The document discusses play and toys from early childhood development perspectives. It defines play and toys, outlines the characteristics and types of play, and describes the values and social aspects of play. It also provides information on selecting age-appropriate toys to support children's physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development.

2. PLAY
 RANGE OF VOLUNTARY, INTRINSICALLY
MOTIVATED ACTIVITIES NORMALLY
ASSOCIATED WITH PLEASURE AND
ENJOYMENT
 WORK OF THE CHILDREN
 A WAY OF LIVING,DAILY WORK OF THE
CHILD AND IT SATISFIES THE NEED OF THE
CHILD.IT ACT AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING
STRESS

3. CRIETERIA
 IT IS VOLUNTARY
 INTERNALLY MOTIVATED
 UNIQUE TO EACH CHILD
 ACTIVE WITH MOTION AND COGNITION

4. THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF PLAY
 Play is child-chosen.
 Play is child-invented.
 Play is pretend but done as if the activity were
real.
 Play focuses on the doing (process, not
product).
 Play is done by the players (children), not the
adults(caregivers, teachers, or parents).
 Play requires active involvement.
 Play is pleasurable
 It is marked by flexibility

5. VALUES OF PLAY
 PHYSICAL VALUE
 INTELLECTUAL VALUE
 MORAL VALUE
 CREATIVE VALUE
 THERAPEUTIC VALUE
 SOCIALIZATION

6. PHYSICAL VALUE
 Muscular & sensory abilities are developed . Infants
& young children develop their sensory abilities
through the tactile, visual and auditory sensations
derived from playing with rattles balls & other toys
 Toddlers & preschool children enjoy large muscle
activity such as running, climbing & exploring the
environment . School age children organize their
movements into more complex forms like bicycle
riding, racing.

7. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
 Children learn the differences in sizes, shape,
colors, textures, numbers, & names of the objects.
They learn to understand special relationships, to
do abstract thinking ,& to engage in problem
solving activities. Distinguished what is real & what
is unreal/ fantasy.

8. MORAL VALUE
 Cultural values like honesty , integrity,
sportsmanship, & compassion are learned. They
assumes responsibility for their own actions.
should adhere to the group values & can be
expelled if they don’t.
 CREATIVE VALUE
 Playing with materials like clay , paper & finger
paints. Children are most creative when they are
playing alone. They carry their new discoveries to
the outside world of play.

9. THERAPEUTIC VALUE
 Play provides the release of stress and tension.
Children express their emotions and test out
frightening situations in a way that peers and
adults can accept. They reveal themselves through
play.
 Nurses can carefully observe the play of children &
determine needs , concerns & feelings that cannot
be put in to words. Children should be protected if
they become aggressive & should be guided into
less aggressive type of play

10. SOCIALIZATION
 Social & emotional development is enhanced
through play. When they play with adults , parents
and peers they develop social relationship.

11. TYPES
1. PLAY WITH MOTION AND INTERACTION
2. PLAY WITH OBJECTS
3. PLAY WITH LANGUGE
4. PLAY WITH RULES
5. PLAY WITH SOCIAL MATERIAL-EXPLORE
RELATION BETWEEN OBJECTS, ACTIONS,
AND PEOPLE
6. RITUALISTIC PLAY-IT IS THE CONTROLLED
RHYTHMIC REPETETION OF ACTIVITIES
(TAKING DOLL AND GOING TO BED)

12. CLASSIFICATION
CONTENT
PLAY
ON LOOKER
ASSOCIATIVE
SOCIAL
CHARECTER SOLITARY
CO OPERATIVE
PARALLEL

13.  CONTENT OF PLAY This involves physical aspects
of the play along with the social relationships. It
follows a directional trend of simple to complex
 SOCIAL AFFECTIVE PLAY
 Play begins with social affective play, where in
infants take pleasure in relationships with people.
As the adults talk, touch, nuzzle etc.. to get
response from the infant the child soon learns to
provoke personal emotions / responses with such
behaviors smiling , cooing, or initiating games

14.  SENSE PLEASURE PLAY
 A non social stimulating experience. Objects in the
environment like light & color, taste & odors , textures
and consistencies attract children’s attention
stimulates their senses & give pleasure
 Pleasurable experiences are derived from handling raw
materials ( water , sand & food…), from body motions
(swinging, bouncing , rocking… ) & from other uses of
senses and abilities (smelling , humming..)
 SKILL PLAY
 After infants develops the ability to grasp and
manipulates, they demonstrate & exercise their newly
acquired abilities through skill play. Determination to
practice a skill may be evident Pain and frustration may
be felt. ( e.g. bicycle riding)

