Strategies and Methods for Extension

Strategies & Methods
for Extension
Prof. R. Orbeta
BUCAF, ATD Dept.

Strategy is a method or
plan chosen to bring about a
desired future such as
achievement of a goal or one
or more goals or solution to a
problem under conditions of
uncertainty .

Method is a particular
form of procedure for
accomplishing or
approaching something
especially a systematic or
established one.

Extension teaching methods may be
defined as:
 TEACHING the process of
transmitting ideas, information,
technologies from one person to
another with the intent of
enhancing/modifying the learner’s
knowledge, attitudes and/or skills.

 DEVICES is a “little method”. It is
used to create situations in which
new information can pass freely
between the extension worker
and the rural communities. It is
any means, usually concrete,
used to make the instruction
better, meaningful and more
interesting.

• the TOOLS & TECHNIQUES used to
create situations in which
communication can take place
between the rural people and the
extension workers. This is the art or
skill of performance. The EW’s
teaching technique spells the success
or failure of the methods employed.
- use of action or gestures
-changing facial expressions to depict
different moods
-varying voice pitch, tempo and timbre

METHODS refers to the
systematic procedure employed
by EW in getting the vital
information across the client-
learners.
 drawing their attention towards
them,
 arousing their interest and
 helping them to have a
successful experience of the
new practice

Factors to Consider In the Choice
of Teaching Methods To Use
1. Human Factors
a. Extension Worker
As a Teacher – must be
credible, that is acceptable
and believable to the clientele-groups.
*Speaking and writing are the so-called
encoding skills that the EW must
develop.
*Listening and reading are decoding
skills

b. The Client-learners - are considered the center of
the educative process. Ex. Farmers, homemakers, out-of-
school youth and the entrepreneurs. An EW should therefore
have background information about his clientele. To start
with, he must have answers to basic questions like “who are
my clientele-learners?” “What are their needs, problems and
interest?” “What are the available resources?” “What is the
attitude of the learners toward the subject matter, the
extension worker or even to themselves as learners?”
Thursday, July 06, 2017

2. The Objectives - are
statements of what the clientele
will be able to do after the learning
activity. These should be carefully
and cooperatively decided by the
extension worker and his clientele
to ensure that the learnings will be
better appreciated and applied or
adopted.

3. Subject Matter – is what the
extension worker will be presenting
and discussing. Subject areas may
focus on a subject relating to
livestock, crop production, crop
protection, fertilizer computation,
bookkeeping .

4. Available Materials and
Facilities – Teaching will not
be a problem if there are
available materials, equipment
or even facilities needed to
make the teaching more
meaningful and lasting.
5. Time Consideration – one who
is given more time to discuss a
subject matter or even prepare
the needed materials will have
more options than one whose
time is limited.Thursday, July 06, 2017

6. Available Budget Support – How much
funds does the extension agency have for its
field operation? Does it have provisions for
travel of extension workers or for the purchase
of supplies, materials and even equipment
needed in extension teaching?

CLASSIFICATION OF EXTENSION
METHODS
Extension teaching
methods can be classified
on the basis of:
Outreach: Number of
people it design to
reach
Form or nature of
teaching method.

Classification based on Outreach
Extension methods may be classified in
three groups on the basis of the
number of people they are designed to
reach:
these are:
• Individual method
• Group methods and
• Mass Method

INDIVIDUAL METHODS
Individual methods include :
farm and home visits
 office calls
 telephone calls, text messaging
personal letters/correspondence
informal contacts
result demonstrations

Farm and Home Visits
-They provide a means of:
personal
communication
discuss matters of
common interest in
privacy
-Avenue for addressing
problems of the
marginalized in society

Purposes of Farm and Home Visits
For the Agent to acquaint with the farm
family
•To answer specific requests for
help
•To gain first hand knowledge of
problems faced by the farmer or
villager
•To provide technical assistance
and explain/follow up and observe
the results of recommended
practices
•To establish rapport with the
clientele and his family
•To identify potential leaders

Characteristics of Farm and
Home Visits
 The extension worker is the one that
goes to the home or farm of the
clientele
 The face to face contact between the
extension worker and the clientele gives
the former the opportunity to know the
latter and/or get first hand information
about the condition of his
crops/livestock project.

