This document presents the results of an experimental study that analyzed the effect of different coolants on granite machining operations. Seven coolants were tested: water, water + cutting oil, water + three different washing powders, kerosene, and diesel. Experiments were conducted using three different granite cutting machines and measured machining time, surface roughness, tool wear, temperature, and power consumption. The results showed that more viscous coolants like diesel resulted in shorter machining times, lower temperatures, less tool wear, and better surface finishes compared to water. Specifically, water + SURF1 washing powder performed best in terms of production cost.
CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids in Double Pipe H...ijtsrd
This work includes the effect of different working fluid on the performance of heat exchanger. For analysing the effect of different working fluid, it considered air, water and different nanofluids and measure the Nusselt number and friction factor for each case. It also analysed the effect of change in Reynolds number on the performance of heat exchanger for different working fluids. For analysing the effect of change in Reynolds number, it considered four different Reynolds numbers that is 10000, 12000, 14000 and 16000. For performing the numerical analysis ANSYS fluent was used. Through numerical analysis it is found that for air as a working fluid heat transfer is less, whereas in case of water it is marginally higher than the air. But for all nano fluids, heat transfer is much higher than the air and water. For analysing the effect of different nano fluid, this work includes three nano fluids that are Al2O3, TiO2and ZrO2. Through analysis it is concluded that heat transfer is more in case of TiO2 as compared to other nanofluids, air and water. With increase in Re number heat transfer gets increase whereas as friction factor get decrease. Om Prakash | Pankaj Kumar ""CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano-Fluids in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29974.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29974/cfd-analysis-for-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-nano-fluids-in-double-pipe-heat-exchanger/om-prakash
CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids in Double Pipe H...ijtsrd
This work includes the effect of different working fluid on the performance of heat exchanger. For analysing the effect of different working fluid, it considered air, water and different nanofluids and measure the Nusselt number and friction factor for each case. It also analysed the effect of change in Reynolds number on the performance of heat exchanger for different working fluids. For analysing the effect of change in Reynolds number, it considered four different Reynolds numbers that is 10000, 12000, 14000 and 16000. For performing the numerical analysis ANSYS fluent was used. Through numerical analysis it is found that for air as a working fluid heat transfer is less, whereas in case of water it is marginally higher than the air. But for all nano fluids, heat transfer is much higher than the air and water. For analysing the effect of different nano fluid, this work includes three nano fluids that are Al2O3, TiO2and ZrO2. Through analysis it is concluded that heat transfer is more in case of TiO2 as compared to other nanofluids, air and water. With increase in Re number heat transfer gets increase whereas as friction factor get decrease. Om Prakash | Pankaj Kumar ""CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano-Fluids in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29974.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29974/cfd-analysis-for-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-nano-fluids-in-double-pipe-heat-exchanger/om-prakash
Melt Flow Index Tester, Melt Flow Index Tester Manufacturers and Suppliers In...Presto Group
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This instrument is based on the cup method, and is professionally applicable to the water vapor transmission rate test of film specimens. It is equipped with three individual test dishes and the testing process is completely automatic and conforms to international standards.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
ALCA 2015 - Investigating the CRC Mechanism using DMTAKarl Flowers
The talk given at ALCA 2015 at Pinehurst Resort. It showcases the ability of the CRC drying method and the use of DMTA analysis to predict drying progression.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Industrial pharmacy is a discipline which includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug products including quality assurance of these activities
The reasons for the increasing of large scale manufacturing
Economic – As the scale of manufacturing batches increases so, proportionally, does the cost of production decreases
Accuracy – The larger the quantities of materials involved so, proportionally, is the accuracy of measurements increased
Greater scope – The increasing complexity of modern therapy has made it virtually impossible to prepare many medicaments on a small scale
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Melt Flow Index Tester, Melt Flow Index Tester Manufacturers and Suppliers In...Presto Group
Looking for Melt Flow Index Tester manufacturers, Melt Flow Index Tester suppliers, Melt Flow Index Tester producers, Melt Flow Index Tester exporters, Melt Flow Index Tester wholesalers, Melt Flow Index Tester production centers ? Browse PrestoGroup.com for all your testing instruments needs. For more information visit- http://www.prestogroup.com/plastic-testing-instruments/melt-flow-index-deluxe
This instrument is based on the cup method, and is professionally applicable to the water vapor transmission rate test of film specimens. It is equipped with three individual test dishes and the testing process is completely automatic and conforms to international standards.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
ALCA 2015 - Investigating the CRC Mechanism using DMTAKarl Flowers
The talk given at ALCA 2015 at Pinehurst Resort. It showcases the ability of the CRC drying method and the use of DMTA analysis to predict drying progression.
