Stock split
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Stock split
A stock split increases the number of a company's outstanding shares by issuing more shares to existing shareholders while reducing the market price per share, keeping the company's total market capitalization the same. Common split ratios are 2-for-1, 3-for-1, or 3-for-2. While stock splits themselves do not impact a company's value, they can increase liquidity by making shares more affordable to small investors and signaling management confidence, potentially leading to increased demand and short-term price rises after the split.
Capital Market
This Presentation gives a brief idea about the Capital market and the leading Stock Exchange Companies.
What are Share, Stock and Equity?
Businesses may be organized in a number of different ways, including sole proprietorships, partnerships or corporations. A business may offer to sell a portion of its ownership by issuing stock.
Stock split
A stock split is when a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares to make them more affordable for small investors. Common split ratios are 1:2, 1:3, and 2:3. For example, HDFC shares priced at Rs. 3011.45 split 1:5 to Rs. 621.20 per share, and ITC shares priced at Rs. 905.80 split 1:10 to Rs. 93.50 per share. While a stock split decreases the share price, it does not affect the company's overall market capitalization or underlying fundamentals.
Options
The document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
- A brief history of options and their use in ancient Greece.
- Current options markets and regulators.
- Key terminology related to options contracts.
- The main types of options - calls and puts.
- Common valuation methods and strategies for options positions, including bullish, bearish, and neutral strategies.
Stocks - Corporate Action
This documents tell about various stocks corporate action such as Rights issue, Bonus Share, Stocks Split, Dividend and Share Buyback.
Modes of Entry in International Business
Modes of entry into international business can include exporting/importing, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, turnkey projects, mergers and acquisitions, and management contracts. Exporting involves selling goods and services internationally, while importing involves purchasing foreign goods and services. Foreign direct investment involves investing in foreign businesses. Licensing and franchising allow firms to use intellectual property and brand names owned by other companies. Joint ventures combine resources and share control between two or more firms.
Derivatives. cmi
This document discusses derivative instruments such as futures and forwards. It defines derivatives as instruments whose value is derived from an underlying security such as a stock, commodity, currency, or index. Future contracts obligate the buyer and seller to transact at a predetermined price on a future date, while forward contracts are similar but not standardized. Reasons for using derivatives include hedging against volatility and speculation. Key concepts discussed include short selling, holding long positions, and offsetting forward contracts before expiration to realize gains or losses.
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Stock split
A stock split increases the number of a company's outstanding shares by issuing more shares to existing shareholders while reducing the market price per share, keeping the company's total market capitalization the same. Common split ratios are 2-for-1, 3-for-1, or 3-for-2. While stock splits themselves do not impact a company's value, they can increase liquidity by making shares more affordable to small investors and signaling management confidence, potentially leading to increased demand and short-term price rises after the split.
Capital Market
This Presentation gives a brief idea about the Capital market and the leading Stock Exchange Companies.
What are Share, Stock and Equity?
Businesses may be organized in a number of different ways, including sole proprietorships, partnerships or corporations. A business may offer to sell a portion of its ownership by issuing stock.
Stock split
A stock split is when a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares to make them more affordable for small investors. Common split ratios are 1:2, 1:3, and 2:3. For example, HDFC shares priced at Rs. 3011.45 split 1:5 to Rs. 621.20 per share, and ITC shares priced at Rs. 905.80 split 1:10 to Rs. 93.50 per share. While a stock split decreases the share price, it does not affect the company's overall market capitalization or underlying fundamentals.
Options
The document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
- A brief history of options and their use in ancient Greece.
- Current options markets and regulators.
- Key terminology related to options contracts.
- The main types of options - calls and puts.
- Common valuation methods and strategies for options positions, including bullish, bearish, and neutral strategies.
Stocks - Corporate Action
This documents tell about various stocks corporate action such as Rights issue, Bonus Share, Stocks Split, Dividend and Share Buyback.
Modes of Entry in International Business
Modes of entry into international business can include exporting/importing, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, turnkey projects, mergers and acquisitions, and management contracts. Exporting involves selling goods and services internationally, while importing involves purchasing foreign goods and services. Foreign direct investment involves investing in foreign businesses. Licensing and franchising allow firms to use intellectual property and brand names owned by other companies. Joint ventures combine resources and share control between two or more firms.
