International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation on Adsorption Capacity of a Variety of Activated C...IJERA Editor
This study aims to develop a device with minimum heat and mass transfer limitations between adsorbent and
adsorbate, and subsequently to obtain practically applicable adsorption capacity data. Also, 5 kW adsorption
chillers (evaporators, condensers and adsorbers) are designed based on the experimental output data of the whole
tested pairs. A finned-tube heat exchanger was employed and installed at the center adsorber, and each employed
adsorbent was immobilized on its surfaces by using an adhesive agent. A variety of pairs: are activated carbon
powder (ACP)/R-134a, ACP/R-407c, ACP/R-507A, activated carbon granules (ACG)/R-507A, ACG /R-407c
and ACG /R-134a, were examined at different adsorption temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 50°C. It was found that,
at the adsorption temperature of 25°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.8352 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-134a,
while at the adsorption temperature of 50°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3207 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-
134a. Therefore, the ACP/R-134a pair is highly recommended to be employed as adsorption refrigeration
working pair because of its higher maximum adsorption capacity higher than the other examined pairs.
Experimental Investigation on Adsorption Capacity of a Variety of Activated C...IJERA Editor
This study aims to develop a device with minimum heat and mass transfer limitations between adsorbent and
adsorbate, and subsequently to obtain practically applicable adsorption capacity data. Also, 5 kW adsorption
chillers (evaporators, condensers and adsorbers) are designed based on the experimental output data of the whole
tested pairs. A finned-tube heat exchanger was employed and installed at the center adsorber, and each employed
adsorbent was immobilized on its surfaces by using an adhesive agent. A variety of pairs: are activated carbon
powder (ACP)/R-134a, ACP/R-407c, ACP/R-507A, activated carbon granules (ACG)/R-507A, ACG /R-407c
and ACG /R-134a, were examined at different adsorption temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 50°C. It was found that,
at the adsorption temperature of 25°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.8352 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-134a,
while at the adsorption temperature of 50°C the maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3207 kg kg-1 for ACP/R-
134a. Therefore, the ACP/R-134a pair is highly recommended to be employed as adsorption refrigeration
working pair because of its higher maximum adsorption capacity higher than the other examined pairs.
The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of heat pump to improve its
operational efficiency was presented in this theoretical and experimental study. In the
experimental work the heat pump charged with R600a inclusive with 0.06 % vol. of
Al2O3 and used as a nanorefrigerant. Three different nanoparticles size 20nm, 40 nm
and 50 nm of Al2O3 have been used for the preparation of nanolubricant in the present
study. The theoretical approach includes simulations modeling the heat pump
components such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and an expansion valve by
computer of the heat pump system by using commercial MATLAB. The results showed
that the addition of nanoparticles to the refrigerant will improve its characteristics of
refrigeration system heat transfer and thermal properties. Also, it showed that the
using nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system will work normally at all conditions
employed in this work. The experimental results found that the heat pump coefficient
of performance increased by 19.1%, but the power consumption reduced by 21.8 %
when using a mineral oil with 20 nm nanoparticles size of Al2O3 instead of the
conventional mineral oil only. Finally, the refrigeration effect increased and work of
compressor decreased by using a small nanoparticles size of Al2O3
To study the application of nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract In past time only refrigerants were used in refrigeration process and they were having a global warming coefficient at high level. Now, as time change the modern techniques are coming into existence with the help of them the refrigeration process become more efficient and safe as compare to previous in atmospheric prospective. This review paper is based on the nanotechnologies used in present time in refrigeration system like vapour compression refrigeration system, domestic refrigerator and air conditioner etc. The nano refrigerant is nothing but the combined form of nano particle with the refrigerant. The nanorefrigerant can be formed by two ways (1) by mixing nano particles with refrigerant in gaseous form, (2) by mixing nano particles to lubricant. We will combine different nano particles having the same diameter and same volume fraction with the lubricant to study the nature of thermo-physical properties in refrigeration process. There would be some parameters that can be studied by this experiment like energy consumption, heat transfer, cop etc. Keywords: nano particles, nano refrigerant, heat transfer coefficient, COP, Energy consumption.
