Strategies
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Ontology learning tools aim to automate the process of building ontologies from various data sources using machine learning and other AI techniques. Most current tools are semi-automatic and require human validation and input. They can learn from text alone using natural language processing, from text combined with existing ontologies, or from structured knowledge bases and ontologies. However, ontology learning remains a challenging task and current tools have limitations such as requiring large amounts of high-quality input data and rules specified by experts.
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This slideshow is part of a Decision-based Learning module for Information Literacy. The information is not intended to stand on its own.
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Concept blocking is a search strategy that breaks topics down into major concepts represented by search terms. Each concept is described with synonyms to capture alternative wordings. The search strings combine the concepts with Boolean operators - using AND between concepts and OR between synonyms. This intuitive approach represents the intersection of knowledge domains that comprise topics. An example breaks down the topic of coordinated control of UAVs into search terms for unmanned aerial vehicles, control/automation, and coordination/cooperation.
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Data interpretation should include a detailed analysis of all gathered data, drawing valid conclusions by referring to the data and relating findings to the study's purpose. The analysis should describe results, analyze patterns in the data, explain any anomalies, draw detailed conclusions, identify links between different data sets, and link findings to geographical theory, using appropriate language and terminology.
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Document classification is a part of Natural language processing. We have different methodology and technique for processing the document classification. The purpose of this article is to survey some papers related to document classification. Those survey will help the researcher to understand which will be the best approach to use for natural language processing
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Boolean Retrieval
Information retrieval systems use indexes and inverted indexes to quickly search large document collections by mapping terms to their locations. Boolean retrieval uses an inverted index to process Boolean queries by intersecting postings lists to find documents that contain sets of terms. Key aspects of information retrieval systems include precision, recall, and ranking search results by relevance.
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Triangulation refers to using multiple research methods or data sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena. There are several types of triangulation, including data source triangulation using different times, locations, or people; investigator triangulation using multiple researchers; methodological triangulation combining qualitative and quantitative methods; theoretical triangulation examining data through different theoretical lenses; and data analysis triangulation using various analysis techniques. The goal of triangulation is to overcome the limitations of single methods, confirm findings, and gain a more comprehensive perspective.
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Research 20. code 43. how to write data analysis chapter
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When to stop searching
There are no definitive rules for when to end a literature review. A comprehensive review should include all sources that meet the search criteria or allow further criteria to be applied to determine which sources receive analysis. A review identifying significant contributions should cover highly cited works and recent, unique or impactful works. A review framing new research should represent all key issues influencing the new work. Repeating themes in the literature means the breadth of knowledge has been covered. Researchers should continue scanning for new contributions over their work's duration by setting up automated search queries with database providers.
Purpose of lit review
This document defines literature reviews and outlines their common purposes and products. It discusses two major divisions of literature reviews - those that introduce original research, and those that only collect and summarize existing literature. For the second type, the four most common products are comprehensive assessments of a knowledge domain, quantitative/qualitative assessments of current research, summaries of other reviews, and critical reviews. The intent and desired end product determines how comprehensive the literature review should be.
Purpose of lit review
Literature reviews have specific purposes and end products depending on their type. There are two major types: those that introduce or frame original research, and those that only collect and summarize existing literature. Common products of summarizing reviews include comprehensive assessments of a knowledge domain, quantitative/qualitative assessments of current research through sampling or examining all literature, summaries of other reviews to synthesize information, and critical reviews of influential sources. The intent and end product of the review determines how comprehensive the literature search should be.
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This document discusses how to judge the relevance of information based on its utility. Relevance refers to how well an item meets an information need and depends on its relationship to the topic and practical application. Relevance is often a matter of degree rather than binary. To determine relevance, one must understand the purpose of the information search. Ultimately, for information to be relevant it must be useful - it must add new information not already known. Information from other domains can also be relevant if it helps solve a problem in one's own domain.
Relevance vs credibility
Credibility is an important factor in determining the relevance of information to an information need. To judge credibility, researchers should consider the author's credentials, the publication process such as peer review, and how the knowledge community has responded to the work. Several sources can provide information to assess credibility, such as details about peer review in a database record, information on journals from Ulrichsweb, and metrics on the prestige of the publishing journal. Sections within articles like the methods, results, and conclusions can also provide insight into credibility. Ultimately, individual researchers must make their own judgment about whether a work is credible enough to be relevant for their specific information need.
Relevance vs Subject
This document discusses judging the relevance of information based on its subject. It defines relevance as how well an item meets an information need. Relevance is determined on a degree, not a binary scale. Information can fall into three zones of relevance - the specific subject domain, broad subject domain, or outside the domain but still tangentially related. When assessing relevance, one should understand their information need and scan different parts of research articles like the abstract, keywords, background, and conclusions to determine the subjects discussed. Database records and paper sections like the abstract and keywords can help identify the topics covered.
Relevance vs Info Needs
This document discusses judging the relevance of information based on information needs. It defines relevance as how well an item meets an information need, which can be a matter of degree rather than binary. When judging relevance, one must understand the purpose of the information search. There are many types of reviews with different purposes that affect what is considered relevant. Systematic reviews take an exhaustive look at literature, critical reviews focus on influential sources, and literature reviews for research papers select sources that frame the research. The relevance of articles depends on the objective of the specific review.
Similarity of sources
This document discusses two techniques for finding relevant articles: searching for similar articles based on references from an initial article, or searching based on subject words if no initial articles have been identified yet. Searching for similar articles utilizes the references and information from an article that has already been found to locate related articles, while searching based on subject words relies on descriptive terms when no initial articles are available as a starting point.