Derivatives. cmi
This document discusses derivative instruments such as futures and forwards. It defines derivatives as instruments whose value is derived from an underlying security such as a stock, commodity, currency, or index. Future contracts obligate the buyer and seller to transact at a predetermined price on a future date, while forward contracts are similar but not standardized. Reasons for using derivatives include hedging against volatility and speculation. Key concepts discussed include short selling, holding long positions, and offsetting forward contracts before expiration to realize gains or losses.
Stock split
A stock split increases the number of a company's outstanding shares by issuing more shares to existing shareholders, which decreases the price per share while keeping the company's total market value constant. Common stock splits include 2-for-1 and 3-for-1. While a stock split lowers the per-share price, it aims to increase liquidity and make the stock more affordable to small investors. However, it does not impact the underlying value of the company.
Demerger ppt
The document discusses a demerger, where an existing company splits into two separate companies. Shareholders of the original company receive equivalent stakes in the new companies. Reasons for demerging include allowing each company to focus on its core activities and comply with different regulations. The document then provides further details about Welspun Corp Ltd, an Indian pipe manufacturer, and its planned demerger into Welspun Corp Ltd and Welspun Enterprises Ltd to simplify its business structure and allow each entity to focus on different operations.
New Issue Market
The document discusses various aspects of new issue markets, including the meaning, functions, and methods of floating new issues. It describes the main functions of new issue markets as facilitating the transfer of resources from savers to users and mobilizing funds from savers to borrowers. The key methods of floating new issues discussed are public issues, rights issues, private placements, and preferential issues. It also covers various other topics related to new issue markets such as pricing of issues, offer documents, listing of securities, and participants in securities markets.
Investment management chapter 1 introduction to investment
This document provides an introduction to investment terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like finance, investment, and different types of financial assets. It also summarizes the major participants in the financial system including households, financial intermediaries like banks and mutual funds, and the markets they interact in such as primary and secondary markets. Different types of financial securities are also outlined including debt instruments and equity instruments.
Corporate actions
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The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
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This document discusses uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) and covered interest rate parity (CIRP), which relate interest rates between countries to exchange rates. UIRP refers to parity when exposed to exchange rate risk, while CIRP uses forward contracts to eliminate exchange rate risk. The document provides an example where UK interest rates are 2% and Japanese rates are 1%, requiring the pound to depreciate 1% against the yen to avoid arbitrage opportunities. It also discusses purchasing power parity (PPP), which estimates exchange rates needed for currencies to have equal purchasing power based on market baskets of goods. PPP helps minimize misleading international comparisons that can arise from using market exchange rates alone.
5. listing of securities
The document discusses the listing process for a public limited company to have its securities traded on a recognized stock exchange. It involves meeting minimum capital requirements, submitting required documents and information to the stock exchange, and paying listing fees depending on the company's issued capital amount. Key steps include obtaining stock exchange approval of the company's articles of association and draft prospectus, applying for listing with supporting documents, and executing a listing agreement regarding disclosure of financial information. Listing provides companies benefits like liquidity, transparency, and tax savings but also regulatory obligations.
Portfolio selection final
1. The document discusses portfolio selection using the Markowitz model.
2. The Markowitz model aims to find the optimal portfolio, which provides the highest return and lowest risk. It does this by analyzing different combinations of securities to identify efficient portfolios.
3. The document provides details on the tools and steps used in the Markowitz model for portfolio selection, including analyzing expected returns, variance, standard deviation, and coefficients of correlation between securities.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
Venture capital presentation
1) Venture capital is financing provided to startup companies and small businesses with uncertain chances of success. It typically involves taking equity stakes in companies and providing guidance to management.
2) One of the earliest organized venture capital funds was formed in 1946 to provide startup financing, including to Digital Equipment Corporation in 1958.
3) Venture capital financing occurs in stages from early seed funding through expansion and later stage financing as a company grows and requires additional capital. Venture capitalists aim to earn returns primarily through capital gains when companies are successful.