An Experimental Investigation on Application of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Lubric...IJERA Editor
In this work, the Al2O3 nano-oil is proposed as a promising lubricant to enhance the performance of vapour compression refrigerator compressor. The stability of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the oil is investigated experimentally. It was confirmed that the nanoparticles steadily suspended in the mineral oil at a stationary condition for long period of time. The application of the nano-oil with specific concentrations of 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.9 %( by mass fraction) were added in the compressor oil. The VCRS performance with the nanoparticles was then investigated using energy consumption tests. The result shows the COP of system were improved by 19.14%, 21.6% & 11.22%, respectively, when the nano-oil was used instead of pure oil.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids in Double Pipe H...ijtsrd
This work includes the effect of different working fluid on the performance of heat exchanger. For analysing the effect of different working fluid, it considered air, water and different nanofluids and measure the Nusselt number and friction factor for each case. It also analysed the effect of change in Reynolds number on the performance of heat exchanger for different working fluids. For analysing the effect of change in Reynolds number, it considered four different Reynolds numbers that is 10000, 12000, 14000 and 16000. For performing the numerical analysis ANSYS fluent was used. Through numerical analysis it is found that for air as a working fluid heat transfer is less, whereas in case of water it is marginally higher than the air. But for all nano fluids, heat transfer is much higher than the air and water. For analysing the effect of different nano fluid, this work includes three nano fluids that are Al2O3, TiO2and ZrO2. Through analysis it is concluded that heat transfer is more in case of TiO2 as compared to other nanofluids, air and water. With increase in Re number heat transfer gets increase whereas as friction factor get decrease. Om Prakash | Pankaj Kumar ""CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano-Fluids in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29974.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29974/cfd-analysis-for-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-nano-fluids-in-double-pipe-heat-exchanger/om-prakash
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of heat pump to improve its
operational efficiency was presented in this theoretical and experimental study. In the
experimental work the heat pump charged with R600a inclusive with 0.06 % vol. of
Al2O3 and used as a nanorefrigerant. Three different nanoparticles size 20nm, 40 nm
and 50 nm of Al2O3 have been used for the preparation of nanolubricant in the present
study. The theoretical approach includes simulations modeling the heat pump
components such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and an expansion valve by
computer of the heat pump system by using commercial MATLAB. The results showed
that the addition of nanoparticles to the refrigerant will improve its characteristics of
refrigeration system heat transfer and thermal properties. Also, it showed that the
using nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system will work normally at all conditions
employed in this work. The experimental results found that the heat pump coefficient
of performance increased by 19.1%, but the power consumption reduced by 21.8 %
when using a mineral oil with 20 nm nanoparticles size of Al2O3 instead of the
conventional mineral oil only. Finally, the refrigeration effect increased and work of
compressor decreased by using a small nanoparticles size of Al2O3
To study the application of nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract In past time only refrigerants were used in refrigeration process and they were having a global warming coefficient at high level. Now, as time change the modern techniques are coming into existence with the help of them the refrigeration process become more efficient and safe as compare to previous in atmospheric prospective. This review paper is based on the nanotechnologies used in present time in refrigeration system like vapour compression refrigeration system, domestic refrigerator and air conditioner etc. The nano refrigerant is nothing but the combined form of nano particle with the refrigerant. The nanorefrigerant can be formed by two ways (1) by mixing nano particles with refrigerant in gaseous form, (2) by mixing nano particles to lubricant. We will combine different nano particles having the same diameter and same volume fraction with the lubricant to study the nature of thermo-physical properties in refrigeration process. There would be some parameters that can be studied by this experiment like energy consumption, heat transfer, cop etc. Keywords: nano particles, nano refrigerant, heat transfer coefficient, COP, Energy consumption.
An Experimental Investigation on Application of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Lubric...IJERA Editor
In this work, the Al2O3 nano-oil is proposed as a promising lubricant to enhance the performance of vapour compression refrigerator compressor. The stability of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the oil is investigated experimentally. It was confirmed that the nanoparticles steadily suspended in the mineral oil at a stationary condition for long period of time. The application of the nano-oil with specific concentrations of 1.5%, 1.7% and 1.9 %( by mass fraction) were added in the compressor oil. The VCRS performance with the nanoparticles was then investigated using energy consumption tests. The result shows the COP of system were improved by 19.14%, 21.6% & 11.22%, respectively, when the nano-oil was used instead of pure oil.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano Fluids in Double Pipe H...ijtsrd
This work includes the effect of different working fluid on the performance of heat exchanger. For analysing the effect of different working fluid, it considered air, water and different nanofluids and measure the Nusselt number and friction factor for each case. It also analysed the effect of change in Reynolds number on the performance of heat exchanger for different working fluids. For analysing the effect of change in Reynolds number, it considered four different Reynolds numbers that is 10000, 12000, 14000 and 16000. For performing the numerical analysis ANSYS fluent was used. Through numerical analysis it is found that for air as a working fluid heat transfer is less, whereas in case of water it is marginally higher than the air. But for all nano fluids, heat transfer is much higher than the air and water. For analysing the effect of different nano fluid, this work includes three nano fluids that are Al2O3, TiO2and ZrO2. Through analysis it is concluded that heat transfer is more in case of TiO2 as compared to other nanofluids, air and water. With increase in Re number heat transfer gets increase whereas as friction factor get decrease. Om Prakash | Pankaj Kumar ""CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nano-Fluids in Double Pipe Heat Exchanger"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29974.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29974/cfd-analysis-for-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-nano-fluids-in-double-pipe-heat-exchanger/om-prakash
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This slides shows vocational training which i've done at ammonia-4 plant at GSFC LTD.
