This chapter introduces information technology and its components. It describes IT as the study and implementation of information systems to store, manipulate and communicate information. ICT is concerned with digital data transmission and devices like computers. The chapter outlines computer hardware, including input/output devices, and software like operating systems and applications. It also discusses different types of computers and their uses, as well as the evolution of Windows technology.

1. CHAPTER ONE (1)
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT)
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2. Learning Objectives
 After completing this chapter you will be able to:-
– Describe the evolution of Information Technology and
Communications
– Explain the concepts of ICT and IT
– Introduce to computer hardware
– Introduce to computer software
– Discuss the history of Windows Technology
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3. Chapter Outline
 Introduction
– IT & ICT
 Computer
 Hardware
 Software
– Application
– Operating System
 Programming Languages
 Windows Technology
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4. What is IT?
 Information Technology (IT) is "the study,
design, development, implementation,
support or management of information
systems".
 Information technology is a general term
that describes any technology that helps
to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate
information.
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5. What is ICT?
 Information Communications Technology (ICT)
covers any product that will store, retrieve,
manipulate, transmit or receive information
electronically in a digital form. For example,
personal computers, digital television, email,
robots.
 ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval,
manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data.
 It is also concerned with the way these different
uses can work with each other.
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6. The Importance of IT/ICT
 essential ingredient in managing business
processes of most organizations
 reduction in administration costs
 improve staff productivity
 assist in the design & manufacture of products
 improve the efficiency of interactions with clients,
customers, suppliers & distribution outlets
 create opportunities for new services, products &
business ventures
 speed, efficiency, effectiveness & competitive
advantages
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7. IT Components
 Process
 Application (software)
 Hardware
that is used to get, create, arrange,
analyze and present the information in
various format including text, image,
audio and video.
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8. Process
 The ability to translate the information
needs, to analyze and present the
information and the ability to analyze
the process effectiveness.
 It Includes techniques and activities that
involve design, development,
implementation and IT management.
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9. Application (Software)
 Software can be categorized into:
– Curricular software
• it is designed to educate students with
concepts and skills. The learning objective
is determine by the software.
– Generic software
• Software that is used to achieve various
learning objectives. Example: Word
processor, databases and multimedia
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10. Hardware
 The physical components of a
computer system
 Includes all types of technology
hardware including computers,
scanner, modem, printers etc.
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11. Telecommunication devices
 Wireless Phone
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 Walkie Talkie
 Pager
 Fax machine
 Video Conferencing
 Telegraph
 Chatting software: Example IRC, Yahoo
Messenger
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12. Example of Telecommunication
Devices
CELULAR PHONE
PAGER
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13. Example of Telecommunication
Devices
PDA WALKIE TALKIE
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14. Example of Telecommunication
Devices
FAX MACHINE
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15. Example of Telecommunication
Devices
Computer
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16. Computer
 An electronic device or a
programmable machine that receives
inputs, stores and manipulates data
(retrieves and processes data), can be
programmed with instructions and
provides output in a useful format.
 A computer is composed of hardware and
software, and can exist in a variety of
sizes and configurations.
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17. Computer
Monitor
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Keyboard
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18. Types of Computer
 Analog
– Process physical data. Example:
Temperature, air pressure, electrical
 Digital
– Process data in binary ( 1 and 0)
 Hybrid
– Combination of analog and digital
computers
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19. Components of Computer
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Storage
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Communication Devices
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20. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 CPU or the processor is the portion of a
computer system that carries out the instructions
of a computer program, and is the primary
element carrying out the computer's functions.
 Manipulates raw data into a more useful form and
controls the other parts of the computer systems.
 A microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable, clock driven, register based
device that takes input and provides output.
 E.g. Intel Pentium, AMD Athlon, SUN UltraSparc
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21. Storage
 A data storage device often called memory is a
device for recording (storing) information (data).
 Primary Storage (main memory, internal memory)
– Temporarily stores data and program instructions
during processing (volatile storage). Example
RAM.
 Secondary Storage (external memory)
– Store data and programs when they are not being
used in processing. Example: HardDisk, Floppy
Disk, CD, DVD, Tape Drive, ROM, flash memory
(USB)
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22. Input Devices
 Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware
equipment) used to provide data and control signals
to an information processing system (such as a
computer).
 Convert data and instructions into electronic form for
input into the computer.