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Internal Sources of Finance
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Financial Reporting
The document provides information about financial reporting and annual reports for companies. It discusses key components of annual reports including the director's report, financial statements, audit report, income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner's equity. It also covers notes to the financial statements, stakeholders' interests in financial statements, qualities and limitations of financial statements, responsibilities for financial statements, misleading financial statements, and consequences of unreliable financial statements.
Sources of raising funds in international markets
This document discusses various sources that companies can use to raise funds in international markets, including depository receipts, American depository receipts (ADRs), global depository receipts (GDRs), and foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs). ADRs and GDRs allow foreign companies to issue shares in domestic US and European markets, making it easier for investors in those markets to purchase shares. FCCBs are debt instruments issued in foreign currencies that can later be converted to shares, providing flexibility. While international funding opens new investor pools, it also presents challenges around exchange rate fluctuations and regulatory compliance with multiple markets.
Ebit - Eps Analysis
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
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Basics of Stock Market
Stocks represent ownership in a company. As a shareholder, an individual owns a portion of the company's assets and earnings and has voting rights. There are two main types of stocks - common stock, which represents ownership and a claim on profits, and preferred stock, which guarantees fixed dividends. Stock prices fluctuate based on supply and demand and a company's performance. Individuals can purchase stocks through a brokerage or dividend reinvestment plan.
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This document discusses corporate restructuring under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It defines corporate restructuring as efforts to realign policies, programs, processes and people to serve redefined goals sustainably. The document outlines the need and scope of restructuring to achieve objectives like risk reduction and exploiting synergies. It discusses types of restructuring like financial and organizational restructuring and reasons for restructuring like changes in strategy or lack of profits. Finally, it summarizes some key features of the Companies Act regarding restructuring, including the role of the National Company Law Tribunal and requirements for creditor consent.
RIGHT ISSUES
A rights issue is an invitation to existing shareholders to purchase additional new shares in the company. In a right offering, each shareholder receives the first right to subscribe to the shares at the discount as compared to the prevailing share price.
Types of FDI
This document summarizes the types and motivations of foreign direct investment. It discusses inward and outward foreign direct investment, and the factors that encourage and restrict them. It also describes different types of foreign direct investments like greenfield investments, mergers and acquisitions, horizontal and vertical foreign direct investments. Finally, it outlines the main motivations for foreign direct investment, including resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking.
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Youtube Video Link - https://youtu.be/XUVhuqlg6G0
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Stock split
A stock split increases the number of a company's outstanding shares by issuing more shares to existing shareholders, which decreases the price per share while keeping the company's total market value constant. Common stock splits include 2-for-1 and 3-for-1. While a stock split lowers the per-share price, it aims to increase liquidity and make the stock more affordable to small investors. However, it does not impact the underlying value of the company.
Demerger ppt
The document discusses a demerger, where an existing company splits into two separate companies. Shareholders of the original company receive equivalent stakes in the new companies. Reasons for demerging include allowing each company to focus on its core activities and comply with different regulations. The document then provides further details about Welspun Corp Ltd, an Indian pipe manufacturer, and its planned demerger into Welspun Corp Ltd and Welspun Enterprises Ltd to simplify its business structure and allow each entity to focus on different operations.
New Issue Market
The document discusses various aspects of new issue markets, including the meaning, functions, and methods of floating new issues. It describes the main functions of new issue markets as facilitating the transfer of resources from savers to users and mobilizing funds from savers to borrowers. The key methods of floating new issues discussed are public issues, rights issues, private placements, and preferential issues. It also covers various other topics related to new issue markets such as pricing of issues, offer documents, listing of securities, and participants in securities markets.
Investment management chapter 1 introduction to investment
This document provides an introduction to investment terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like finance, investment, and different types of financial assets. It also summarizes the major participants in the financial system including households, financial intermediaries like banks and mutual funds, and the markets they interact in such as primary and secondary markets. Different types of financial securities are also outlined including debt instruments and equity instruments.