Katalog trotec-cm-device-moisture-measurement, jual moisture measurement trotec, beli, info, harga, spesifikasi dan review
Dapatkan informasi lengkap tentang produk trotec di
www.tridinamika.com
untuk informasi dan pemesanan hubungi
sales@tridinamika.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Industrial pharmacy is a discipline which includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug products including quality assurance of these activities
The reasons for the increasing of large scale manufacturing
Economic – As the scale of manufacturing batches increases so, proportionally, does the cost of production decreases
Accuracy – The larger the quantities of materials involved so, proportionally, is the accuracy of measurements increased
Greater scope – The increasing complexity of modern therapy has made it virtually impossible to prepare many medicaments on a small scale
we supply all kind of bitumen/Asphalt from Iran refineries, such as
http://en.pasargadoil.com
and http://jeyoil.com/en/
As I am sure all of you a wear, unfortunately most of Iranian refineries does not deliver on LC Terms and your Discharge port, that is where we are coming in picture.
We have direct connections with those refinery so we purchase in cash on FOB iran and deliver to you and our clients on their own request port and LC Terms.
We will offer quality and services with suitable price.
Also we can arrange visiting side as well.
Plastics Testing Instruments - Pacorr offers a wide range of highly accurate Plastics Testing Instruments that help the industries in testing the quality of their products. Call now for price: +91 8882149230
upcycling used garments to recreate sustainable fashion designs treated by s...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Upcycled garments can have that independent appeal. No matter whom the designer is or what styling options designers choose, these upcycled fashion garments and accessories are by nature one-of-a kind. Finishing of textile fabric is carried out to increase attractiveness and/or serviceability of the fabric. Different finishing treatments are available to get various effects, which add value to the basic textile material, which can be better solutions for sustainable fashion. The sustainable fashion was achieved to a certain extent by using available materials to its ultimate usage, using waste material, recycling of the products, planning second life for the fashion product, slowing down the fashion etc. The main idea to do so is to develop more sustainable and responsible designs. This paper is not just about recycled clothes but about fashion, recycling, upcycling, adding value and uniqueness by the resulting one-of-a-kind design available for women to purchase in any retail store. Create nine designs using waste garments treated by soil release finishing agent as a source of sustainable fashionable designs.
appraisal of awareness level of quantity surveying profession among secondary...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Law, architecture, accounting, medicine, civil engineering are among the well-known and prestigious professions among senior secondary school students, parents and guardians. However, quantity surveying profession has being in existence for over four decades in Nigeria but, there is general low awareness level of this noble profession. Quantity surveyor is the financial consultant of the construction industry, whose training and experience qualifies him/her to advise clients on the optimal use of funds, arranges contractual relation between clients and contractors and prepares contract documents on all construction projects. This study aimed at appraising the awareness level of quantity surveying profession senior among secondary school students in Benin City Nigeria. Questionnaire survey was then structured and administered to senior secondary school students of three randomly selected secondary schools in the three local government areas within Benin City. Data were electronically analysed using SPSS. From the analysis, the study revealed that about 66.3% of the respondents have not heard about quantity surveying profession. The study further revealed that 80.7% of the respondents were unaware of the roles or duties of quantity surveyors. The study concludes that the awareness level of quantity surveying profession among senior secondary school students within Benin City is low. The study therefore recommend that both the National Secretariat of Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors and State Chapters should embark on awareness campaign across the country to sensitize senior secondary school students on what quantity surveying profession entails and the job prospects for quantity surveying graduates.
