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STOP
MARKING!
Interest in learning is diminished
Intellectual risks are
       avoided
Thinking is more superficial
“Teachers who spend time crafting
helpful comments are wasting
their time if they also give a mark.”
(Dylan Wiliam)
13/20
“Students need some feedback about how they are doing in
terms of marks, grades or levels, but I suggest this should be
no more than once every two or three years in primary
schools, maybe once a year in lower secondary , and perhaps
once a term when before school-leaving or university-
entrance exams.” (Dylan Wiliam)
Proficient

   OR

Compliant?
“Experience success and failure not as a
reward and punishment, but as
information” (Jerome Bruner)
Alternatives
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAA
Parents – ask about what they are doing, not how
well the teacher thinks they are doing
Learning or
Performance?
Anderman, E. M., T. Griesinger, and G. Westerfield. “Motivation and Cheating During Early Adolescence.” Journal of Educational Psychology 90
(1998): 84-93.
Anderman, E. M., and J. Johnston. “Television News in the Classroom: What Are Adolescents Learning?” Journal of Adolescent Research 13 (1998):
73-100
Beck, H. P., S. Rorrer-Woody, and L. G. Pierce. “The Relations of Learning and Grade Orientations to Academic Performance.” Teaching of
Psychology 18 (1991): 35-37.
Benware, C. A., and E. L. Deci. “Quality of Learning With an Active Versus Passive Motivational Set.” American Educational Research Journal 21
(1984): 755-65.
Butler, R. “Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Properties of Evaluation: Effects of Different Feedback Conditions on Motivational
Perceptions, Interest, and Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology 79 (1987): 474-82.
Butler, R. “Enhancing and Undermining Intrinsic Motivation: The Effects of Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Evaluation on Interest and
Performance.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 58 (1988): 1-14.
Butler, R., and M. Nisan. “Effects of No Feedback, Task-Related Comments, and Grades on Intrinsic Motivation and Performance.” Journal of
Educational Psychology 78 (1986): 210-16.
De Zouche, D. “’The Wound Is Mortal’: Marks, Honors, Unsound Activities.” The Clearing House 19 (1945): 339-44.
Grolnick, W. S., and R. M. Ryan. “Autonomy in Children's Learning: An Experimental and Individual Difference Investigation.” Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 890-98.
Harter, S. “Pleasure Derived from Challenge and the Effects of Receiving Grades on Children's Difficulty Level Choices.” Child Development 49
(1978): 788-99.
Harter, S. and Guzman, M. E. "The Effect of Perceived Cognitive Competence and Anxiety on Children’s Problem-Solving Performance, Difficulty
Level Choices, and Preference for Challenge." Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver. 1986.
Hughes, B., H. J. Sullivan, and M. L. Mosley. “External Evaluation, Task Difficulty, and Continuing Motivation.” Journal of Educational Research 78
(1985): 210-15.
Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research. Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Co., 1989.
Kage, M. “The Effects of Evaluation on Intrinsic Motivation.” Paper presented at the meeting of the Japan Association of Educational
Psychology, Joetsu, Japan, 1991.
Kirschenbaum, H., S. B. Simon, and R. W. Napier. Wad-Ja-Get?: The Grading Game in American Education. New York: Hart, 1971.
Kohn, A. No Contest: The Case Against Competition. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.
Kohn, A. Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A’s, Praise, and Other Bribes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993
Kohn, A. “Only for My Kid: How Privileged Parents Undermine School Reform.” Phi Delta Kappan, April 1998: 569-77.
Krumboltz, J. D., and C. J. Yeh. “Competitive Grading Sabotages Good Teaching.” Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996: 324-26.
Labaree, D. F. How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning: The Credentials Race in American Education. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University
Press, 1997.
Levy, J., and P. Riordan. Rank-in-Class, Grade Point Average, and College Admission. Reston, Va.: NASSP, 1994. (Available as ERIC Document
370988.)
Meier, D. The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem. Boston: Beacon, 1995.
Milton, O., H. R. Pollio, and J. A. Eison. Making Sense of College Grades. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986.
Moeller, A. J., and C. Reschke. “A Second Look at Grading and Classroom Performance: Report of a Research Study.” Modern Language Journal 77
(1993): 163-69.
Salili, F., M. L. Maehr, R. L. Sorensen, and L. J. Fyans, Jr. “A Further Consideration of the Effects of Evaluation on Motivation.” American
Educational Research Journal 13 (1976): 85-102.
Stop marking!