Corporate actions
Corporate actions are initiates by the company which have impacted the investors perception towards investment
Modern Portfolio Theory
The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
relation of PPP and IRP
This document discusses uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) and covered interest rate parity (CIRP), which relate interest rates between countries to exchange rates. UIRP refers to parity when exposed to exchange rate risk, while CIRP uses forward contracts to eliminate exchange rate risk. The document provides an example where UK interest rates are 2% and Japanese rates are 1%, requiring the pound to depreciate 1% against the yen to avoid arbitrage opportunities. It also discusses purchasing power parity (PPP), which estimates exchange rates needed for currencies to have equal purchasing power based on market baskets of goods. PPP helps minimize misleading international comparisons that can arise from using market exchange rates alone.
5. listing of securities
The document discusses the listing process for a public limited company to have its securities traded on a recognized stock exchange. It involves meeting minimum capital requirements, submitting required documents and information to the stock exchange, and paying listing fees depending on the company's issued capital amount. Key steps include obtaining stock exchange approval of the company's articles of association and draft prospectus, applying for listing with supporting documents, and executing a listing agreement regarding disclosure of financial information. Listing provides companies benefits like liquidity, transparency, and tax savings but also regulatory obligations.
Portfolio selection final
1. The document discusses portfolio selection using the Markowitz model.
2. The Markowitz model aims to find the optimal portfolio, which provides the highest return and lowest risk. It does this by analyzing different combinations of securities to identify efficient portfolios.
3. The document provides details on the tools and steps used in the Markowitz model for portfolio selection, including analyzing expected returns, variance, standard deviation, and coefficients of correlation between securities.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
Venture capital presentation
1) Venture capital is financing provided to startup companies and small businesses with uncertain chances of success. It typically involves taking equity stakes in companies and providing guidance to management.
2) One of the earliest organized venture capital funds was formed in 1946 to provide startup financing, including to Digital Equipment Corporation in 1958.
3) Venture capital financing occurs in stages from early seed funding through expansion and later stage financing as a company grows and requires additional capital. Venture capitalists aim to earn returns primarily through capital gains when companies are successful.
Bond market ppt
This document provides an overview of bonds, including their meaning, classifications, issuance procedures, and important terms. It discusses government bonds, corporate bonds, secured/unsecured bonds, and bond yields. It also covers international bonds such as Eurobonds, foreign bonds, and bond markets. Examples are given of debt crises in Pakistan and Sri Lanka related to rising external debt levels.
Internal Sources of Finance
This document discusses internal sources of finance for businesses, including retained earnings, owner's investment, sale of stock, sale of fixed assets, utilizing working capital more effectively, and debt collection. It provides details on each of these sources and notes several factors that influence which sources of finance a business chooses, such as the purpose and time period of the funding needed, the amount required, and the organization's objectives and current financial structure.
Financial Reporting
The document provides information about financial reporting and annual reports for companies. It discusses key components of annual reports including the director's report, financial statements, audit report, income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of owner's equity. It also covers notes to the financial statements, stakeholders' interests in financial statements, qualities and limitations of financial statements, responsibilities for financial statements, misleading financial statements, and consequences of unreliable financial statements.
Sources of raising funds in international markets
This document discusses various sources that companies can use to raise funds in international markets, including depository receipts, American depository receipts (ADRs), global depository receipts (GDRs), and foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs). ADRs and GDRs allow foreign companies to issue shares in domestic US and European markets, making it easier for investors in those markets to purchase shares. FCCBs are debt instruments issued in foreign currencies that can later be converted to shares, providing flexibility. While international funding opens new investor pools, it also presents challenges around exchange rate fluctuations and regulatory compliance with multiple markets.
Ebit - Eps Analysis
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Thank You For Waching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
Basics of Stock Market
Stocks represent ownership in a company. As a shareholder, an individual owns a portion of the company's assets and earnings and has voting rights. There are two main types of stocks - common stock, which represents ownership and a claim on profits, and preferred stock, which guarantees fixed dividends. Stock prices fluctuate based on supply and demand and a company's performance. Individuals can purchase stocks through a brokerage or dividend reinvestment plan.
Unit 1 corporate restructuring
This document discusses corporate restructuring under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It defines corporate restructuring as efforts to realign policies, programs, processes and people to serve redefined goals sustainably. The document outlines the need and scope of restructuring to achieve objectives like risk reduction and exploiting synergies. It discusses types of restructuring like financial and organizational restructuring and reasons for restructuring like changes in strategy or lack of profits. Finally, it summarizes some key features of the Companies Act regarding restructuring, including the role of the National Company Law Tribunal and requirements for creditor consent.