Database information domains
Library databases collect and index information on defined subject areas, with some overlap between databases. Each database represents a subset of journals focused on a specific information need. To determine the best database to search, categorize your topic into broad subject areas like general/cross-disciplinary, general science education, or engineering & technology as a starting point, then search multiple databases as needed to find the required information.
Leveraging articles
Each source references other related sources, creating a network that can be followed forward or backward in time to find additional relevant information. Useful information like keywords, subject terms, related documents, and authors from a known source can also be leveraged to discover other related sources. This document discusses how existing sources can be used to find new sources by following citation links between documents and utilizing metadata like titles and authors.
Type of database searches
Searching a database can be done in different ways:
1) Searching for works by a specific author or institution looks for all records containing that author or institution. This provides a narrow search focused on one entity.
2) Searching for sources about a known topic uses what is already known about the topic to find additional publications on that topic. The topic is defined with some level of detail.
3) Both author/institution searches and topic searches may find sources that were previously unknown or found, depending on the search terms and database searched.
Specific needs
This document defines two types of information needs based on specificity: searching for a known reference where the publication details are already known, and searching for sources that meet certain criteria where the topic is defined but specific publications are unknown. It provides examples of each, such as finding a specific published article with a known title and authors, or finding any articles on a general topic like coordinated control of UAVs.
Topic specificity
The document discusses topic specificity for research, noting that while a perfectly defined topic is not necessary to begin searching, a well-defined topic allows for more efficient searching. It recommends thinking of a topic as a focused area of interest within a broader domain and provides examples of poorly defined, broadly defined, and narrowly defined research topics, with autonomous vehicles, autonomous UAVs, and image recognition algorithms for vision systems in autonomous UAVs as examples ranging from broad to narrow.
Currency
This document discusses how to determine the currency, or recency, of information sources. It notes that what is considered current depends on how rapidly the field is changing, with articles about new materials potentially remaining current for 5 years while those on additive manufacturing may date quickly. It also explains that different source types, like newspapers, conference papers, journal articles, and books, cover events and research at different points along the information cycle, from immediate coverage to discussion years later.
Types of sources
Peer-reviewed journals can be identified by searching Ulrichsweb or checking the publication's website for information about their peer review process. Conference articles found in proceedings may contain more current information than journal articles but are typically not reviewed to the same extent. Other sources like books, theses, dissertations, reports and patents can be identified from their search record but are generally not considered peer-reviewed.
Database selection citation indexes
Web of Science and Scopus are citation indexes that provide access to articles in the broad sciences and assist researchers by tracking who cites whom in their articles. Citation indexes allow researchers to find a known article and then click "Cited by" to get a list of articles that have cited the original article.
Subject terms
Subject terms, also known as controlled vocabulary, are special words used by databases to describe what an article is about. Using subject terms allows for a precise search, as the selected terms do not need to be explicitly stated in an article's text. To perform a subject search, you must know the specific terms used by the database. Reviewing subject terms from previous relevant articles found in that database can help identify appropriate search terms, as controlled vocabularies vary between databases.
Database selection google scholar citation
Google Scholar uses web crawlers to link citations together across a broad range of sources on the internet, providing a very comprehensive set of scholarly search results. It tracks citations to articles and papers, allowing users to see which works cite a particular publication. Google Scholar searches a wide variety of academic publications without requiring users to sign in or pay for access.
Types of sources
There are several types of sources that can provide information, with peer-reviewed journals being the most authoritative due to a rigorous review process either through an online database or publication website. Conference articles are typically not reviewed to the same degree as journals but can contain more recent findings, while books, theses, reports and patents are not usually peer-reviewed but may still offer relevant information.
Type of database searches
This slideshow is part of a Decision-based Learning module for Information Literacy. The information is not intended to stand on its own.
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Syllabus
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Strategies
- 2. Topic Anatomy IDEA 1 IDEA 2 IDEA 3 • Each topic comprises an intersection of multiple ideas or knowledge domains • Successive Fractions simply seeks to identify those ideas successively, using search results to refine previous search steps • Concept Blocking simply seeks to identify those ideas up front and use them in a search
- 3. Successive Fractions Searching MAJOR TOPIC_ Sub- Topic Etc. • This is an intuitive method of searching, where you search first for a broad area, then use information from the results to continue refining the topic until you get a manageable set of search results • Use AND statements between successive search terms
- 4. EXAMPLE UAVs _ Control • Search first for a broad area of interest: UAV OR unmanned aerial vehicle OR drone (NOTE: Keywords or Subject Terms may be used) • Consider topics represented in the results and choose a second area of interest, repeat until search results are manageable “Coordination”
- 5. “Concept Blocking” CONCEPT 1 Synonyms CONCEPT 2 Synonyms CONCEPT 3 Synonyms • This is a common method of searching, where you break down your topic into major concepts and represent each concept with a search term • Choose synonyms for concept search terms to capture alternative wording that authors may use in their papers (e.g., drone, UAV, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) • Use AND statements between successive search terms, OR statements between synonyms • Add a concept to narrow the topic, remove a concept to broaden
- 6. • Topic: Coordinated control of UAVs • Search string: (((unmanned aerial vehicles) OR UAV OR drone) AND (control OR automation) AND (coordination OR cooperation) EXAMPLE Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAV drone Control Automation Coordination Cooperation
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