detection and ranking of vulnerable areas to urban flooding using gis and asm...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Dakar region is confronted in recent years with episodes of repetitive and devastating floods. The structures in charge of the matter, yet does not have enough knowledge of space and tools to preciselylocate vulnerable areas. It is in this particular context that we have through this study process by coupling GIS and ASMC techniques. We aim in this coupling, to develop an efficient tool for support decision making in terms of identification strategies, intervention or adaptation. The defined criteria for this are: the rainfall, the groundwater level, geology, topography, wetlands, population density, living standards and the type of habitat. We have used an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) by foursteps: a) the breakdown of problematic vulnerabilities; b) scanning and harmonization of layers factors (criteria); c) the weight assignment of different layers criteria according to the comparison procedure in pairs; d) and aggregation criteria layers, through the weighted superposition of the SOC software tool. This has helped us to hierarchically locate the vulnerable are as to flooding. The results have showed a very low vulnerability (1.67%), low vulnerability (50.53%), high vulnerability (43.66%) and a very high vulnerability (4.14%). Approximately, 50% of the Dakar region are vulnerable to flooding and particularly the suburban area concerning the departments of Pikine and Guediawaye. These informations are very useful for governments in the effective and sustainable flood management and identification of priority intervention areas.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation of the mechanical, corrosion properties and wear behaviour of e...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this experimental study, an attempt is made to obtain optimum cutting parameters for turning
of mild steel on the basis of surface roughness and surface temperature. Optimization of cutting parameters is
very important to obtain a good machining quality of surface and to inhibit the increase of temperature.
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been introduced to avoid excessive use of cutting fluid. The
parameters considered here are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Optimal cutting parameters for each
performance measure were obtained employing Taguchi experimental method. To study the performance
characteristics in turning operation Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed. It is found that cutting speed
and feed has significant effect on both surface roughness and temperature.
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study the Chip Tool Interactions & Tool Life in Plain Turining with High Velo...IJERA Editor
Introduction of green concepts in machining operations is being envisaged by introducing different echo
friendly cooling systems in the modern machine shops. The role of cutting fluids usage in metal cutting is
predominant as it influences the surface quality and production cost. The current work mainly focuses on the
study of chip tool interactions viz. contact pressure, temperature and chip flow pattern on the rake surface in
plain turning operation for different cutting parameters without any cooling medium and analyze the influence
of high pressure air jet as the cooling medium on the chip tool interactions like contact pressure reducing the
tool wear, cutting temperatures thereby increasing tool life.
Review of the cryogenic machining in turning and milling processeSAT Journals
Abstract Cryogenic Coolents are used in conventional machining in material removing process can increase tool life, better surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and reduce the cutting temp. Main objectives of this paper is to understand the cryogenic machining operations. Various research scholar has done the experimental investigation on the cryogenic coolants in different materials in turning and milling Process,. At the end of the review obsrved that cryogenic coolant is most favourable methods for material cutting operations in various aspects for future research is proposed. Key Words: Cryogenic coolents and Machining, Literature Review, cryogenic LN2Setup, cryogenic CO2 Setup,
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling with al2 o3 water nanofluideSAT Journals
Abstract Boiling is an important phase change phenomena as it plays a crucial role in the design of high heat flux system like boilers, heat exchangers, microscopic heat transfer devices. However boiling phenomenon is limited by critical heat flux. At critical heat flux material of heated surface suffers physical damage due to lower heat transfer resulting from thin film formed over the surface. Now a days Nanofluid which is colloidal suspension of nanoparticle in base fluid is highlighted as innovative techniques to enhance critical heat flux. In the present study Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by using SEM and XRD analysis. From SEM images it was seen that nanoparticle has spherical morphology, and from XRD analysis average nanoparticle size determined was 29.48 nm. Five different nanofluids of concentration range from 3 gram/liter to 15 gram/liter were prepared. Critical heat flux (CHF) of each Al2O3-water nanofluid in pool boiling is determined on NiCr wire of SWG 28. The minimum critical heat flux enhancement is 30.53% at 3 gram/liter nanofluid compared to critical heat flux of distilled water. The highest critical heat flux enhancement is 72.70 % at 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Critical heat flux of nanofluid increases with increase in concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in distilled water up to 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Surface roughness of bare wire was 0.126 μm. Surface roughness of wire sample used in pool boiling of 3 gram/liter nanofluid is 0.299μm and highest surface roughness was 0.715 μm of heater used in pool boiling of 12 gram/liter nanofluid. The Surface roughness measurement results show the evidence of nanoparticle deposition on wire surface and its effect on Critical Heat Flux enhancement. Keywords: Critical heat flux, Nanoparticle, Nanofluid, Concentration, Surface roughness.