RIGHT ISSUES
A rights issue is an invitation to existing shareholders to purchase additional new shares in the company. In a right offering, each shareholder receives the first right to subscribe to the shares at the discount as compared to the prevailing share price.
Types of FDI
This document summarizes the types and motivations of foreign direct investment. It discusses inward and outward foreign direct investment, and the factors that encourage and restrict them. It also describes different types of foreign direct investments like greenfield investments, mergers and acquisitions, horizontal and vertical foreign direct investments. Finally, it outlines the main motivations for foreign direct investment, including resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking.
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Face Value is the original value of share issued mentioned in the share certificate at beginning when co. gets listed on stock exchange.
Face value does not change and stay constant unless stock is split.
Book Value is the Net worth of the Co.
Net worth = Total assets – Total liabilities.
Book value per Share equals : Net Worth / Total No. of O/s Shares
A company's book value is the amount that the shareholders would receive after all assets were liquidated and liabilities paid off.
Market Value is the current trading price of the stock quoted on exchange.
Market value is calculated by multiplying the total number of shares outstanding with the current market price of a share.
Book value and market value are both helpful in calculating whether a stock is fairly valued, overvalued or undervalued.
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Moratorium period refers to the particular duration in the loan tenure when the borrower is not required to make any repayment in form of EMI. This period is also known as EMI holiday. Moratorium in terms of law means delay or suspension of an activity in a legal context.
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Generally you will find moratorium period in home loan, education loan, project finance etc.
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Infrastructure refers to the physical structure and facilities needed for development of an area and operation of economy & society.
Major projects covered under definition of infrastructure are roads, bridges, highways, port, railways, airport, sanitation, sewerage system, industrial park, broadband network, telecommunication network and internet setup.
In earlier days development of infrastructure was considered to be responsibility of government and there was no role of private sector involvement.
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This led to existence of Public Private Partnership Model (PPP Model) which involved contractual partnership between government and private sector companies to operate infrastructure projects.
Infrastructure Financing
With growing prominence of infrastructure in economic development, big corporates like Tatas, Birlas and Ambanis invested capital in setting up of infrastructure development companies.
Compared to other sectors, the demand for bank loan from infrastructure projects was huge and this came as an opportunity for banks to encash big projects.
To provide huge loan requirements for these infra projects, banks started the concept of corporate funding like consortium finance, loan syndication which involved multiple banks coming together to advance the credit/ loan.
As per RBI guidelines the amount of loan sanctioned should be within overall ceiling of prudential exposure as prescribed for infrastructure financing.
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https://youtu.be/QxQYccE9PL0
DIRECTOR – According to Companies Act, A director may be defined as a person having control over the direction, conduct, management or superintendence of the affairs of a company. Anyone one who is in the power to perform the duties and responsibilities of a director will be called as director by virtue of his function irrespective of, by what name he is called.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS - A board of directors include all directors elected by a corporation's shareholders to represent their interests and ensure that the company's management acts on their behalf. The Board has extensive power to manage a company, delegate decision making power to executives and ensure that company’s objectives are achieved in compliance with the provisions of the Articles of Association. The board shall exercise its power subject to provisions contained in Articles, Memorandum, Central Govt. and Company law board.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR – The full time working director of the company responsible towards shareholder’s interest and company’s profitability.
NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR – They are not involved in everyday working of the company. They take part in planning, policy-making and attends board meeting of the company.
INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR – They are the directors who do not have any relationship with the company which might influence their decisions or judgments. They are the person with integrity, experience and expertise.
NOMINEE DIRECTOR – They are appointed in a company to ensure that the affairs of the company are conducted in a manner dictated by the laws governing companies and there is no oppression or mismanagement.
ALTERNATE DIRECTOR – Appointed to attend, speak and vote in a board meeting on behalf of the director of a company who would be unable to attend.
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Inventory Management
https://youtu.be/PuhgTVN_E_I
Click on the link to watch full video on youtube
Inventory means stock of goods like raw material, work in progress, stores of finished goods, consumables etc.
Inventory management means planning, organizing, handling and storing adequate level of inventory with optimized cost to meet consumer’s demand.