Pointers to Remember
 Determine the place and time of visit.
 Decide on the purpose of visit.
 Introduce yourself to the farmer/housewife.
 Observe courtesy all throughout the visit.
 Be a good listener.
 Avoid engaging in trivial discussions outside of your
main purpose of visit.
 Conclude the visit.
 Record the important details taken up/observed
during the visit.
 Follow-up the visit.

Strong Points
 The extension worker gets to interact
with the clientele and his family with
the least distractions common to
group methods.
 The interpersonal contact or personal
touch involved during the visit may
facilitate the extension worker’s desire
to establish rapport with the clientele
and his family.

Weak points
 Expensive on the part of the extension
workers especially if they have no
provisions for travelling expenses.
 Limited reach as the extension worker may
only be visiting one or two farmers/farm in
a day.
 Some farms may be too far or not accessible
to commonly available means of
transportation, hence, tiresome on the part
of EW.Thursday, July 06, 2017

Office Calls
This is the reverse of the farm and
home visit as the clientele is the one
who goes to the extension office to
seek for technical assistance or
information from the extension
worker.

Office calls are made by the farmer
for the purpose of:
 satisfying a felt need
expression of interest by the farmer
 providing the extension worker with
knowledge of the needs of the farming
community
Seeking referral from the extension
office.

Characteristics of the
Office Call
The number of farmer/clientele-office
callers can be taken as indication of
the trust and confidence accorded to
the extension office/workers.
The clientele is the one that pays a
visit to the extension office/worker in
his office.

 The extension office must be strategically located
so that the clientele can easily see and go there.
 There must be adequate space and chains to
comfortably accommodate office callers.
 The office should be cozy, attractive and properly
ventilated and illuminated. Informative materials
must be available either for a minimal fee or for
free to interested office caller.

Be courteous.
Have a log book indicating the date,
name,
address, contact number and purpose
of the office call.
Follow-up the office caller by paying a
home visit or through a business
letter.

STRONG POINTS
 Not expensive on the part of the extension
worker
 Provides clientele with the opportunity to get to
know the services offered by the extension office.
 Record of office callers can be used as basis for
the extent of extension service provided/
evaluation purposes.

WEAK POINTS
Some extension offices are based in the
town, hence is expensive on the part of
the office callers.
Most farmers do not take advantage of
the services of the extension office
hence may not feel the need to go to
the extension office.

Telephone/Cellphone Call/
Text Messaging
This method is the reverse of
both farm/home visit and office
call as it lacks the personal or
face-to-face contact between the
extension worker and the clientele. An
intermediary device called telephone or
cellphone are used to transmit/
disseminate information.

POINTERS TO REMEMBER
 Be courteous and tactful when receiving/
answering cellphone calls.
 Record and follow-up telephone/
cellphone calls.
 Keep a directory of important
people/offices/clienteles accessible for
easy and ready reference.
 If you need to send text messages, be
sure it is understandable.

STRONG POINTS
 Useful in soliciting and giving specific information
 Provides means for follow-up and
evaluation of the effectiveness of other
methods.
 Not time consuming on the part of
both the EW and clientele.
 Show interests of both the caller and the
EW to the extension program
 Useful for contacting regional or national
office quickly

 One of the tastest methods of disseminating
information/technology
 As the number of phones in the country
is increasing their value as an
extension method will become
greater.
WEAK POINTS
 Limited application as not all areas
have telephone lines/cellular sites
 Information shared is limited
 Expensive for it requires telephone/cell
phones

Lacks face-to-face contacts
An EW does not have the
ocular view of the current
problem of the clientele
Sometimes misunderstanding
occurs
Sometimes access or signal is
not available

LETTERS
 An extension letter can also make use of business
letter in transmitting important information. Simply
defined, a business letter is a written message used to
transact official business.
PURPOSES OF WRITING A BUSINESS
LETTER
 To transmit information in written form which
could be used as a ready reference in the future.
 To elicit action from the interested receiver.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL
WRITTEN BUSINESS LETTER
Accurate
Clear
Concise
Neat
Promptly written
Attractive

STRONG POINTS
 May be used to convey message in written form when
personal communication is not feasible
 Can be used as future reference when filed/kept
properly.
WEAK POINTS
 May not be used to transmit messages to all
clienteles as some may not know how to read.
 Not practical in areas where there is no efficient
mail.

