Senior High School

1. CHAPTER 1:
EXPLORING
DATA

2. Introducing
Statistics
Lesson One
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3. Statistics as a Tool
in Decision-Making
Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to
be able to make a decision. Hence, it is a tool in decision-
making process. It as a science involves the methods of
collecting, processing, summarizing and analyzing data in
order to provide answers or solutions to an inquiry.
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4. “
Trivia:
The word “statistics” actually comes from
the word “state”—because governments have
been involved in the statistical activities,
especially the conduct of censuses either for
military or taxation purposes. The need for
and conduct of censuses are recorded in the
pages of holy texts. In the Christian Bible,
particularly the Book of Numbers, God is
reported to have instructed Moses to carry
out a census. Another census mentioned in
the Bible is the census ordered by Caesar
Augustus throughout the entire Roman
Empire before the birth of Christ.
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5. Statistics enables
us to:
▸ characterize persons, objects, situations, and
phenomena;
▸ explain relationships among variables;
▸ formulate objective assessments and
comparisons; and, more importantly
▸ make evidence-based decisions and
predictions.
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6. 1. Planning or designing the collection of data to answer
statistical questions in a way that maximizes
information content and minimizes bias;
2. Collecting the data as required in the plan;
3. Verifying the quality of the data after they were
collected;
4. Summarizing the information extracted from the data;
and
5. Examining the summary statistics so that insight and
meaningful information can be produced to support
decision-making or solutions to the question or problem
at hand.
Statistical Process in Solving a
Problem
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7. Key Points
 Difference between questions
that could be and those that
could not answered using
Statistics.
 Statistics is a science that
studies data.
 There are many uses of Statistics
but its main use is in decision-
making.
 Logical decisions or solutions to
a problem could be attained
through a statistical process.
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8. Data Collection
Activity
Lesson Two
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9. A. Preliminaries in a
Data Collection
Activity
In statistical activities, facts are collected from
respondents for purposes of getting aggregate information,
but confidentiality should be protected. The agencies
mandated to collect data is bound by law to protect the
confidentiality of information provided by respondents.
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10. A. Preliminaries in a
Data Collection
Activity
Even market research organizations in the private
sector and individual researchers also guard confidentiality
as they merely want to obtain aggregate data. This way,
respondents can be truthful in giving information, and the
researcher can give a commitment to respondents that the
data they provide will never be released to anyone in a form
that will identify them without their consent. 10

11. B. Performing a Data
Collection Activity
The government, through the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), conducts censuses to obtain information about
socio-demographic characteristics of the residents of the
country. Census data are used by the government to make plans,
such as how many schools and hospitals to build. Censuses of
population and housing are conducted every 10 years on years
ending in zero to obtain population counts, and demographic
information about all Filipinos. 11

12. C. Contextualization
of Data
 Data -
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a collection of facts from experiments,
observations, sample surveys and censuses,
and administrative reporting systems

13. 3, red, F, 156, 4, 65, 50, 25, 1, M, 9, 40, 68,
blue, 78, 168, 69, 3, F, 6, 9, 45, 50, 20,
200, white, 2, pink, 160, 5, 60, 100, 15, 9,
8, 41, 65, black, 68, 165, 59, 7, 6, 35, 45
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Although the collection is composed of numbers and
symbols that could be classified as numeric or non-numeric,
the collection has no meaning or it is not contextualized,
hence it cannot be referred to as data.

14. C. Contextualization
of Data
 Data
o are facts and figures that are presented, collected
and analyzed.
o are either numeric or non-numeric and must be
contextualized.
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15. 1. Who? Who provided the data?
2. What? What are the information from the
respondents and What is the unit of
measurement used for each of the information
(if there are any)?
3. When? When was the data collected?
4. Where? Where was the data collected?
5. Why? Why was the data collected?
6. HoW? HoW was the data collected?
Six W’s of Data
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16. Key Points
 Providing correct information in a
government data collection activity is a
responsibility of every citizen in the
country.
 Data confidentiality is important in a data
collection activity.
 Census is collecting data from all possible
respondents.
 Data to be collected must be clarified
before the actual data collection.
 Data must be contextualized by answering
six W-questions.
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17. THANK YOU!!!
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