There are some tasks that given by our university that we have done here.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Medium Composition on Changes of Surface Tension During Cultivation...IJERA Editor
This study evaluated the ability of biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBM10 using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Batch cultivations were performed at 30°C and 180 rpm. The effects of glycerol concentration, C/N ratio and C/P ratio on changes of surface tension were analyzed through a Central Composite Rotational Design. Nitrogen and phosphorus-limiting conditions favored the biosurfactant production. In order to maximize the surface tension reduction, contour plots constructed by predictive polynomial equations resulted in a glycerol concentration of 13.2 g/l, a C/N ratio of 80 and a C/P ratio of 147.2.
A design of FPGA based intelligent data handling interfacing card.IJERA Editor
With the increasing demand in the custom built logic for avionics systems, FPGA is used in this proposed interfacing card design. This FPGA based intelligent data handling card (IDHC) for the IVHM system, will interface the data from aircraft subsystems to the aircraft digital data bus. This IDHC interfacing card is based on the Virtex-5 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), which provides flexibility by re-programming, so that it can be configured to the required functionality. Fault detection can be done within the FPGA and only the anomalies passed to the computer, so that the bus bandwidth can be utilized effectively and also excessive wiring can be eliminated, that would have been required for multiple individual systems. The work concentrates on designing the schematic using OrCAD.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Laboratory Proposal for Studies on Poultry EnvironmentIJERA Editor
The goal of the present work was the instrumentation and validation of a laboratory equipped with a control
system for air temperature (tair), relative air humidity (RH) and air velocity (V) to study the environment for
small animals. An experimental was equipped with two air conditioners to manage basic tair and RH in order to
work. Four wind tunnels, with partial recirculation of air were installed in the room. Each tunnel features two
electric heaters and two humidifiers divided into two operation stages. The air velocity is manually controlled by
potentiometers connected to exhaust fans. A system to acquire data and control climatic variables was installed
in the laboratory and it consisted of a datalogger, a multiplexer channel, a relay controller , tair and RH sensors,
sensors for measuring water temperature and digital helix anemometer to measure air velocity. The results
showed that the system presented deviations of ± 0.19 °C, ± 0.75% and ± 0.05 m s-1 for tair, RH and V,
respectively, when comparing the values measured inside the tunnels to those previously established (setpoints).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
New Approach of Preprocessing For Numeral RecognitionIJERA Editor
The present paper proposes a new approach of preprocessing for handwritten, printed and isolated numeral
characters. The new approach reduces the size of the input image of each numeral by discarding the redundant
information. This method reduces also the number of features of the attribute vector provided by the extraction
features method. Numeral recognition is carried out in this work through k nearest neighbors and multilayer
perceptron techniques. The simulations have obtained a good rate of recognition in fewer running time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Loss less DNA Solidity Using Huffman and Arithmetic CodingIJERA Editor
DNA Sequences making up any bacterium comprise the blue print of that bacterium so that understanding and analyzing different genes with in sequences has become an exceptionally significant mission. Naturalists are manufacturing huge volumes of DNA Sequences every day that makes genome sequence catalogue emergent exponentially. The data bases such as Gen-bank represents millions of DNA Sequences filling many thousands of gigabytes workstation storing capability. Solidity of Genomic sequences can decrease the storage requirements, and increase the broadcast speed. In this paper we compare two lossless solidity algorithms (Huffman and Arithmetic coding). In Huffman coding, individual bases are coded and assigned a specific binary number. But for Arithmetic coding entire DNA is coded in to a single fraction number and binary word is coded to it. Solidity ratio is compared for both the methods and finally we conclude that arithmetic coding is the best.
Reusability is an only one best direction to increase developing productivity and maintainability of application. One must first search for good tested software component and reusable. Developed Application software by one programmer can be shown useful for others also component. This is proving that code specifics to application requirements can be also reused in develop projects related with same requirements. The main aim of this paper proposed a way for reusable module. An process that takes source code as a input that will helped to take the decision approximately which particular software, reusable artefacts should be reused or not.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Development of Financial Information System and Business Intelligence Usi...IJERA Editor
One of the most emerging technologies is finance, becoming more amenable to data-driven modeling as large sets of financial data become available everywhere. So we are applying the data mining techniques in financial information system with Business Intelligence. A Business Intelligence System (BIS) can be described as an interactive, computer-based system designed to help decision-makers to solve unstructured problems. Using a combination of models, analytical techniques, and information retrieval, such systems help develop and evaluate appropriate alternatives.