There are two most significant costs involved in managing inventory (ordering cost and carrying cost)
Inventory occupy 50–80% of the total current assets of the business concern. It is very essential part of working capital management and production management.
ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) refers to the optimum level of inventory at which the total cost of inventory comprising ordering cost and carrying cost is minimum maintaining the forecasted demand adequacy.
FORMULA : EOQ = √2AO / C
A - Annual consumption, O - Ordering cost per order, C - Carrying cost (expressed in percentage terms of purchase price per unit)
A-B-C ANALYSIS OF INVENTORY
It is the inventory management technique that divide inventory into three categories based on the value and volume of the inventories.
In most inventories a small proportion of items accounts for substantial usage and high monetary value while a large proportion of items accounts for small usage and low monetary value.
ABC analysis advocates a selective approach to classify and focus greater concentration on inventory items accounting for high monetary value and bulk usage.
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Money Market
The document discusses the money market, which provides short-term borrowing and lending between financial institutions, corporations, and governments. It describes the key functions of the money market in providing liquidity and facilitating monetary policy. Some of the main features highlighted include transactions occurring without brokers between players like banks for maturities under one year. Common money market instruments explained are treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, call money, banker's acceptances, and repurchase agreements.
Consortium Finance
Click on the link to watch full video-
https://youtu.be/mQuFxUCmZOs
The quantum of fund required by big businesses/ corporates for various purposes like expansion, equipment purchase, plant set up, working capital etc. is huge which involves high risk for a single bank to provide the loan required.
Consortium finance is the way by which few banks come together and extend the loan facilities by sharing the loan amount between themselves.
This is also known as joint financing. Loan requirements of government and public sector units are also financed through consortium.
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Indian Banking System
Click on the link below to watch full video on youtube -
https://youtu.be/gZ_2NLjG9SQ
The term ‘bank’ is derived from the French word ‘Banco’ which means a Bench or Money exchange table.
A bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial services to their customers such as accepting deposits, lending loans, money transfer and selling third party products like insurance, mutual fund and portfolio management.
When banks accept deposits its liabilities increase as it has to pay interest to the customer but when it provides loans/ advances its assets increases as it earns interest.
As financial intermediaries, banks stand between depositors who supply capital and borrowers who demand capital.
The functions of commercial banks can be broadly categorized into : a) Primary functions b) Secondary functions
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CRM Models
This document discusses several models for customer relationship management (CRM). It describes the IDIC model which involves identifying customers, differentiating them, interacting with them, and customizing products/services for each customer. It also outlines the QCI model which examines how external environment, customer experience, infrastructure, and processes work together in customer management. Additionally, it summarizes the CRM value chain model which divides CRM into primary stages of analyzing customer portfolio, developing customer intimacy/networks, and managing the customer lifecycle, supported by leadership, technology, people and processes. The five step process model focuses on strategy development, value creation, multichannel integration, information management and performance assessment.
Accounting Concepts & Conventions
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS:-
1. SEPARATE ENTITY CONCEPT – According to this concept, business is considered as a separate legal entity which has its distinct identity separate from its owner. This concept is extremely useful in keeping business affairs strictly free from private affairs of owner. This is the reason why withdrawal by owner from business is treated as drawing.
2. GOING CONCERN CONCEPT – According to this concept, it is assumed that business is established and will continue for a fairly long time in future. This is the reason why while valuing assets of firm current resale value is not taken into account instead depreciation is charge on basis of their expected life.
3. MONEY MEASUREMENT CONCEPT – According to this concept, accounting should necessarily record only those transactions which can be expressed in monetary terms. This is the reason why qualitative facts like change in management are not recorded in books of account.
4. COST CONCEPT – This concept is closely related to going concern concept and emphasizes that asset should be recorded at its cost price and not market price which keeps on changing.
5. DUAL ASPECT CONCEPT – The dual aspect concept states that every business transaction requires recordation in two different accounts. The concept is derived from the accounting equation, which states that: Assets = Liabilities + Equity .The accounting equation is made visible in the balance sheet, where the total amount of assets listed must equal the total of all liabilities and equity.