Result
demonstration
Result demonstration is a
method of teaching designed to
show, by example the practical
application of an established
fact or group of facts.
‘The result demonstration”- “Is
one which shows after a period
of time what happened after a
practice is adopted.

Purposes Of Result Demonstration
Furnishes local proof of the
desirability of adopting a
recommended practice
Is an efficient method for
introducing a new subject
 Appeals to the eye and reaches the
“show me” individual

Purposes Of Result Demonstration cont.
Provides a good
source of
information for
meetings, news
items, pictures,
radio talks.
Furnishes cost
data and other
basic information

A high percentage of
people will
understand
Aids in developing
local leadership
 Establishes
confidence in the
extension worker
and the rural people

Weak Points of Results Demonstration
 Result demonstration requires a large
amount of extension workers time
 The cost is high per practice changed
 Good demonstrations are hard to find
 Few people see the demonstration at a not-
convincing stage
 The teaching value is frequently destroyed
by unfavorable weather.
 Sometimes, getting willing and cooperative
farmer as cooperator is difficult.

Group Teaching Methods
Group methods take
into account:
• the inclination of
the individual to
respond to;
• pressures and
•opinions of
groups

Group Teaching Methods
general meetings,
 group discussion,
exhibits,
tours and field trips,
Method Demonstration
 extension schools and
farmer training centre.
lecture

LECTURE
It is a prepared oral presentation
on a given subject by a trainor or
a resource person while the
audience is usually passive, i.e.
simply taking notes or just
listening. It is a means of sharing
information the learners need to
know.Thursday, July 06, 2017

Purposes of a Lecture
 To inform the participants about a
specified subject-matter.
 To introduce a subject indicating its
importance, and an overview of the scope
 To explain the application of rules,
principles or concepts; and
 To review, clarify, emphasize or summarize
a given topic or subject matter

Characteristics of Lecture
 Coverage and pacing of presentation
can be pre determined
 Lectures can readily be repeated,
especially when hand outs and visual
aids have already been prepared
 Usually, one-way communication
with most if not all the talking done
by the lecturer.

 Know your audience
 Know how much speaking time you will have
 Determine the objective of lecture
 Determine what audio visual aids you need
to support your lecture
 A good lecture must have three parts: an
introduction, the body of the lecture and the
summary.

Strong Points
 When properly planned and skillfully delivered,
lecture can present more material in a given time
than any other method
 A skillful lecturer can modify the material, in terms of
sequence, vocabulary to suit the needs of the
intended audience
 The lecture can be combined easily and effectively
with any other method of instruction.
 It can be used whether in-door or out-door provided
the needed audio-visual equipments are available

Weak Points
 Most lectures do not permit exchange of
ideas between the trainor and the audience
 Lecture cannot be used if one wishes to
teach skills
 Sometimes difficult to hold the interest of
the audience
 Audience is usually passive.

General Meetings
Meeting is a gathering of the
officers and members of an
organized group, or a group of
intended clientele with the
extension worker for a definite
purpose.

General meetings
 General meetings include all kinds of meetings held by
the extension worker except demonstration meetings.
 During the meeting, provision should be made for use of
 models,
 charts,
 specimens,
 pictures etc to illustrate
points.
 Towards the end of the meeting allowance should be
made for questions and answers which would help clarify
specific ideas

Purposes of Meeting
 Plan the activities to be undertaken by the
organization/clientele group
 Monitor the implementation of the
organization’s plans and programs
 Assess and/or evaluate the organization’s
activity/ies.
 Resolve conflicts/problems encountered by
the organization

Characteristics of Meeting:
 A good meeting must have the
following parts:
- call the meeting to order
- reading of the minutes of the
previous meeting
- presentation of the agenda of the
meeting
- adjournment

Pointers to Remember:
 agree on the purpose of the meeting and to
draw up tentative program;
 decide on and secure speakers and
advertise the meeting;
 agree on the place and time and attendees
of the meeting;
 Prepare the materials needed for the
meeting
 select the chairman and advertise the
meeting.
 Start and adjourn the meeting on time
 Record the minutes of the meeting.