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Stop marking!

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Interest in learning is diminished
  • 6. Thinking is more superficial
  • 7. “Teachers who spend time crafting helpful comments are wasting their time if they also give a mark.” (Dylan Wiliam)
  • 9. “Students need some feedback about how they are doing in terms of marks, grades or levels, but I suggest this should be no more than once every two or three years in primary schools, maybe once a year in lower secondary , and perhaps once a term when before school-leaving or university- entrance exams.” (Dylan Wiliam)
  • 10. Proficient OR Compliant?
  • 11. “Experience success and failure not as a reward and punishment, but as information” (Jerome Bruner)
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 17. Parents – ask about what they are doing, not how well the teacher thinks they are doing
  • 19. Anderman, E. M., T. Griesinger, and G. Westerfield. “Motivation and Cheating During Early Adolescence.” Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1998): 84-93. Anderman, E. M., and J. Johnston. “Television News in the Classroom: What Are Adolescents Learning?” Journal of Adolescent Research 13 (1998): 73-100 Beck, H. P., S. Rorrer-Woody, and L. G. Pierce. “The Relations of Learning and Grade Orientations to Academic Performance.” Teaching of Psychology 18 (1991): 35-37. Benware, C. A., and E. L. Deci. “Quality of Learning With an Active Versus Passive Motivational Set.” American Educational Research Journal 21 (1984): 755-65. Butler, R. “Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Properties of Evaluation: Effects of Different Feedback Conditions on Motivational Perceptions, Interest, and Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology 79 (1987): 474-82. Butler, R. “Enhancing and Undermining Intrinsic Motivation: The Effects of Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Evaluation on Interest and Performance.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 58 (1988): 1-14. Butler, R., and M. Nisan. “Effects of No Feedback, Task-Related Comments, and Grades on Intrinsic Motivation and Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology 78 (1986): 210-16. De Zouche, D. “’The Wound Is Mortal’: Marks, Honors, Unsound Activities.” The Clearing House 19 (1945): 339-44. Grolnick, W. S., and R. M. Ryan. “Autonomy in Children's Learning: An Experimental and Individual Difference Investigation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 890-98. Harter, S. “Pleasure Derived from Challenge and the Effects of Receiving Grades on Children's Difficulty Level Choices.” Child Development 49 (1978): 788-99. Harter, S. and Guzman, M. E. "The Effect of Perceived Cognitive Competence and Anxiety on Children’s Problem-Solving Performance, Difficulty Level Choices, and Preference for Challenge." Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver. 1986. Hughes, B., H. J. Sullivan, and M. L. Mosley. “External Evaluation, Task Difficulty, and Continuing Motivation.” Journal of Educational Research 78 (1985): 210-15. Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research. Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Co., 1989. Kage, M. “The Effects of Evaluation on Intrinsic Motivation.” Paper presented at the meeting of the Japan Association of Educational Psychology, Joetsu, Japan, 1991. Kirschenbaum, H., S. B. Simon, and R. W. Napier. Wad-Ja-Get?: The Grading Game in American Education. New York: Hart, 1971. Kohn, A. No Contest: The Case Against Competition. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. Kohn, A. Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A’s, Praise, and Other Bribes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993 Kohn, A. “Only for My Kid: How Privileged Parents Undermine School Reform.” Phi Delta Kappan, April 1998: 569-77. Krumboltz, J. D., and C. J. Yeh. “Competitive Grading Sabotages Good Teaching.” Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996: 324-26. Labaree, D. F. How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning: The Credentials Race in American Education. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997. Levy, J., and P. Riordan. Rank-in-Class, Grade Point Average, and College Admission. Reston, Va.: NASSP, 1994. (Available as ERIC Document 370988.) Meier, D. The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem. Boston: Beacon, 1995. Milton, O., H. R. Pollio, and J. A. Eison. Making Sense of College Grades. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986. Moeller, A. J., and C. Reschke. “A Second Look at Grading and Classroom Performance: Report of a Research Study.” Modern Language Journal 77 (1993): 163-69. Salili, F., M. L. Maehr, R. L. Sorensen, and L. J. Fyans, Jr. “A Further Consideration of the Effects of Evaluation on Motivation.” American Educational Research Journal 13 (1976): 85-102.