Maintenance cost reduction of a hydraulic excavator through oil analysisIJERA Editor
The purpose of this article is to present the economic advantages that the Oil Analysis can offer to companies
operating with hydraulic excavators. The financial advantages are the result of lower maintenance costs and
increased productivity of the equipment. Real situations of an infrastructure construction company in which there
were mechanical failures that could have been avoided if implemented with efficiency analysis of lubricants.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review of Jobran Khalil Jobran's works from Romantic FeaturesIJERA Editor
Jobran Khalil Jobran great immigrant writer and poet have been known with different view of his contemporary
to romantic poetry text format and reflective language of his time. This great poet had a wonderful impression
in new Arab literature and this caused the creation of a special style which at that time address the entity and
existence by mysticism and kind of intuition retrieved from its receiver view in solution of social ,emotional
and religious situation, as he shined with his myth and other great works. The aim of this article is that the
romantic feature of his works and elegance lyrics was investigated from different view of critics, and that
influence is the presence of woman, especially his mother in his romantic phenomena. This is a propellant and
different factor that we cannot neglect it according to the strategic important impact has had on his careers and
creation of a his world style. Social and environmental conditions changed the route of his career. These
conditions affected him and inevitably reflected them in his poem. If conditions are suitable, the feeling
manifested and appears and the talent shows off in the best way.
IJREI_A thermodynamic analysis of ejector type vapour refrigeration system us...Husain Mehdi
A thermodynamic analysis on Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC), have been performed using eco-friendly refrigerants (i.e.R-404A, R-410A, R-407C, R-423A, R-500, R-502 and R-507C ) A numerical computation is carried out for finding COP, Second Law Efficiency (ηII) , Refrigeration Effect (RE) and Heat Input (Qin) of the ERC along with the variation in boiler temperature (Tb) , condenser temperature (Tc) and evaporator temperature (Te) for ecofriendly refrigerants for the ranges of the temperatures where the evaporator temperature is varying from 253K to 273K, with varying condenser temperature from 313K to 328K and with varying boiling temperature from 320 K to 345K. The maximum first Law Efficiency (ηI) is found in the range of 1.5-1.8 with fluid R-404A and condenser temperature 328K. At 253K evaporator temperature R-404A is working with maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) 37%. For the entire range of boiling temperature R-410A is having maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) except at 345K where R-404A is highest. The refrigeration effect is the maximum and is in the range of 200kW to 220kW for R-410A for all the ranges of temperatures. The highest COP is associated with R-404A with temperature variations
REVIEW OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT REFRIGERANT PAIRSijiert bestjournal
A Comparative assessment of a cascade refrigeration cycle with different refrigerant pair is presented in this paper. R744 is used in Low-temper ature (LT) cycle whereas R134a,R290,R717 and R404A (R125(44%)/R143a(52%) /R134a(4%)) are use d in the High-temperature (HT) cycle. The effects of the thermodynamic parameters on the cascade system are evaluated with an objective to find the best working fluid pair based on COP. R 744-717 is selected based on thermodynamic and environmental performance. A parametric evaluation is also presented for R744-R717 working pair by varying parameters like sub cooling,superheatin g,evaporating,condensing temperature and temperature difference in the cascade condenser of the system.