Strong Points
 Officers and members of the organization
get to discuss projects, activities, problems
of the organization together with the
extension worker.
 The meeting also provides the attendees
with opportunity to interact with one
another.
WEAK POINTS
 Some people have the habit of coming late
thereby delaying the start of the meeting.
 Finding a common schedule for the meeting
is sometimes difficultThursday, July 06, 2017

Group Discussion
is the process by
which two or more
persons pool their
knowledge and
feelings through
mutual agreement
clarify the issues
under consideration.

Purposes of Group Discussion
 Encourage the participants to become more aware of
and help in the solution of their community problems
 To learn about topics of mutual concern to the group
and decide on a plan of action agreeable to the group.
CHARACTERISTICS:
 It is a purposeful conversation that is usually routed
through a leader.
 Suitable to small groups to ensure active participation
of everyone.

 Determine the group size. The optimal size
group is seven. If larger than 7, quiet people
speak less and less often and discussion begins
to be dominated by a few people.
 Define the purpose/topic of the discussion
 Identify a group leader and rapporteur
 Get the discussion started and see to it that
discussion does not get off-hand.

STRONG POINTS
Permits full participation,
establishes consensus democratically
and pools the abilities, knowledge
and experience of all to reach a
common goal.
WEAK POINTS
It is time consuming,
A bossy leader or a few members
dominate the whole discussion.

FARMER FIELD SCHOOL
 It is a season -long event conducted in the field
wherein the farmers are encouraged to explore
and discover for themselves new
technologies/options in a systematic manner and
to make decisions based on their own learnings.
This was first introduced in Indonesia as a way of
training the farmers in Integrated Pest
Management (IPM).
 PURPOSES:
-enhances the farmer’s problem solving and
decision –making skills

- familiarize farmers with the ecological processes
utilized in crop cultivation.
CHARACTERISTICS
FFS affords the farmers to learn best through hands-
on experience
All the sessions take the abilities, knowledge and
experience of the participants as starting point and the
FFS activities are designed to deepen them
Farmers work in small groups of optimally 5 people to
encourage more active participation thus ensure better
learning process.
Activities follow developmental stages of the crop and
their related management practices.

STRONG POINTS
-when properly planned and executed, FFS can be an
effective means of developing the analytical skills of the
participants.
-knowledge obtained by the farmers through their own
efforts is more easily internalized and put into practice.
WEAK POINTS
-needs a lot of groundwork to ensure success
- in areas where FFS a complete novelty, a lot of
convincing is necessary to get started with this activity.

Tour and Field Trips/Lakbay-Aral
 Tours and field trips are methods of extension
teaching which appeal to man’s desire to “go
places and see things”.
 A tour can be made to a research station,
demonstration farms and similar places of
educational interest.

Purposes of Field Trips
 To provide first-hand observation of operations
processes or practices that cannot be readily available
in the classrooms or laboratory;
 To provide opportunity to the learners to relate
theory to actual practices in the field.

Characteristics
 Field trip is considered a mobile class and
observational way of learning.
 It is exciting, relating and appeals to the
learner’s desire for adventure
 It shows people some recommended
practices in operations in some farms,
homes, or in some organization.

 An effective field trip must be well-planned. The ff.
should be considered:
a. What are the purposes of a trip?
b.Who will be the participants and representatives of the
organizations to be visited?
c. Where will be the destination or places to be included in
the itinerary and how will the group get there?
d.Will the trip provide the desired observation and
experience?
e. Are there safety or health hazards involved?
f. When is the best time to hold the field trip?

Weak Points
 Field trip may not be applicable to all
subjects
 It requires a lot of preparation and
coordination with people responsible in
projects to be visited.
 It is expensive and time consuming
 Long distance trip may be too tiresome
especially to older participants.