Similar to Stone Surface Finish with Process Parameters (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 1266
Stone Surface Finish with Process Parameters
B.Nageswararao1
, B.Akhil2
1
AVN Institute of technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
2
ACE College of engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Abstract— The experiments were conducted to study and
analyze the process of granite machining operations. The
machines used for conducting the experiments are 1.35
meter diameter blade machine, 1.20 meter diameter
blade machine and 1.00 meter diameter blade machine.
Experiments were conducted to find out the power
consumed during the granite cutting, time taken to cut the
blocks, tool wear, temperature and surface finish by using
seven coolants viz., 1) Water 2) Water +Cutting oil 3)
Water + SURF1 powder 4) Water + SURF2 powder 5)
Water + SURF3 6) Kerosene 7) Diesel, by changing the
cutting parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut etc.
In granite machining operation, the machining time,
the production efficiency, the tool life, and surface finish
are to be improved by using high viscous coolants. Among
all the above coolants water + SURF1 washing powder is
the best coolant with respect to cost of production.
Keywords— Machining, Wear, Tool life, Coolant
Granite, Production.
I. INTRODUCTION
Stone was conceptualized to upgrade the technology level
of Indian stone industry, develop international market for
Indian stones and introduce the state of art mining
techniques with low environment pollution. In the present
work, different techniques and machines are used to
analyze the various parameters and studied how these,
parameters can change and behave in granite machining.
II. PROCEDURE
A model is designed to get high quality surface finish by
taking the process parameters like cutting speed, feed, depth
of cut, coolants etc. As a part of this the power
consumption, surface finish, temperature, tool wear are
measured.
Fig.4.1: Showing Line Diagram of Experimental Set Up
In experimental setup as shown in figure 4.1, the block is
placed on the moving trolley which is driven by 15HP
motor. The power was displayed in the wattmeter. The
temperature at the cutting zone was measured by a
sheathed thermo-couple. The thermo-couple of the two
wires were arranged in between the two cut strips at the end
of the block. Tool wear was measured by Vernier callipers
before consumed and after consumed. The surface
roughness was measured by portable surface roughness
meter individually. The viscosity of the cutting fluids was
measured by redwood viscometer.
Fig 4.2: Showing Experimental Set Up
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com
www.ijaems.com
Experiments were conducted on 1.4met dia blade machine
like:
(a) 1.4 meter diameter blademachine
On each machine, machining of 10 samples of granite of 1m
x 0.3m (soft block) machining was done. Initially water is
taken as coolant and average values of machining time,
surface roughness, tool wear are noted. Experiments were
repeated with the following different coolants: 1) water
2) water + cutting oil, 3) Water + SURF1 Washing Powder,
4) water + SURF2 POWDER, 5) water + surf3, 6) kerosene
and 7) diesel oil has been used as coolant and the
corresponding values are measured.
The coolants are given below in the ascending
their viscosity
1. Water = 1.0 millipoise
2. Water +Cutting oil =1.35 millipoise
3. Water + SURF3washing powder =1.4
millipoise
4. Water +SURF1 = 1.8 millipoise
5. Water+ Surf3 powder =1.85
6. Kerosene = 2.20 millipoise
7. Diesel oil = 2.6 millipoise
More commonly water is used as a coolant. With water as
coolant heat is generated more due to friction.
surface roughness, temperature, tool wear increases and
leads to reduction in tool life.
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
Viscosity can be measured
redwood viscometer.
Viscosity can be compared with water as a
standard fluid.