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Cascade Refrigeration System Based On Carbon Diox...IJERA Editor
Thermodynamic analysis of a cascade refrigeration system that uses carbon dioxide-ammonia (R744-R717) as refrigerant is presented in this paper to determine the optimum condensing temperature of the cascade condenser at given design parameters, to maximize the COP of the system. The design and operating parameters considered in this study include (1) condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in the ammonia (R717) high-temperature circuit, (2) temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and (3) evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the carbon dioxide (R744) low-temperature circuit. A multilinear regression analysis was employed in order to develop two useful correlations for maximum COP, and optimum condensing temperature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation Based Interpretation and Recent Trends on Performance Analysis on ...ijtsrd
The heat transfer system is of great importance in many commercial and domestic applications. Likewise, IC engine always maintained at the working temperature for good ex. The improper generation distribution of temperature affects the performance and reduces the efficiency of the engine hence to the vehicle automobile. The performance of automobile Radiators can be substantially improved by a number of augmentation techniques. Heat transfer can be increased by active and passive flow control techniques or either with the incorporation of Nanofluids. As in order to remove the excess temperature, we need some cooling system in the automobile. The cooling system can be of two types Air and Water cooling system. Air cooling system is generally used in two wheelers and airplanes. The air directly takes the heat from the surface of the engine through the fins available on them. In the water cooling system, a water jacket is provided around the engine which carries the heat of the engine and releases this heat to the atmosphere with the help of a component called a radiator. The radiator basically consists of the upper tank, lower tank, tubes, fins, thermostat, the inlet port and outlet port, pressure cap. In the present work, Simulation Based Interpretation and Performance Analysis on Automobile Radiator through NanoParticle Fluids on modeled setup will be done trying to incorporate the condition of the automobile by using Nanoparticle fluids of Al2O3 and CuO. Water will also be taken to compare the performance of the Nanofluids. Results of numerous experimental and Ansys CFD solvers will be illustrated. Krishna Dutta Pandey | Shailendra Tiwari | Kundan Gupta "Simulation Based Interpretation and Recent Trends on Performance Analysis on Automobile Radiator through Nano Particle Fluids" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38592.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38592/simulation-based-interpretation-and-recent-trends-on-performance-analysis-on-automobile-radiator-through-nano-particle-fluids/krishna-dutta-pandey
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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Desktop automation flow
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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Cyber risk predictions
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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4. Demo
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
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- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
H43023946
1. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 2), March 2014, pp.39-46
www.ijera.com 39 | P a g e
Analysis of Alternative Refrigerants to R22 for Air-Conditioning
Applications at Various Evaporating Temperatures
S. Venkataiah* & G. Venkata Rao**
*(Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering, Ibrahimbagh,
Hyderabad-500 031, India)
**(Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering, Ibrahimbagh,
Hyderabad-500 031, India)
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the simulation results of a 1.5 ton capacity room air conditioning system with some selected
refrigerants that have been assessed for their suitability as alternative refrigerants to R22 for air conditioning
applications. The refrigerants with zero Ozone depletion potential only are selected in this study. The
performance of selected refrigerants viz, R22, R134a, R404A, R407C, R410A, R507A, R290 and R600a is
considered in the present analysis. The thermodynamic analysis of these refrigerants has been carried out on
these selected refrigerants using COOLPACK software. The analysis mainly focuses on obtaining results of
parameters with fixed condenser temperature but with variable evaporator temperatures. The parameters like
heat rejection rate, mass flow rate of refrigerant, displacement volume, power input, discharge temperature, cop,
saturation pressure and pressures ratio are analyzed. The thermodynamic analysis of eight selected refrigerants
is carried out using the simulation software COOL PACK version 1.49 and a comparative study of the different
refrigerants is made.
Key words: Alternate refrigerant, R-22, Room Air-conditioner, evaporator temperature, COOLPACK software.
I. INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning systems are available in the
wide range of capacities from 2kW to 33 MW (0.5ton
to 9500 tons). Majority of the air conditioners are
operating on standard vapor compression
refrigeration cycle. HCFC-22 is one of the most
important refrigerants used in air-conditioning all
over the world. HCFC-22 is a controlled substance
under the Montreal protocol [1] The Kyoto Protocol
was initially adopted on December 1997 and entered
in to force on February 2005. This protocol intends a
reduction of four green house gases (Carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, Sulphur hexafluoride) and
two groups of gases (hydroflurocarbons and per
fluorocarbons). It has to be phased out by 2030 in
developed countries and 2040 in developing
countries. The growing awareness of the need to
sustain the ecology of the planet has resulted in the
phase out of the harmful refrigerants containing
chlorine atoms including HCFC. The search for good
alternatives for HCFCs especially R-22 is still on,
engaging intense research efforts.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Major earlier investigations in the area of
alternate refrigerants are reviewed below from the
point of view of their ability to match the
performance of the widely used (HCFC-22) R22
refrigerant.
Zaghdoudi et al [2] have simulated the performance
of ten alternate refrigerants to replace R22 in an air
conditioner of 9000BTU/hr(0.75TR) capacity by
using NIST Cycle_D software and these refrigerants
include R134a, R290, R600, R404A, R407A, R407C,
R407D, R410A, R410B and R417. It was concluded
that no single refrigerant possesses all the
characteristics of R22.