 Example
– Pointing devices (mouse, touch screen)
– Source data automation (optical character recognition ~ Bar
code, magnetic ink character recognition)
– Handwriting recognition (pen-based input ~ PDA, laptop
mouse pointing)
– Keyboard, Scanner, sensor device
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– voice input device (Microphone)

23. Output Devices
 Any piece of computer hardware equipment
used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by an information
processing system (such as a computer) to
the outside world.
 Convert electronic data produced by the
computer system and display them into a
form that people can understand.
 Example:Video Display Terminal (monitors),
Printers, plotters, speakers, headphone,
earphone.
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24. Communication Devices
 Communication is a process of
transferring information from one entity
to another.
 Provide connections between the
computer and communication networks.
 Example: Modem, Digital Camera,
HeadPhone/Telephony (conferencing),
radio/TV.
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25. Categories of Computers
Supercomputer
Mainframe
Midrange (Minicomputers)
Microcomputers
Workstation
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26. Supercomputer
 Highly sophisticated and powerful computer
that can perform very complex computations
extremely rapidly.
 Most powerful & expensive.
 Used in scientific and military work, such as
classified weapons research and weather
forecasting.
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27. Mainframe
 Largest category of computer, used for major
business processing.
 Intended to service multiple users
 Capable of handling and processing very
large amounts of data quickly.
 Used in large institutions such as
government, banks and large corporations.
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28. Midrange (Minicomputers)
 A class of computer systems which fall in between
mainframe computers and microcomputers.
 Capable of supporting the computing needs of
small organizations or of managing networks of
other computers such as in Universities, factories
and research laboratories as server to manage
organization computer network
 E.g. Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-
Packard (HP3000 line), and Sun Microsystems
(SPARC Enterprise).
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29. Microcomputers
A computer with a microprocessor as its
central processing unit
 Also known as personal computer.
 Physically small compared to mainframe and
mini.
 E.g. desktop computers, laptop and notebook
computers, tablet PC, palmtop computers,
personal digital assistants (PDA's).
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30. Workstation
 A high-end microcomputer designed for technical or
scientific applications.
 Intended primarily to be used by one person at a
time, they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems.
 Desktop computer with powerful graphics and
mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform
several complicated at once.
 Used in scientific, engineering and design work
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31. Computer Hardware
Monitor – 14”, 15”, 17” & 21”
Keyboards- 108, 110, 114 keys,
Mouse,
Speaker,
Printer,
Scanner,
CD Drive,
CD Writer
Floppy A Drive
Joy Stick
Plotter
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32. Monitor
•A monitor or display (sometimes called
a visual display unit) is an electronic
visual display for computers.
•It comprises the display device,
circuitry, and an enclosure.
•2 types of Monitor
• CRT -Cathode Ray Tube (just like
television set
•Flat Panel - Using TFT-LCD (thin
film transistor liquid crystal display,
or plasma display panel (pixel rely
on wgas in the cell or plasma)
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33. Printers
 a printer is a peripheral which
produces a hard copy
(permanent readable text
and/or graphics) of documents
stored in electronic form,
usually on physical print
media such as paper or
transparencies.
o Dot matrix
o Ink Jet
o Laser Jet
o Bubble Jet
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34. Software
 Complete instructions that control, manage
and support operational activities of computer
system.
 The collection of computer programs and
related data that provide the instructions
telling a computer what to do.
 3 basic functions:
a) manage computer system’s data sources
b) create platforms & tools to use the data source
c) act as the ‘middle-man’ between human and data source storage
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35. User
Application Software
System Software
Computer
Hardware
Relationship between User, Application Software,
System Software and Computer Hardware
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36. Example of Computer Software
 System Software
 Application Software
 Programming Languages
 Firmware
 Device Drivers
 Middleware
 Testware
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37. System Software
A computer software designed to
operate the computer hardware and to
provide and maintain a platform for
running application software.
 The most important types of system
software are:
– The operating system
– The computer BIOS and device firmware
– Utility software
– Computer Language Translation Programs
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38. Operating System
 Allows the parts of a computer to work together by
performing tasks like transferring data between
memory and disks or rendering output onto a display
device.
 It also provides a platform to run high-level system
software and application software.
 Manages and control the computer’s activities
 Main functions of the operating system
– Allocates and assigns system resources
– Schedules the use of computer resources and computer job
– Monitor computer system activities
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39. Example of Operating System
 DOS
 UNIX
 OS/2
 Macintosh
 Windows 95/98/2000/NT/ME/XP
 LindowsOS
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40. DOS
 DiskOperating System (DOS)
 Operating system for older IBM and IBM-
compatible PCs between 1981 and 1995.
