Statistics is used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative data to help answer questions and make decisions. It is used in many fields like business, education, medicine, psychology, and research. Statistics has evolved over thousands of years from early records kept in ancient Egypt and Babylon to modern statistical analysis. Key figures who advanced statistics include John Graunt, Karl Friedrich Gauss, Adolphe Quetelet, Karl Pearson, Ronald Fisher, and George Gallup.
Math 7 | Lesson 2 Set Operations and the Venn DiagramAriel Gilbuena
This lesson is about Set Operations and Venn Diagram. Examples, and assessments are included. For more presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
As we have learned in the previous lesson, Statistics is a science that studies data. Hence to teach Statistics, real data set is recommend to use. In this lesson, we present an activity where the students will be asked to provide some data that will be submitted for consolidation by the teacher for future lessons. Data on heights and weights, for instance, will be used for calculating Body Mass Index in the integrative lesson. Students will also be given the perspective that the data they provided is part of a bigger group of data as the same data will be asked from much larger groups (the entire class, all Grade 11 students in school, all Grade 11 students in the district). The contextualization of data will also be discussed.
Math 7 | Lesson 2 Set Operations and the Venn DiagramAriel Gilbuena
This lesson is about Set Operations and Venn Diagram. Examples, and assessments are included. For more presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
As we have learned in the previous lesson, Statistics is a science that studies data. Hence to teach Statistics, real data set is recommend to use. In this lesson, we present an activity where the students will be asked to provide some data that will be submitted for consolidation by the teacher for future lessons. Data on heights and weights, for instance, will be used for calculating Body Mass Index in the integrative lesson. Students will also be given the perspective that the data they provided is part of a bigger group of data as the same data will be asked from much larger groups (the entire class, all Grade 11 students in school, all Grade 11 students in the district). The contextualization of data will also be discussed.
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Introduction to Statistics - Basic concepts
- How to be a good doctor - A step in Health promotion
- By Ibrahim A. Abdelhaleem - Zagazig Medical Research Society (ZMRS)
For the last few centuries, statistics has remained a part of mathematics as the original
work was done by mathematicians like Pascal (1623-1662), James Bernoulli (1654-1705),
De Moivre (1667-1754), Laplace (1749-1827), Gauss (1777-1855), Lagrange, Bayes,
Markoff, Euler etc. These mathematicians were mainly interested in the development of
the theory of probability as applied to the theory of games and other chance phenomena.
Till early nineteenth century, statistics was mainly concerned with official statistics needed
for the collection of information on revenue, population and area of land under cultivation
etc. of a state or kingdom.
The science of statistics developed gradually and its field of application widened day
by day. Hence, it is difficult to give an exact definition of statistics. The definition changed
from time to time depending upon its use and application. Numerous definitions have
been coined by different people. These definitions reflect the statistical angle and field of
activity.
If you happen to like this powerpoint, you may contact me at flippedchannel@gmail.com
I offer some educational services like:
-powerpoint presentation maker
-grammarian
-content creator
-layout designer
Subscribe to our online platforms:
FlippED Channel (Youtube)
http://bit.ly/FlippEDChannel
LET in the NET (facebook)
http://bit.ly/LETndNET
Introduction to Statistics - Basic concepts
- How to be a good doctor - A step in Health promotion
- By Ibrahim A. Abdelhaleem - Zagazig Medical Research Society (ZMRS)
For the last few centuries, statistics has remained a part of mathematics as the original
work was done by mathematicians like Pascal (1623-1662), James Bernoulli (1654-1705),
De Moivre (1667-1754), Laplace (1749-1827), Gauss (1777-1855), Lagrange, Bayes,
Markoff, Euler etc. These mathematicians were mainly interested in the development of
the theory of probability as applied to the theory of games and other chance phenomena.
Till early nineteenth century, statistics was mainly concerned with official statistics needed
for the collection of information on revenue, population and area of land under cultivation
etc. of a state or kingdom.
The science of statistics developed gradually and its field of application widened day
by day. Hence, it is difficult to give an exact definition of statistics. The definition changed
from time to time depending upon its use and application. Numerous definitions have
been coined by different people. These definitions reflect the statistical angle and field of
activity.
Statistics as a subject (field of study):
Statistics is defined as the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to make decision on the bases of such analysis.(Singular sense)
Statistics as a numerical data:
Statistics is defined as aggregates of numerical expressed facts (figures) collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose. (Plural sense) In this course, we shall be mainly concerned with statistics as a subject, that is, as a field of study
Statistics is a basic and important tool for professionals in all fields all over the worlds. This document provides the importance and scope of Statistics in major fields of study like a business, management, planning etc.
Notes of BBA /B.Com as well as BCA. It will help average students to learn Business Statistics. It will help MBA and PGDM students in Quantitative Analysis.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Origin and Development
The history of statistics can be traced back at
least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt,
Babylon, and Rome. As early as 3500 years
before the birth of Christ, statistics had been
used in Egypt in the form of recording the
number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of
grain produced, and the number of people living
in a particular city.