Devotta et al [3] also assessed the suitability
of various alternative refrigerants to R-22 for air
conditioning applications. They have selected only
zero ozone depleting potential refrigerants. NIST
Cycle_D has been used for the comparative
thermodynamic analysis. The objective of the
analysis is to identify fluids that are likely to be close
to HCFC-22 operating conditions. Among the
refrigerants studied are HFC-134a, HC290, R407C,
R410A, and three blends of HFC-32, HFC134a and
HFC-125.They have concluded that the pressure
ratios for R410A are slightly lower than that of R-22
but operating pressures are fairly large compared to
R-22 at evaporator temperature of 7.2ºC and
condenser temperature of 55ºC. Domanski and
Didion [4] evaluated the performance of nine R-22
alternatives and the study is conducted using a semi
theoretical (cycle_11) model. They have tested R22
(100%), R32/125 (60%/40%), R32/125/134a/290
(20%/55%/20%/5%), R32/125/134a
(10%/70%/20%), R290 (100%), R32/125//134a
(30%/10%/60%), R32/227ca (35%/65%), R32/134a
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 2), March 2014, pp.39-46
www.ijera.com 40 | P a g e
(30%/70%), R-32/R134a (25%/75%), R-134a
(100%). COP of none of the selected refrigerant
exceeded the COP of R-22. It is suggested that
utilization of the liquid line-suction line heat
exchanger may be warranted for some of the
alternative refrigerants. Chen et al [5] investigated
the feasibility of using hydrocarbon refrigerant
mixtures in residential air conditioners and heat
pumps. The mixture of HC-290 and HC-600 gave the
highest COP. It is considered to represent the best
balance between COP and volumetric capacity for
hydrocarbons. They also concluded that this mixture
has low volumetric capacity and hence it requires
larger compressor.
Venkataiah &Venkata rao [6] studied the
performance of the eight selected refrigerants viz., R-
22, R-134a, R407C, R410A, R404A, R507A, R290,
and R600a at a fixed evaporator temperature and
varied the condenser temperature using COOLPACK
software (version1.49) and also compared the
performance of these refrigerants with the similar
work carried out by Zaghdoudi et al. Venkataiah
&Venkata rao [7] studied the performance of R22
and R410A refrigerants at various evaporating
temperatures.
III. Properties of different refrigerants
used for the analysis [8]
Table 1.
S.
No
Property R22 R134a R404A R407C R410A R507A R290 R600a
1 Chemical
formula/ blend
composition
CHClF2 CH2
FCF3
44%R125+5
2%R125a+4
%R134a
23%R32+2
5%R125+5
2%R134a
50%R32+5
0%R125
50%R12
5+50%R
143a
CH3
CH2CH3
propane
CH3CH2
CH2CH3
butane
2 Molar
mass(kg/kmol)
86.468 102.03 97.604 86.204 72.585 98.859 44.1 58.12
3 Critical point
temperature
Tc(ºC)
96.145 101.06 72.046 86.034 71.358 70.617 96.7 152
4 Critical
pressure (Pc)
(bar)
49.9 40.593 37.289 46.298 49.026 37.050 42.5 38
5 Critical
density(kg/m3
)
523.84 511.90 486.583 484.23 459.53 490.77 - -
6 Boiling
point(ºC)
-40.810 -26.074 -46.2 -43.8/-36.7 -51.4 -47.1 -42.1 -0.5
7 ODP 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 GWP 1810 1300 3920 1770 2000 3985 ~20 ~20
Details of system and software: The cycle consists
of a compressor, discharge line, condenser, expansion
device, evaporator, compressor suction line, and an
optional suction line heat exchanger. The simulation
cycle is outlined by different states as shown in the
Fig 1. These state points are the following: the
suction gas (1) is compressed and discharged into the
discharge line (2). The discharge line leads the
refrigerant to the inlet of the condenser (3). The
condensed and sub cooled refrigerant in the
condenser outlet (4) is either lead to the liquid inlet of
the suction gas heat exchanger (SGHX) if this has
been selected, or directly to the inlet of the expansion
valve. If a SGHX is included the exit condition (5)
will be different from condition (4). From the
expansion valve outlet (6) the refrigerant is lead to
the evaporator. The evaporated and superheated
refrigerant in the evaporator outlet (7) is lead through
the suction line, either to the gas side inlet of the
SGHX, if this has been selected, or to the compressor
inlet (1). If a SGHX is included the exit condition (8)
will be different from condition (1). The P-h diagram
of this cycle is shown in fig 2.
4. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig 4.a. Shows the variation of heat rejection
rate with evaporating temperature as evaporating
temperature increases from -5°C to 10°C. The heat
rejection rate decreases for all the selected
refrigerants with increase in evaporator temperature.
Fig 4 (b). Depicts the percentage change in
heat rejection rate in comparison with R22 is as
follows: at 7.2°C temperature, R404A rejects with
highest value of of 2.82% and R507A with a value
of 2.56% and all other refrigerants follow almost
similar values for R22.
Fig 5.a) Shows the variation of mass flow
rate of refrigerant with increase in evaporating
temperature and the trend is similar for almost all the
selected refrigerants, as eveporating temperature
increases the mass flow rate of all the refrigerants are
decreasing.