 Advantage:
– Ease of use ~ user interface (command line
interface)
 Disadvantage:
– Do not support multitasking
– Limits program use of memory to 640 kilobytes
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41. DOS
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42. UNIX
A computer operating system originally
developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T
employees at Bell Labs.
 Operating System for all types of computers,
which is machine independent and support
multi-user processing, multitasking and
networking.
 widely used in both servers and workstations
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43. UNIX
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44. OS/2
 Operating system/2 created by
Microsoft and IBM for IBM PCS that can
take advantage of the 32-bit
microprocessor.
 Support multitasking and networking.
 Has its own graphical user interface
and desktop and server version
 Require memory intensive applications
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45. OS/2
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46. Macintosh
 OS for Apple Macintosh computer that
support multitasking.
 The first commercially successful
personal computer to feature a mouse
and a graphical user interface.
 Has access to the internet and has
powerful graphics and multimedia
capabilities.
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47. Macintosh System 1.1
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48. Mac OS 8.0
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49. Mac OS X Jaguar
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50. Microsoft Windows
A series of software operating systems
and graphical user interfaces produced
by Microsoft.
 Windows – Operating System to control
and manage computer activities
 Based on graphical user interface –
easier to use
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51. List of Microsoft Windows
versions
 1985 November 20 - Windows 1.01
 1986 August - Windows 1.03
 1986 May - Windows 1.02
 1987 April - Windows 1.04
 1987 December - Windows 2.03
 1988 May - Windows 2.10
 1989 March - Windows 2.11
 1990 May - Windows 3.0
 1992 August - Windows 3.1
 1992 October - Windows for Workgroups 3.1
 1993 August - Windows NT 3.1
 1993 November - Windows for Workgroups 3.11
 1993 October - Windows 3.2
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52. List of Microsoft Windows
versions (cont…)
 1994 September - Windows NT 3.5
 1995 August - Windows 95
 1995 June - Windows NT 3.51
 1996 July - Windows NT 4.0
 1998 June - Windows 98
 2000 April - Windows Mobile
 2000 February - Windows 2000
 2000 June - Windows Me
 2001 August - Windows XP
 2003 April - Windows Server 2003
 2006 November - Windows Vista
 2008 February - Windows Server 2008
 2009 July - Windows 7
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53. Windows 3.1
 Introduced graphical User Interface for
example Program manager
 Based on windows- allowing few program in
their own windows.
 Disadvantages:
– Require high memory and storage
– Operates only on computers with micro
processor 286, 2MB RAM and at least
10MB hardisk.
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54. Windows 3.1
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55. Windows 95
 Popular in mid 90s, used in personal PCs.
 Most of the software is based on windows format
 Using storage area of 80 MB, 8MB RAM and micro
processor at least 486 DX.
 Using 32-bit operating system
 Perform twice better than windows 3.1(16-bit)
 Support multitasking
 Support plug and play
 Better GUI
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56. Windows 95
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57. Windows 98
 32-bit operating system that is closely
integrated with the Internet and that supports
multitasking, multithreading and networking
 Faster and more integrated compare to
windows 95 with support for additional
hardware such as MMX, DVD.
 The most visible features is integration of the
OS with Web browser software
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58. Windows 98
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59. Windows 2000
 32-bitoperating system for PCs,
workstations and network servers.
 Support multitasking, multiprocessing,
intensive networking and Internet
services for corporate computing.
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60. Windows 2000 Pro
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61. Windows ME
 Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium Edition)
– Enhanced Windows Operating System for
consumer users featuring tools for working
with video, photos, music and home
networking.
– Improved capabilities for safeguarding
critical files.
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62. Windows ME
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63. Windows NT
 Microsoft Windows NT (New
Technology)
– Posses the same ability in UNIX such as
multi-user, multitasking and high security.
– Suitable for high technology application,
graphic and animation.
– Appropriate as server in a network.
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64. Windows NT 3.1
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65. Windows XP
 Microsoft Windows XP (Experience)
– Reliable, robust operating system with
versions for both home and corporate
users.
– Features support of internet and
multimedia and improved networking,
security and corporate management
capabilities
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66. Windows XP
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67. LindowsOS
 Linspire, previously known as LindowsOS, was a
commercial operating system based on Debian
GNU/Linux and later Ubuntu.