Method
demonstration- A
method
demonstration is to
teach a skill.
Emphasizes the
principles of
“learning by doing”

Purposes of Method
Demonstration
•It teaches how to do certain work and help the
farmers gain skill in doing things in a correct way.
•Promotes confidence among the audience that
they can do or perform the procedure.
•To save time.
To complement other instructional strategies
•It is always interesting to the farmers and
especially when the demonstration is concluded by
the extension worker,
•it increases their respect for the worker.

Characteristics of Method
Demonstration
 All equipments, tools and materials needed are
prepared in advance
 Rehearsal is a must to ensure each step is performed
correctly
 The demonstration is broken into small, manageable
steps that the audience can follow
 As the demonstration proceeds, the extension worker
explains the steps that are performed/done.
 An information sheet or illustration to assist the
audience may be provided.

Questions are interspersed during the
demonstration this ensures that all
steps are understood.
It is necessary for the audience to
gather around the demonstration
stage.
All necessary safety precautions
throughout the demonstrations
period should be observed.

 Before the demonstration, it is important to put the
audience at ease and get their complete attention.
 A good method demonstration should have 4 parts:
- introduction, demonstration proper, Q & A and
summary.
 Should perform skills step-by-step at a normal pace.
 One or two clienteles from the audience may be asked
to perform the skill demonstrated
 In the Q & A, the audience may be encouraged to
clarify vague portions of the demonstration proper.
 Should make a summary of the key points.

Strong Points
The audience’s attention is easily
captured by the skilful demonstration
done by the EW.
Enhances application of learned
principles
The pace of demonstration is flexible.

Weak Points
1. It is frequently difficult to ensure that all
members of the group can see clearly
2. With certain demonstrations considerable
equipment must be transported to the
meeting places
3. It is expensive and not much useful for
large group.

Seminar
 It is a meeting whereby a group of advanced students
studying under a professor with each doing original
research and all exchanging results through reports
and discussions. (Webster, 1976)
PURPOSES OF SEMINAR
 Provide opportunities to exchange ideas and
experiences relating to the topic of the seminar
 Stimulate participants’ interest on the subject and
broaden their outlook as they learn from each other’s
experiences.

 The seminar includes the ff.
components:
1. Developing skills and
knowledge through direct
exchange of views
2.Knowing the participants
3. Knowing the facts
4.Evaluating the facts
5.Preparing he physical details
6.Minimizing the duplication of
activities
1. Avoiding the wrong step

STRONG POINTS
Development of skills and knowledge of the
speaker and the participants through
exchange of ideas/views on the subject
tackled.
WEAK POINTS
Participants may be reluctant to get
involved in the discussion even when given a
chance as the presence of an expert may
inhibit them.

Conference
It is a meeting of
individuals, preferably a
small number usually in
a round table situation,
who meet for a specific
purpose. The key word
is “purpose”. A
conference can also be
defined as a discussion
wherein participants
exchange views.

ROLE PLAYING
 It is a method of adopting roles from real life other
than those being played by the person concerned and
understanding the dynamics of those roles. “role
fitting and role-taking” are other terms used to
describe the process . (UNITAR, 1970)
TYPES OF ROLE PLAYING
1. Structured Role Playing – the most commonly used
form in organization training .
Single role play – consists of two or three people playing
out roles in front of a group.

Multiple Role Play – all participants are players. It is
used when the EW desires to give the entire group a
chance to practice dealing with a problem related to the
training objective.
Role Rotation – consists of having one person play a
role usually that of an individual who has a problem or
is creating a problem and having several class members
attempt to use their skills to handle the situation.
Spontaneous Role Playing – requires the trainor
elicits some problems from the group and then direct
an enactment of the problems.

STRONG POINTS
Develop skills in sensitivity to the feeling of others, for
intensive training, and for use with the small groups.
WEAK POINTS
In a single role play, if the group is big, the role playing
behavior can’t be achieved effectively.
In case of multiple role playing, if each group is very
much heterogenous, the decision making may affect the
role playing.