Fig 5 b) Shows the chage in % of mass flow
rate of refrigerant with evaporating temperature in
comparison with R22 and it is observed that at an
evapoartor temperature of 7.2°C, R507C requires
51.2%,R404A requires 48.47%,R134a requires
8.988% higher refrigerant than that of R22, where as
R290 requires -42.6% and R600a requires -39.22%
lesser refrigerant as compared to R22.
Fig 4.(a) Variation of heat rejection rate with
increase in evaporating temperature
Fig 4 (b) Change in % of heat rejection with
evaporating temperature in comparison with
R22
Fig 5.(a). Variation of mass flow rate of
refrigerant with increase in evaporating
temperature.
Fig 5 (b) Change in % of mass flow rate of
refrigerant with evaporating temperature in
comparison with R22
Fig 6.(a). Variation of displacement volume of
compressor with increase in evaporating
temperature
Fig 6 (b). Change in % of displacement volume of
compressor with evaporating temperature in
comparison with R22.
5. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig 6.a) shows the variation of displacement
volume of the compressor with increase in
evaporating temperature and it can be concluded that
as the evaporating temperature increases, the
displacement volume flow of compressor decreases
for all the refrigerants.
Fig 6 b) shows the variation of % of change in
displacement volume with evaporating temperature
in comparison with R22. It can be concluded that at
an evaporating temperature of
7.2°C, R600a requires 194.4%, R134a requires
53.27%, R290 requires 19.83%, R407C requires
8.88%,R404A requires 3.71% higher displacement
volume compressor in comparison with R22 wher as
R410A requires -29.132% smaller displacement
volume compressor in comparison with R22.
Fig 7.a) shows the variation of power input
of compressor with increase in evaporating
temperature and it is observed that as the evaporating
temperature increases the power required to run the
compressor decreases for all the refrigerants.
Fig 7 b) shows the variation % of change in
power input with evaporating temperature in
comparison with R22. At 7.2°C It is concluded that
the percentage increasing order of power input for
various refrigerants as follows
R290(1.068%),R407C(6.03%), R410A (9.610%),
R507A (12.82%)R404A (13.35%) where as R600a
requires -3.47% of lesser power input than that of
R22.
Fig 8.a) shows the variation of discharge
temperature with increase in evaporating
temperature. It is observed that as the evaporating
temperature increases, the discharge temperature
decreases for all the selected refrigerants.
Fig 8 b) shows the variation of % change in
discharge temperature with evaporating temperature
in comparison with R22. at 7.2°C temperature, it is
observed that the discharge temperature is decreasing
with increase in temperature. The percentage
decrease in the discharge temperature in comparison
with R22 in the order as follows, R410A(-
4.12%),R407C(-8.14%), R134a(-20.41%),R404A(-
20.62%), R507A(-22.24%),R290(-23.39%),R600a(-
32.79%).
Fig 7.(a) Variation of power input of
compressor with increase in evaporating
temperature.
Fig 7 (b) Change in % of power input with
evaporating temperature in comparison with
R22.
Fig 8.(a). Variation of discharge temperature with
increase in evaporating temperature.
Fig 8 (b). Change in % of discharge temperature with
evaporating temperature in comparison with R22.
6. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig 9.a) Shows the variation of COP with
increase in evaporating temperature and it is observed
that as the evaporating temperature increases the
COP is increasing for all the selected refrigerants.
Fig 9 b) Shows the variation of % change in
COP with evaporating temperature in comparison
with R22. At a temperature of 7.2°C it can be
concluded only R600a gives 3.17% higher COP than
R22,R134a &R290 indicating same as that of R22
where as for the remaining refrigerants the decreasing
order of COP is R404A (-11.22%), R507A(-10.84%),
R410A(-8.69%), R407C(-5.63%).
Fig 10.a) shows the variation of saturation
pressure with increase in evaporating temperature it
indicates that as the evaporator temperature increases
the saturation pressure increases linearly for all the
selected refrigerants.
Fig 10.b) shows the % of change in
saturation pressure with evaporating temperature in
comparison with R22 and at 7.2°C it can be
concluded that the % increasing order of saturation
pressure for variuos refrigerants is R407C(13.8%),
R404A(22%) R507(24.23%) and R410A(59.3%), and
the decreasing order of saturation pressure for the
rerigerants is R290(-6.26%), R134a(-39.80) and
R600a(-67.64%).
Fig 9.(a) Variation of COP with increase in
evaporating temperature
Fig 9. (b) Change in % of COP with evaporating
temperature in comparison with R22.
