?
24. In what year did the National Cancer Institute and the
National Human Genome Research Institute establish The
Cancer Genome Atlas?
25. Metabolic syndrome is also known as ____.
3. 26. What is the main prevention measure currently available
for Type 1 diabetes?
27. Diabetes mellitus was the ____ leading cause of death in the
United States in 2007.
28. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ____
transmitted through contaminated water or food.
29. Although access to up-to-date computer systems is
essential, what is the major barrier to setting up and
maintaining health data in developing countries?
30. What is the average life expectancy in the United States (as
of 2008)?