15.  UN OCCUPIED BEHAVIOR
 Here children are not playful but focuses their
attention on anything that strikes their interest.
Children may daydream, fiddle with cloths(touch
things with no particular purpose) / other objects
or walks aimlessly. This is different from onlooker
play (who actively observes others activity.)
 DRAMATIC OR PRETEND PLAY
 Also known as symbolic / pretend play Begins in
late infancy (11- 13 months) to preschool age. By
acting out events of daily life children learn and
practice the role and identities , modeled by
members of their family & society

16.  GAMES
 Types Of Play With Specific Rules And Regulations
DRAMATIC OR PRETEND PLAY
GAMES

17. SOCIAL CHARECTER
 Solitary play
 Children play alone with toys; make no attempt
to interact
 Onlooker behavior
 Children spend most of their time watching
others; may make comments but do not interact
Solitary play Onlooker behavior

18.  Parallel play
 Children play beside but not really with other
children
 Associative play
 Children engage in rather disorganized play with
other children
 Cooperative play
 Children engage in an organized form of play
Parallel play Associative play
Cooperative play

19. PLAY IN ILLNESS
 PLAY THERAPY
 it is a form of psychotherapy since 1900. Play
therapy is generally employed with children aged 3
through 11 and provides a way for them to express
their experiences and feelings through a natural,
self-guided, self-healing process. As children’s
experiences and knowledge are often communicated
through play, it becomes an important vehicle for
them to know and accept themselves and others.

20.  THERAPUTIC PLAY
 It is the use of play specially as a languge for sick
children to communicate their thoughts and feeling
 MEDICAL PLAY
 It is a type of play which concentrates on events in
health care settings such as injection, or
procedures

21. CHARACTERISTICS
1. Part of its content medically themed and / or it
includes the use of medical equipment.
2. Play may be offered or initiated by an adult/parent,
but is voluntarily maintained by the child.
3. Medical play is usually enjoyable for the child and is
often accompanied by laughter and relaxation.
However, the process of play can be intense and
aggressive.
4. Medical play and preparation are not the same.
They are not interchangeable. When an adult
attempts to prepare a child for a medical event by
demonstrating a procedure or familiarizing a child
with equipment, education may occur, but not
necessarily play. Play may follow familiarization if
play opportunities are made available.

22. PURPOSES
 Provides diversion and brings interaction
 Helps to feel more secure in strange environment
 Lessens stress of seperation
 Release of tension and expression of feeling
 Encourage interaction and development of positive attitude
 An expressive outlet for creative ideas
 Means for accomplishing theraputic goal
 Provide the child an active role

23. TYPES OF MEDICAL PLAY
ROLE
REHARSAL/REVERSAL
PLAY
MEDICAL MEDICAL
FANTASY PLAY MEDICAL ART
INDIRECT MEDICAL
PLAY

24.  Role Rehearsal / Role Reversal
This is the most traditional medical play. Children take on the
roles of health care professionals, acting out medical
procedures and events on dolls, puppets, stuffed animals or
other people (children or adults).
Real medical materials and equipment is used, as well as
specially made toys created for medical play, such as toy
doctor kits, a patient puppet, a doll sized MRI or hospital
bed. Children often use this type of medical play to re-enact
events they have experienced.

25.  Medical Fantasy Play
This also involves role playing medical themes. However,
traditional play materials, blocks, doll houses, cars, trucks
and stuffed animals are used to create roles and stories for
medical play, instead of actual medical equipment.
In medical fantasy play, children avoid contact with feared
objects, but can still play out topics of concern. Many
children who choose this type of medical play later progress to
using medical equipment.
No specialized materials are required for this type of medical
play.
Indirect Medical Play

26.  Indirect Medical Play
Hospital themed activities such as puzzles, games and songs
enable familiarization, exploration and education relating to
medical experiences. This type of play also uses medical
materials in non-traditional ways, such as using syringes to
squirt water, and using IV tubing as drinking straws.
Medical Art
This offers many different ways for a child to express
themselves, their understanding of and reactions to their
medical experience. Art activities can vary greatly, including
painting, drawing, collage and 3D sculptures.
Basic art materials are appropriate: paint, paper, markers and
glue offer a wide range of choices. Including some medical
materials, such as band aids, plasters, gauze and tongue
depressors can enhance the medical theme.