Mass or community-contact method
Printed media
Broadcast
media

Print Media
These are used to disseminate technologies and
valuable informations to intended clienteles.
Brochures
Leaflets
Information bulletins
Newspapers
Circular
Wall newspapers
Comics

To avoid confusion, the different publications can be
described as follows:
1. Primer – pamphlet of more than 4 pages containing
essential information on a technology package.
2. Leaflet – a single-sheet printed material containing
brief information on a specific information that is
not necessarily a step-by-step procedural instruction
to follow. It may bear on both sides and maybe
folded
3. Brochure – thin, unbound book containing a
specific topic; more detailed than a leaflet

1. Booklet – consists of up to 20 pages
joined at the spine, longer than a brochure
5. Hand out – supplement to lectures,
contains some topics/important
information discussed in a lecture
6. Newsletter – a regularly issued
publication, keeps people abreast to what
is happening in their field of interest.
7. Factsheet – contains useful
information/instructions about a specific
subject matter, one page, continuous
publication.

8. Photonovel – generic for printed material in
comics format; included illustration or text; a subtle
way of putting a message wherein a developmental
message is incorporated in the story.
9. Newspaper – provides a valuable channel for
transmission of educational information where they
exist and where rural people receive and read them.
10. Wall Newspaper – it is similar in size and
appearance to posters. It attempts to communicate
more than one idea and has more illustrations. It is
posted at busy and strategically located bulletin
boards or walls or reading centers, schools or
barangay halls.

10. Flyer – is a single sheet printed material
summarizing information on technology
package or component technology. It bears
illustration and brief text, preferably in the
audience’s dialect.
11. Poster – a single sheet visuals containing
photographs and captions to highlight a
recommendation or promote awareness. It is
intended to attract initial attention or
provide constant reminder about a
recommendation.
12. Bulletin – a semi-technical publication on a
package of technology intended for extension
workers.

STRONG POINTS
People have confidence in the information in printed
form
Comes in attractive and handy formats
Used to supplement other teaching methods
WEAK POINTS
-people with limited education may not fully appreciate
the printed information for obvious reason
-Revisions have to be made from time to time to update
the info
-info prepared for general distribution may not fit local
conditions
Impersonal as the source of info is detached from the
reader.

Broadcast media
 Two broadcast media, the radio and television are
included in this section.
 Radio is a presentation medium which basically
makes use of the audio mode in disseminating
information simultaneously to thousands or million of
potential receivers.
 Television adds another dimension to the capability
of radio, i.e. one does not only hear but can also see
the event, object of the person disseminating the
information.

1. Radio programs are especially
fitted to handle emergency
information
2. Reach people who cannot read
3. Reach people who cannot attend
extension meetings
4. Build interest in other extension
activities.
Purposes of Radio and
Television

1. Broadcasting facilities are not everywhere available
2. Active involvement of the audience in the teaching process
is impossible
3. Frequently extension programs are given poor time for farm
listeners
4. Direct and immediate feedback from the audience to the
teacher is not possible
5. Frequently extension programs loose out in competition
with entertainment
6. Specific local needs cannot be given adequate attention and
there is often cultural gap (e.g. language, dialect) between
the speaker and the audience.
Limitations

Exhibits
 Exhibits are systematic
 displays of specimens,
 models,
 charts,
 posters, etc.
 Their main purpose is to develop the interest of those who
see them,
 influence their attitude and show how a certain process is
done
 increase their knowledge and promote an innovation
 Encourage their participation

The principles of good design
 Off-center balance for dynamic effects
 Rhythm repeats a basic shape
 Emphasis through enlargement of one
object or dramatic repetition of one small
object
 Progression and sequence through careful
choice of color and proportioned shapes
and sizes.

Emerging Technologies in Information Dissemination
 Multimedia Technologies
 Mobile telephoning
Technology
 Participatory extension video
documentaries
 Internet
Thursday, April 4, 2014

“ A lot of little people in
a lot of little places will
do a lot of little things
that will transform the
world”
An African Proverb

Learning without thinking is labor
lost; thinking without learning is
dangerous.
-Chinese proverb

Strategies and Methods for Extension

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