 The first "Broadband OS"
 Built to take full advantage of broadband
technology.
 Designed to fully utilize the world of tomorrow,
where Internet connectivity is bountiful and
cheap, and computers are ubiquitous.
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68. LindowsOS
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69. The computer BIOS and device
firmware
 The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a standard defining a
firmware interface. It is built into the PC.
 Firmware is a term often used to denote the fixed, usually rather
small, programs and data structures that internally control various
electronic devices. It provides basic functionality to operate and
control the hardware connected to or built into the computer.
 The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating
system. When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to
initialize and identify system devices such as the video display card,
keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD drive and other hardware.
The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device
(designated as a 'boot device'), such as a hard disk or a CD, and
loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC.
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70. The computer BIOS and device
firmware (example)
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71. Utility software
 Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze,
configure, optimize and maintain the computer.
 A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.
 Example of utility softwares:
– Disk storage utilities ~ manage the storage like HDD, FDD, CD
– Disk defragmenters ~ detect computer files whose contents are broken across several locations
on the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.
– Disk partitions ~ divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives
– Backup utilities ~ make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire
disk or selected files
– Disk compression ~ compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the
disk.
– Anti-virus utilities ~ scan for computer viruses.
– Registry cleaners ~ clean and optimize the Windows registry by removing old registry keys that
are no longer in use.
– Network utilities ~ analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check
data transfer or log events.
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72. Computer Language Translation
Programs
 Convert programming languages into machine language.
 Programs written in high-level language such as COBOL, C
must be translated into machine language that the computer
can execute
 The program in high-level language before translation is called
source code.
 A compiler translates source code into machine code called
object code
 But some programming language do not use complier, but use
an interpreter
 Interpreter used to translate each source code statement one at
a time into machine code during execution and executes it. It is
a bit slow to execute since it translated one statement at a time.
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73. Application software
 Also known as an application, is computer software
designed to help the user to perform singular or
multiple related specific tasks.
 Examples include enterprise software, accounting
software, office suites, graphics software and media
players.
 Application software that we will learn in this class
– Word Processor (Microsoft Word)
– Electronic Spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel)
– Database (Microsoft Access)
– Graphic presentation
– Presentation (Microsoft Power Point)
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74. Word Processor
 A computer application used for the production and
manipulating (including composition (creating),
editing, formatting, deleting, saving and possibly
printing) of any sort of printable material (e.g. memo,
letters, report, etc.)
 Advantages (in comparison with type writer)
– Save time and efficient to create documents
– More flexible in term of deleting, and editing the content
 Used in
– Business
– Personal
– Education…etc
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75. Electronic spreadsheet
 A computer application that simulates a paper, accounting
worksheet, which manipulates lines and numbers and to do
calculation and is used to create charts, graph and table.
 It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting
of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text,
numeric values or formulas.
 A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated
from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each
time any cell is updated.
 Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information
because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet
automatically after a change to a single cell is made.
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76. Database
 Consists of an organized collection of related data for one or
more uses, typically in digital form.
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of
this data), designed to meet the information needs of an
organization
 Advantages:
– Data consistency
– More information from the same amount of data
– Sharing of data
– Improved data integrity
– Improved security
– Enforcement of standards
– Economy of scale
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77. Graphic Presentation
A computer program that allows users
to compose and edit graphics images
and pictures interactively on a computer
and save them in one of many popular
vector graphics formats, such as EPS,
PDF, WMF, SVG, or VML .
 Animation
 Example: Corel Draw, Photoshop.
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78. Programming languages
 An artificial language designed to express computations
that can be performed by a machine, particularly a
computer.
 Programming languages can be used to create programs
that control the behavior of a machine, to express
algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human
communication.
 Many programming languages have some form of written
specification of their syntax (form) and semantics
(meaning).
 It can be divided into:
– Low-level programming languages
– High-level programming languages
–
09/27/12 Very high-level programming languages
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79. Low-level Programming
languages
 A programming language that provides little or no
abstraction from a computer's instruction set
architecture.
 The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent
amount of abstraction between the language and
machine language; because of this, low-level
languages are sometimes described as being "close
to the hardware."
 Low-level programming languages are sometimes
divided into two categories:
– first generation
– second generation.
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80. First Generation Languages
 The first-generation programming language, or
1GL also known as Machine Language, is
machine code.
 It is the only language a microprocessor can
process directly without a previous
transformation.