Fig.4.3: Red wood viscometer
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature can be measured by sheath thermo
couple. Two wires of thermo couple are inserted in
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
on 1.4met dia blade machine
machine
samples of granite of 1m
x 0.3m (soft block) machining was done. Initially water is
taken as coolant and average values of machining time,
surface roughness, tool wear are noted. Experiments were
repeated with the following different coolants: 1) water
2) water + cutting oil, 3) Water + SURF1 Washing Powder,
4) water + SURF2 POWDER, 5) water + surf3, 6) kerosene
and 7) diesel oil has been used as coolant and the
ascending order of
millipoise
washing powder =1.4
millipoise
powder =1.85 millipoise
oolant. With water as
is generated more due to friction. As a result
temperature, tool wear increases and
with instrument
Viscosity can be compared with water as a
4.3: Red wood viscometer
Temperature can be measured by sheath thermo
couple. Two wires of thermo couple are inserted in
between parallel ends of the pieces of the block
surface.
Fig.4.4 : Sheathed thermocouple
SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT
Roughness can be measured by
surface meter TR100. Instrument is kept on the
work piece and the button is pressed to get the
value of surface roughness in micrometer.
Fig.4.5: Portable Surface Meter TR100
POWER MEASUREMENT
Power (in kW) can be measured by wattm
Fig.4.6: wattmeter
[Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
) ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 1267
between parallel ends of the pieces of the block
: Sheathed thermocouple
SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT
Roughness can be measured by digital portable
surface meter TR100. Instrument is kept on the
work piece and the button is pressed to get the
value of surface roughness in micrometer.
: Portable Surface Meter TR100
POWER MEASUREMENT
Power (in kW) can be measured by wattmeter.
4.6: wattmeter
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
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TOOL WEAR MEASUREMENT
Tool wear in mm measured by Digital Vernier calipers with Least count of 0.01mm
Fig.4.7 : Digital Vernier calipers
In existing system water as coolant obeys Taylor’s equation
to find tool life, machining time, surface roughness,
temperature, tool wear.
But in the proposed system Taylor equation is
modified
Where,
R (viscosity ratio) = viscosity of fluid/viscosity of water V
=Blade speed (m/min)
d = depth of cut (m) f = feed (m/min)
n = index depends on material, machine, cutting tool and
cutting conditions. Average process parameters
III. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
AVERAGE PROCESS PARAMETERS
S.
No
Viscosity
of coolant
Length of
piece
(m)
Machining
time
(min)
Depth of
cut
(m)
Feed rate
(m/mi n)
Power
(kW)
temperature
(ºC)
Surface
roughness
(µm)
Tool wear
(mm)
Tool life
Experime
ntal
(min)
Tool life
predicted
(min)
1 Water (1.00) 1.06 12.85 0.30 0.0824 1.86 437 6.20 0.029 8862 8862
2
Water
+ Oil (1.35)
1.08 12.10 0.30 0.0892 1.86 421 5.10 0.023 11051 10521
3
Water
+
Nirma (1.80)
1.10 10.15 0.30 0.1084 1.78 417 4.15 0.017 12125 11941
4
Water
+ ETA (1.40)
1.08 11.95 0.30 0.0903 1.74 420 5.14 0.021 11380 11321
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-8, Aug- 2016]
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5
Water
+surf excel
(1.85)
1.10 10.05
0.3
0
0.109
4
1.6
0
416 4.10 0.016 12563 12348
6
Kerose ne
(2.20)
1.10 9.25 0.30 0.1189 1.44 416 4.10 0.014 13214 13511
7 Diesel (2.60) 1.06 9.15 0.30 0.1158 1.33 402 4.05 0.012 15250 16395
IV. CONCLUSION
It is observed that machining time decreases, temperature,
surface finish increases, tool wear decreases cutting speed
increases, feed increases and the depth of cut also increases
while working with viscous coolants.
REFERENCES
[1] Bukkanvala Tools, Rajasthan
[2] High hang high, China
[3] Metal Cutting by R.K.Jain
[4] Machine Tools by Raghuvamsi
[5] Production Technology by Hazra Chowdary
[6] Manufacturing Technology