3. Origin and Development
In 3800 B.C., Babylonian government used
statistics to measure the number of men under a
king’s rule and the vast territory that he
occupied. It was his belief that the more men
under his command and the more lands he
conquered, the more powerful his kingdom would
become.
In 700 B.C., Roman empires used statistics by
conducting registration to record population for
the purpose of collecting taxes.
4. Origin and Development
In the modern times, statistical methods have
been used to record and predict such things as
birth and death rates, employment and inflation
rates, sports achievements, and other economic
and social trends. They have even been used to
assess opinions from polls and unlock secret
codes from a game of chance.
5. Origin and Development
Modern statistics is said to have begun with
John Graunt (1620 – 1674), an English
tradesman. Graunt collected published records
called “bills of mortality” that included
information about the numbers and causes of
deaths in the city of London. Graunt analyzed
more than fifty years of data and created the
first mortality table, a table showing how long a
person may be expected to live after reaching a
certain age.
6. Origin and Development
There were so many other great men who made
important contributions to statistics.
One of them was Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 –
1855), the brilliant German mathematician who
used statistical methods in making predictions
about the positions of the planets in our solar
system.
7. Origin and Development
Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874), a Belgian
astronomer developed the idea of the “average
man” from his studies of the Belgian census. He
was also known as the “Father of Modern
Statistics.”
Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936), an English
mathematician made important links between
probability and statistics.
8. Origin and Development
In the 20th century, the British statistician Sir
Ronald Aylmer Fisher developed the F-tool in
inferential statistics. This tool has been very
useful in testing improvements of production
from agricultural experiments and improvement
of precision of results from medical, biological,
industrial experimentation.
The American George Gallup (1901 – 1984) was
instrumental in making statistical polling, a
common tool in political campaigns.
9. Definition
STATISTICS refers to a field of study in which
quantitative data are collected, presented,
analyzed and interpreted.
Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used
in every profession. Statistics have become a
most valuable tool in business, economics,
management, psychology, health, education and
many others.
10. Definition
The word statistik comes from the Italian
word statista which means “statesman”. It
was first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 –
1772), a professor at Marlborough and
Gottingen, while Dr. E.A.W. Zimmerman
introduced it in England. It was popularized
by Sir John Sinclair in his work, Statistical
Account of Scotland (1791 – 1799). However,
people had been recording and using data
long before the 18th century.
12. For example, in education,
statistics can be used to
assess students’
performance and correlate
factors affecting teaching
and learning processes to
improve quality of
education.
Uses of Statistics
13. Uses of Statistics
In Psychology, statistics is
used to determine attitudinal
patterns, the causes and
effects of misbehavior.
14. Uses of Statistics
In business and economics,
statistics is used to analyze a wide
range of data like sales, outputs,
price indices, revenues, costs,
inventories, accounts, and the like.
This is to monitor status of
customers, employees, orders, and
production
15. Uses of Statistics
In research and experimentation, statistics is used
to validate or test a claim or inferences about a
group of people or object, or a series of events.
16. In the field of medicine,
statistics is used to collect
information about
patients and diseases and
to make decisions about
the use of new drugs or
treatment.
Uses of Statistics
17. Uses of Statistics
Another important use of statistics is
in demographics, the study of the size,
vital characteristics of the population,
and how they might change over time.
Perhaps most familiar to us are the
statistics reported in the news media
about important issues.
18. Fields of Statistics
Desciptive statistics is concerned with the
methods of collecting, organizing, and presenting
data appropriately and creatively to describe or
assess group characteristics.
Inferential statistics is concerned with inferring
or drawing conclusions about the population
based from pre-selected elements of that
population.
19. Variables
A variable is a characteristic that changes or
varies over time and/or for different
individuals or objects under consideration.
Examples
1.The number of ton coal consumption is a
variable that changes from power plant to
power plant;
2.The tonnage distributed by a brokerage firm
20. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
Qualitative variables measure a quality or
characteristic on each individual or object.
Examples
1.Color of cars: red, blue, yellow, gray, black;
2.T-shirt size: extra small, small, medium, large,
extra large.
21. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
Quantitative variables measure a numerical
quality or amount on each individual or object,
often represented by x.
Examples
1.Let x represent the height of male students in
a university;
2.Let x represent the number of batteries
produced by a manufacturing company.
22. Discrete and Continuous Variables
A discrete variable can assume only a finite or
countable number of values.
Examples
1.Let x represent the number of washers
produced by a company;
2.Let x represent the number of bolts produced
by a machine.
23. Discrete and Continuous Variables
A continuous variable can assume the infinitely
many values corresponding to the point on a
line interval.
Examples
1.Let x represent the height (in meters) of
college students;
2.Let x represent the length of cable (in meters)
installed by Meralco in Metro Manila.