 Using binary code ( 1 and 0 )
 Programming in machine language is very slow,
labor-intensive process
– Example : 1010 1101 8B54 2408 83FA 0077
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81. Second Generation Languages
 2GL, is assembly language, developed in 1950s that resembles
machine language but substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes.
( example: load, sum).
 It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a
microprocessor's native language, an assembly language programmer
must still understand the microprocessor's unique architecture (such as
its registers and instructions).
 These simple instructions are then assembled directly into machine
code.
 The assembly code can also be abstracted to another layer in a similar
manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code.
 Difficult to read, debug and learn and costly in term of programmers
time
 Example:
– mov edx, [esp+8], cmp edx, 0, ja @f, mov eax, 0, ret
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82. High-level Programming
languages
 A programming language with strong abstraction from the
details of the computer.
 It may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be
more portable across platforms.
 Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as
memory access models and management of scope.
 It makes the language user-friendly.
 Can be divided into:
– 3rd Generation language
– 4th Generation language
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83. 3rd Generation Language
 Specify instructions as brief statements
that are more like natural language than
assembly language.
 Easier to write and understand in
comparison of assembly language.
 More user friendly
 Example: FORTRAN, COBOL,BASIC,
Pascal Lisp and C
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84. 4th generation Languages
 A programming language that can be employed directly by end
user or less skilled programmers to develop computer
applications more rapidly than conventional programming
languages (nonprocedural or less).
 Use for the development of commercial business software
 Seven categories of 4th generation languages
– Query languages
– Report generators
– Graphics languages
– Application generators
– Very high level programming languages
– Application software packages
– PC tools
 E.g. LINC (Logic and Information Network Compiler), Oracle
Express 4GL.
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85. Very High-level Programming
languages
 A programming language with a very high level of abstraction,
used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool.
 Very high-level programming languages are usually limited to a
very specific application, purpose, or type of task.
 For this reason, very high-level programming languages are
often referred to as goal-oriented programming languages.
 Example: 5th Generation Language
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86. 5th Generation Languages
A programming language based around
solving problems using constraints
given to the program, rather than using
an algorithm written by a programmer.
 Used mainly in artificial intelligence
research.
 E.g. Prolog, OPS5 (Official Production
System), and Mercury
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87. Firmware
 Low-level software often stored on electrically programmable
memory devices.
 Fixed, usually small programs and data structures that internally
control various electronic devices.
 Examples of devices containing firmware range from end-user
products such as remote controls or calculators, through
computer parts and devices like hard disks, keyboards, TFT
screens or memory cards, all the way to scientific
instrumentation and industrial robotics.
 Also more complex consumer devices, such as mobile phones,
digital cameras, synthesizers, etc., contain firmware to enable
the device's basic operation as well as implementing higher-
level functions.
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88. Device Drivers
A device driver or software driver is a computer
program allowing higher-level computer
programs to interact with a hardware device.
 Control parts of computers such as disk drives,
printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.
 Acts as a translator between a hardware device
and the applications or operating systems that
use it.
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89. Middleware
 Computer software that connects software
components or applications.
 Controls and co-ordinates distributed systems which
includes web servers, application servers, and similar
tools that support application development and
delivery.
 Examples include EAI (Enterprise Application
Integration) software, telecommunications software,
transaction monitors, and messaging-and-queueing
software.
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90. Middleware
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91. Testware
 Software for testing hardware or a
software package.
 Example use of testware:-
– Web testing, environment & compatibility
testing, performance testing
– Functional testing, scalability testing, test
automation, load and stress testing
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92. IT in Management
1. Latest in cost efficiency- including labor cost,
transportation, communication
2. Increment in business performance – virtual
marketing and globalization, Sharing of information
3. Global marketing- E-commerce, E-business
4. Increment in customer satisfaction
5. Increment in share market
6. Low margin cost
7. Increment in quality- products and services
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93. The Importance of Computer
 Efficiencyand effectiveness in information
management
 Business management
 Education purposes
 Borderless world
 Military
 Entertainment
 Finance and banking
 Town planning
 Publication
 Graphic and animation
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94. The Problems of Computer
 Computer crime
– Hackers
– Illegal downloading
 Hard to manage
– Computer broke down
 Gap between humans
– Less communication among people
– Secluded in their rooms
 Privacy and confidentiality
– Personal information can be revealed easily
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95. Review
 Introduction
– IT & ICT
 Computer
 Hardware
 Software
– Application
– Operating System
 Programming Languages
 Windows Technology
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