27. TOYS

28. DEFINITION
 The word “Toy” comes from an old English term
that means :TOOL
 Toys are TOOLS for a child.
 With these tools, children are allowed to use their
senses, fine and gross motor skills, and their
imaginations.
 Cognitive and social skills are also increased as a
child plays with toys.
 Toys are valuable TEACHING tools.

29. TYPES of TOYS
 Soft & Cuddling Toys
 Dolls, stuffed animals, etc.
 Manipulation/Small Motor Skill Toys
 Blocks, puzzles, snap, gears, games, etc.
 Large Motor Skill Toys
 Tricycles/bikes, balls, jump ropes, scooters, etc.
 Dramatic Play
 Dress-up clothes, furniture and accessories, etc.

30. SELECTION OF TOYS
 Make sure the toy is DAP
Toys for age-appropriate development of the child
 SIZE of toy and pieces
 Larger than the child’s two fists
 No SHARP edges or points
 Broken toys should be fixed or thrown away
 NON-TOXIC materials
 Avoid all painted toys for babies & toddlers
 DURABLE, WASHABLE and CLEAN
 Toy’s that won’t break easily
 Toys that can be cleaned easily
 TEACH a Skill or Concept
 Aide in one of the 5 areas of Child Development

31. TOYS SAFETY
 Regularly check toys for damage that may have created
sharp edges or loose small parts. Damaged or dangerous
toys should be repaired or thrown away immediately.
 Keep toys intended for older children away from younger
children – such toys may injure younger children.
 Store toys safely. Teach children to put toys away so
they are not tripping hazards.
 Safe toys for young children are:
 well-made (with no shared parts or splinters and do not
pinch)
 painted with nontoxic, lead-free paint
 shatter-proof
 easily cleaned

32. TOYS FOR DIFFERENT AGE GROUP
AGE TOYS GENERAL CONSIDERATION
INFANCY SOFT STUFFED •BABY LIKES TO HUG TOYS
ANIMALS,DOLLS, •IT SHOULD BE BRIGHT
SOFT BALLS, BATH COLOURED AND WASHABLE
TOYS, •IT SHOULB BE LARGE AND
HAVE SMOOTH EDGES

33. AGE TOYS GENERAL
CONSIDERATION
TODDLER POTS AND PANS,PUSH •THEY WILL HAVE A
AND PULL TOYS, FAVOURITE TOY
DOLLS TELEPHONE, •THEY LIKE TO PLACE
ROCKING HORSE OR THINGS IN
CHAIR, BALLS CONTAINERSAND TAKE
THEM OUT
•THEY MAY INJUR
OTHERS WITH TOYS
SO IT SHOULD BE
WITHOUT SHARP
EDGES

34. AGE TOYS GENERAL CONSIDERATION
PRESCHO CRYONS, SIMPLE •THEY ENJOY PARALLEL AND
OLER PUZZLES,PAINT WITH COOPERATIVE PLAY
LARGE BRUSH, FINGER •THEY WILL EXCHANGE IDEAS
PAINT, DOLLS, DISHES, WITH OTHERS
HORNS, DRUMS, •THEY WILL ENGAGE IN
SIMPLE MUSICAL ACTIVITIES , INITIATIVE,
INSTRUMENTS, VIDEO IMAGINATIVE
TAPES •INTERESTED IN CREATIVE
AND DRAMATIC PLAY

35. AGE TOYS GENERAL
CONSIDERATION
SCHOOLER DOLLS,DOLL HOUSE, •ATTENTION SPAN
HANDI CRAFTS, TABLE INCREASES
GAMES, JUMP ROPE, •PLAY IS MORE
BICYCLE, DRESS UP ORGANIZED AND
MATERIAL, COMPETATIVE
PUPPETS,MUSIC •INTERESTED IN
HOBBIES OR
COLLECTION OFTHINGS

36. AGE TOYS GENERAL
CONSIDERATION
ADOLOSCENT BALLS. TELEPHONE, •REQUIRES A GREAT
RADIOS, EASY EXPENDITURE OF
PUZZLES, HAND ENERGY
PUPPETS, CUTOUTS •PAY ATTENTION TO
SPECIAL INTERESTS