Fig 10.(a) Variation of saturation pressure with an
increase in evaporating temperature
Fig 10.(b) Change in % of saturation pressure with
evaporating temperature in comparison with R22
Fig 11.(a) Variation of pressure ratio with
increase in evaporating temperature
Fig 11. (b)Change in % of pressure ratio with
evaporating temperature in comparison with R22
7. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig 11.a) shows the variation of pressure
ratio with increase in evaporating temperature it
indicates that as the evaporator temperature increases
the pressure ratio decreasing continuously for all the
selected refrigerants.
Fig 11.b) shows the % change in pressure
ratio with evaporating temperature in comparison
with R22 and at 7.2°C it can be concluded that the
percentage increasing order of the pressure ratio is
R600a(10.63%) and R134a(12.85%) where as for the
rerigerants the decreasing order of the percentage of
pressure ratio is R404A(-2.19%),R407A(-
2.29%),R290(-6.27%) and R407C(-12.85%) and
there is not much variation in the pressure ratio for
the refrigerant R410A.
V. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
The results available in the literature[3] and
those from the present analyses are compared at an
evaporator temperature of 7.2°C and a condensing
temperature of 55°C. A comparative statement
prepared thus is shown in Table-2 and also a
comparison of the same as a percentage relative to
R22 is shown in Table 3.
Table No.2
S.N
o.
Parameter Results of Devotta et al[3] Results of present paper
1 Refrigerants selected
for the analysis
R22,R134a,R290, R407C R410A,
R32/R134a(30/70),R32/R125(60/40),
R32/R125/R134a(30/10/60)
R22,134a,R404A,R407C,R410A,R507
A,R290 and R600a.
2 Software used Cycle_D Cool Pack version 1.49
3 Saturation Pressure Data not available Highest for R410A and lowest for
R600a.
4 Pressure ratio Highest for R134a and lowest for R290 Highest for R134a and lowest R407C
5 Discharge temperature Highest for R22 and Lowest for R290 Highest for R22 and Lowest for
R600a,next lowest R290
6 Compressor power
consumption
Highest for R410A and Lowest for
R134a
Highest for R404A and Lowest for
R600a
7 Specific compressor displacement
Largest for R134a and lowest for
HFC32/HFC125((60/40 by wt%)
Displacement volume :Largest for
R600a and lowest for R410A(
R32/R125)(50/50%)
8 COP Highest for R134a and lowest for
R410A.
Highest for R600a and lowest for
R404A.
9 Heat rejection rate(kW) Data not available Highest for R404A and lowest for R290
10 Mass flow rate of
refrigerant(kg/sec)
Data not available Highest for R507A and lowest for
R600a
Table No.3
Summary of data obtained from simulation results at 7.2°C and condensing temperature 55°C.
% Relative to R22
Refrigerant Heat
rejecti
on rate
Mass
flow
rate
Displacem
ent
volume.
Compres
sor
power
Discharge
temperatur
e
COP Saturation
pressure
Pressure
ratio
R134a 0.00 8.968 55.57 0.00 -20.41 0.0 -39.8 13.75
R404A 2.82 48.47 3.71 13.35 -20.62 -12.24 22 -2.57
R407C 1.2 0.00 8.88 6.03 -8.14 -5.66 13.8 -12.6
R410A 1.913 0.00 -29.132 9.61 -4.12 -8.76 59.3 0.00
R507A 2.56 51.2 0.00 12.82 -22.24 -11.37 24.23 2.29
R290 0.00 -42.6 19.83 1.068 -23.39 -1.018 -6.26 -6.45
R600a 0.00 -39.22 194.4 -3.053 -32.79 3.17 -68 10.63
VI. CONCLUSIONS
It is found from the present study and after
comparison with similar earlier studies that
a) The heat rejection rate of all the refrigerants is
almost same b). R290 &R600a need smaller mass
flow rate of refrigerant and R507 and R404A require
larger mass flow rate of refrigerant
c) R600a needs the largest compressor displacement
volume and R410A needs smallest compressor
displacement volume d) R404a and R507a consume
8. S. Venkataiah et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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largest power input to the compressor e) Discharge
temperature of all the selected refrigerants is lower
than that for R22
f) COP of all the refrigerants is less than that for R22
except for R600a g) Saturation pressure of R410A is
highest and that for R600a has lowest value and h)
Pressure ratio of R407C is lowest and R410A is
highest. It can be concluded that there is no single
refrigerant which satisfies all the characteristics of
R22.
REFERENCES
[1]. United Nation Environmental Program,
Montreal protocol on substances that deplete
the ozone layer. Final act New York (1987)
[2]. Zaghdoudi M.C., S.Maalej, Y.Saad and
M.Bouchaala, A Comparative study on the
Performance and Environmental
Characteristics of Alternatives to R22 in
Residential Air Conditioners for Tunisian
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