24. Classification of Variables
A. According to functional relationship
•Independent variable. This is sometimes
termed as predictor variable.
•Dependent variable. This is sometimes called
criterion variable.
For example, academic achievement is
dependent on I.Q. IQ is the independent variable
and academic achievement is the dependent
variable.
25. Classification of Variables
B. According to scale of measurements
•Nominal variable. This property allows one to
make statements of similarities or differences.
•Ordinal variable. This variable refers to a
property whereby members of a group are
ranked.
26. Classification of Variables
B. According to scale of measurements
3.Interval variable. This property allows one to
make statements of equality of intervals.
4.Ratio variable. This property permits making
statements of equality of ratios.
27. Constants
Constants refer to the fundamental quantities
that do not change in value.
Fixed costs and acceleration due to gravity are
examples of such.
28. Data and Information
Data usually refers to facts concerning things
such as status in life of people, defectiveness of
objects or effect of an event to the society.
Information is a set of data that have been
processed and presented in a form suitable for
human interpretation, usually with a purpose
of revealing trends or patterns about the
population.
29. Sources of Data
There are two sources of obtaining data.
One is called the primary source from which a
firsthand information is obtained usually by
means of personal interview and actual
observation.
30. Sources of Data
On the other hand, the secondary source of
information is taken from other’s works, news
reports, readings, and those that are kept by
the National Statistics Office, Securities and
Exchange Commission, S.S.S., and other
government and private agencies.
31. Sources of Data
Data are said to be an asset of a company if they
are accurate, updated, and available when
needed.
Hence, any institution or business organization
must have a database called Management
Information System where all information
about their business are made available in
order to facilitate verification of claims and to
come up with wise decisions.
32. Methods of Collecting Data:
Its Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Direct or Interview Method – is a person-to-
person interaction between an interviewer and
an interviewee. Tape recorded or written
interviews will help the researcher obtain
exact information from the interviewee.
33. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Direct or Interview Method
Advantages:
Precise and consistent
answers can be obtained
by modifying or rephrasing
the questions especially to
illiterate respondents or to
children under study.
Disadvantages:
It is time, money, and
effort consuming and it
will be applicable only for
small population, except
when conducting a census.
34. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method – is an
alternative method for the interview method.
Written responses are obtained by disturbing
questionnaires (a list of questions intended to
elicit answers to a given problem, must be
given in a logical order and not too personal) to
the respondents through mail or hand-carry.
35. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Advantages:
Lesser time, money, and
efforts are consumed.
Disadvantages:
Many respondents may not
be consistent due to the
poor construction of the
questionnaire. The
meaning of the questions
may be different from each
respondent. Inconsistent
responses can no longer be
modified; it reduces valid
number of respondents.
36. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Registration Method – is enforced by private
organizations or government agencies for
recording purposes.
37. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Registration Method
Advantages:
Organized data from an
institution can serve as
ready references for future
study or for personal
claims of people’s records.
Disadvantages:
Problem arises only when
an agency doesn’t have a
Management Information
System and if the system
or process of registration is
not implemented well.
38. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
4. Observation Method – is a scientific method of
investigation that makes possible use of all
senses to measure or obtain outcomes /
responses from the object of the study.
39. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
4. Observation Method
Advantages:
Observation method is
usually applied to
respondents that cannot be
asked or need not speak,
especially when behaviors
of persons / culture of
organizations /
performance outcomes of
employees / students are to
be considered.
Disadvantages:
Subjectivity of information
sought cannot be avoided.
40. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
5. Experimentation – is used when the objective
is to determine the cause-and-effect of a
certain phenomenon under some controlled
conditions.
41. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
5. Experimentation
Advantages:
There is objectivity of
information since a
scientific method of inquiry
is used. An equal number of
respondents with relatively
similar characteristics are
being examined to obtain
the different effects of
something applied to the
experimental group.
Disadvantages:
It’s too difficult to find
respondents with almost
similar characteristics. The
whole method must be
repeated if the desired
outcome is not reached.
42. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
Data that are collected by these methods are
usually referred to as raw data. Responses out
from taped interviews, answered
questionnaires, furnished registration forms,
recorded observations, and results from an
experiment are considered raw data since they
are not yet organized and presented in a form
ready for interpretation. These data can only
be understood if appropriate forms of
presentation are adopted.
43. VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
• Dependent
• Independent
• Dichotomous
• Trichotomous
• Multinomous
• Discrete
• Continuous
DATA
SOURCES
• Primary
• Secondary
METHODS
• Interview
• Questionnaire
• Registration
• Observation
• Experimentation
SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
PRESENTATION
• Textual
• Tabular
• Graphical / Chart
• Line Graph
• Bar Graph
• Pie Graph
• Pictograph
• Map /
Cartogram
• Scatter
Point
Diagram
Fig. 1.1 Classification of Variables and Data
44. In your own word, what is
the uses of Statistics?