6. ACCOUNTING PERIOD CONCEPT – According to this concept, accounting should measure transactions at regular intervals for a specified period of time called accounting period. Necessary financial disclosures and reporting need to be made at the end of accounting period which may be quarterly, half-yearly or yearly.
7. MATCHING CONCEPT – This concept is also known as periodic matching of cost and revenue. According to this concept, profits made by business in particular accounting period can be ascertained only when the revenues earned during the period are compared with the expenses incurred in earning the revenue.
NBFC
To watch full video click on the link below-
https://youtu.be/C7SkShIESa0
NBFC are institutions or entities that provide financial / banking services but do not hold banking license.
These entities are registered under Companies Act.
Provides banking services like facilitating loan, financial advisory, wealth management, investment, leasing, underwriting, merger activities, general insurance etc.
Cannot accept demand deposits i.e. Current A/c and Saving A/c.
Examples – Bajaj Finserv, Muthoot Finance Ltd, IL&FS, Aditya Birla Finance Ltd. Etc.
Also referred as Shadow banking system
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NPCI
To watch full video click on the link below-
https://youtu.be/RRgkQ7lSdqM
NPCI, an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian Banking Association (IBA) is an umbrella organization for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India.
It functions under provision of Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
It is a not-for-profit organization set up under the provisions of Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956 (amended as Sec 8 of Companies Act 2013).
Facilitates easy access to online payment services with variety of banking products and services.
Products offered by NPCI
IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) is an instant payment inter-bank electronic funds transfer system in India. Unlike NEFT and RTGS, the service is available 24*7 throughout the year.
NFS (National Financial Switch) is the largest network of shared ATMs in India facilitating convenience banking.
AePS (Aadhaar-enabled Payment Service) is a bank led model that allows financial transaction at PoS of any bank using the Aadhaar authentication through the retail merchant.
CTS (Cheque Truncation System) facilitates uses of digital signature or encryption methods to prevent manipulation of data during transition of cheque clearance.
UPI (Unique Payments Interface) is a system that makes multiple bank accounts to be accessed from a single mobile application using mobile no. or UPI id as unique transaction address.
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Credit Monitoring
Watch out full video on Youtube. Click on the link below-
https://youtu.be/48r3LhGRX_A
Credit monitoring is the continuous process of reviewing and following loan accounts, asset quality and credit reports to judge the accuracy and standard of loan asset.
Whenever loan is granted to customer, banker is required to ensure that it remains a standard asset and does not turn out to be non-performing asset.
Pre-disbursement Care
Sanction letter shall be issued detailing various terms and conditions on which the loan has been approved.
Acknowledgement letter should be obtained from borrower stating that he/she has well understood and noted the terms of sanction.
Security documents along with acknowledgement letter should be kept aside properly.
Credit report should be reviewed periodically to ensure that there are no adversity causing risk to loan recovery.
Documentation should be done in proper format with all signatures as a part of due diligence.
End use verification to ensure legality of purpose.
Post-disbursement Care
Post-disbursement monitoring involves both onsite monitoring (visiting the unit) and offsite monitoring (scrutiny of records)
OFFSITE MONITORING INVOLVES :-
Study of Quarterly Information System, Monthly Select Operational Data, Cash Budget and Financial Statements
Stock Statement Verification
Scrutiny of the register and bills
Annual report containing director’s report, management discussion analysis, auditor’s report and financial statements
Comparison of actual financials with projected one on the basis of which loan was sanctioned
ONSITE MONITORING INVOLVES :-
Physical verification of stock
Check whether all machinery are working in good condition
Checking of Register Books ( Sales register, Purchase register, Production register, Stock register)
Invoices and utility bills
No. of skilled and unskilled workers in the unit
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Stock split
- 1. DevTech Finance FINANCIAL TERMS WHAT IS STOCK SPLIT ?
- 2. STOCK SPLIT • A stock split is when a company divides its existing shares into multiple shares to increase the liquidity of the shares. • Although the number of shares outstanding increases by a specific multiple, the total value of the shares remains the same compared to pre-split amounts, because the split does not change real value. • The most common split ratios are 2-for-1 or 3-for-1, which means that the stockholder will have two or three shares, respectively, for every share held earlier. • The price per share after the stock split reduces without affecting the market capitalization.
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