The document discusses several factors that contributed to the extinction of the Inca Empire and indigenous populations in America:
1) Francisco Pizarro's small Spanish force was able to defeat the large Inca army due to infectious diseases like smallpox and measles that the indigenous people lacked immunity against.
2) Livestock brought by Europeans like pigs carried these infectious diseases and the indigenous Americans did not have domesticated animals, preventing the development of immunity.
3) Environmental factors like humidity and rainfall patterns influenced the spread of pathogens carried by animals and insects.
4) Modern epidemiological tools like STEM (Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler) and big data analytics can help scientists better
Serological prevalence and factors associated with human trichinellosis and c...ILRI
Poster by Luong Nguyen-Thanh, Meghan Cook, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Diana Meemken and Fred Unger presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
Serological prevalence and factors associated with human trichinellosis and c...ILRI
Poster by Luong Nguyen-Thanh, Meghan Cook, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Diana Meemken and Fred Unger presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
Social dimensions of zoonoses in interdisciplinary researchNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Hayley MacGregor of the Institute of Development Studies, UK, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, 17-18 March 2016.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
Social dimensions of zoonoses in interdisciplinary researchNaomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Hayley MacGregor of the Institute of Development Studies, UK, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, 17-18 March 2016.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
Christian Walzer
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - COVID-19: The role of the agriculture-ecosystem health interface
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Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
2. Why is Inca Empire extinct ?
Pizzarro army are only 180
vs
Inca Emperior are 80 thousands
War dead Result
Pizzrro is zero
But Inca is all killed
How was that possible?
3. A word of Isabel Queen
Massacre?
One people kill 2,000 Indians
Infectious Disease
Smallpox, measles
Died out 80~100 million people
4. Why Indian only?
Chosun
Western people also came to Chosun
But we were not extinct
Livestock
Cow, Pig, Chicken, Horse etc
“You bring along some pigs”
5. Livestock is carrier of infection
Livestock
We were immunized against infection
Because we have raised livestock
But Indian had not livestock
So, they used stone tool
And couldn’t develop civilization
Weather
And America is a rain forest.
Humidity and rainfall played an
important role
6. Pathogenic bacteria is carried by animals and insect
Animals + Insect
Weather + geographic
We should do Comprehensive analysis to protect against disease
So, we are using epidemiological investigation.
Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects
of health and disease conditions in defined populations
7. Epidemiology + Big Data = STEM
• Epidemiologists had been relied on
biology. but these days, we are using
other science to better understand
disease processes, statistics and
social sciences, engineering
• The Spatiotemporal Epidemiological
Modeler (STEM) tool is designed to
help scientists and public health
officials create and use spatial and
temporal models of emerging
infectious diseases. These models
can aid in understanding and
potentially preventing the spread of
such diseases.
8. STEM
• IBM has teamed up with university
researchers to use big data and analytics
to predict the outbreak of deadly diseases
such as Dengue fever and Malaria.
• The research is aimed at understanding
the spread of diseases in real-time in order
to better deploy public health resources to
combat the spread of infectious diseases
• We can see how changes in rainfall,
temperature, and even soil acidity can
dramatically affect the populations of wild
animals and insects that carry the
infectious diseases. with other data, like
airport and highway traffic, to further
understand outbreaks.