This document provides an overview of an introductory statistics course, outlining 6 units of study and their associated hours. Unit 1 covers basic concepts for 5 hours. Unit 2 covers diagrams and graphs for 7 hours. Unit 3 covers measures of central tendency, like mean, median and mode, for 15 hours. Unit 4 covers measures of dispersion like range and standard deviation for 13 hours. Unit 5 covers correlation and regression analysis for 10 hours. Unit 6 covers time series analysis for 10 hours.

1. Content
Hours
Unit 1: Basic Concepts of Statistics
Introduction, Statistics defined, Functions, Scope, Limitations.
5
Unit 2: Diagrammatic and Graphical Representation
Significance of Graphs and Diagrams, Difference between diagrams
and graphs, Types of diagrams.
7
Unit 3: Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction, Types of averages, Arithmetic Mean (Simple and
Weighted), Harmonic Mean, Geometric Mean, Median, Mode.
15
Unit 4: Measures of Dispersion
Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation ,Standard deviation,
Coefficient of Variation.
13
Unit 5: Correlation and Regression Analysis
Correlation and Regression Analysis - meaning, types, Probable Error,
Karl Pearson’s & Rank correlation (only two direct variables), Meaning
of Regression Analysis, Difference between Correlation and
Regression Analysis, Regression Equations, Regression Co-efficient.
10
Unit 6: Time Series
Introduction, Meaning and Definition, Uses, components of Time
10
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2. Introduction Statistics
2
• Statistics is generally used to mean quantitative
aspects of data management but as a subject of study.
•it refers to body of principles and procedures developed
for collection, classification, summarization and
meaningful interpretation and for the use of such data.
•The discipline is useful in converting random data to
understandable information and aids in strategic business
decision making.
Statistics has its origin in Latin word Status, Italian word
Statista and German term Statistik all of which mean
“Political State”. In ancient times the beginning of Statistics
was made to meet the requirements of State primarily and
hence the name. Thus Statistic is treated as “Science of
Statecraft”.
Statistics is the science of Collection, Analysis,
Presentation & Interpretation of numerical data.
Introduction
Origin
Meaning

3. History of Statistics
Statistics was known as the science of the state because it
was used only by the Kings. So it got its development as
‘Kings’ subject or ‘Science of Kings’ or we may call it as
“Political Arithmetic’s”. It was for the first time, perhaps in
Egypt to conduct census of population in 3050 B.C. because
the king needed money to erect pyramids.
But in India, it is thought, that, it started dating back to
Chandra Gupta Maurya’s kingdom under Chankya to
collect the data of births and deaths. It has also been stated in
Chankya’s Arthshastra.
The term “Statistik- (in German) is coined by Gottfried
Achenwall.
In 1791 Sir John Sinclair introduced the term 'statistics' into
English in his Statistical Accounts of Scotland.
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4. Statistics day
• Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher is known as “ Father of Modern
statistics.
• 20th October is celebrated as World Statistics Day. It is
Created by the United Nations Statistical Commission, and it
was first time celebrated on 20 October 2010. The day is
celebrated every five years.
• Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis is also known as the
father of Indian Statistics.
• In India, National Statistics Day is celebrated on June 29 on
the birth anniversary of late Professor Prasanta Chandra
Mahalanobis. Often referred to as the 'father of Indian
statistics', Mahalanobis, was born on June 29, 1893, in
Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal.
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5. The term Statistics is generally used in 2 senses-
1.Plural Sense
2. Singular Sense
Definition Plural sense
• Statistics is defined as “aggregate of facts
affected to a marked extent by multiplicity
of causes, numerically expressed,
enumerated or estimated according to a
reasonable standard of accuracy,
collected in systematic manner, for a
predetermined purpose and placed in
relation to each other”
- Prof.Horace Secrist 5

6. Meaning-Plural Statistics
6
Plural sense
Features in
Plural
Sense
Definitions
for
Plural sense
Under this, the Statistics refers to numerical statement of facts
related to any field of enquiry such as data related to income,
expenditure, population etc
in the sense of numerical data or Statistical data.
Definitions- “Statistics are numerical statements of facts in any
department of enquiry placed in relation to each other”-Bowley
“By statistics we mean quantitative data affected to a marked extent
by multiplicity of cause”- Yule and Kendall
1. Aggregation of facts- A single number does not
constitute Statistics as no conclusion can be drawn from it.
Only the aggregate of facts capable of offering meaningful
information constitute Statistics.
2. Numerically expressed- Statistics are expressed in
numbers. Qualitative data like rich, poor, beautiful, big etc
cannot be termed Statistics.
Contd….

7. Meaning-Plural Statistics
7
Features in
Plural sense
3. Affected by Multiple causes- Statistics is not impacted
by only 1 factor as multitude of factors influence it. For e.g
rise in prices can be attributed to reduction in supply,
increase in demand, rise in input costs etc.
4. Reasonable Accuracy- A reasonable degree of
accuracy must be maintaining while collecting the
statistical data.
5. Placed in relation to others- Such data is called
Statistics which is mutually related and comparable.
Height of 40 people cannot be compared with age of 40
people as data is not related.
6. Pre-determined purpose- Data collected without any
purpose or randomly will only be a numerical value and
not Statistics.
7. Enumerated or Estimated- Data can either be collected
by estimation (if the field of investigation is very vast) or
enumeration (for smaller set of data).
8. Collected in systematic manner- Haphazardly
collected data will not provide conclusive evidence so
systematic collection should be planned beforehand.

8. Meaning-Singular Statistics
8
Features in
Singular
sense
Singular
sense
Definitions
Under this, Statistics refers to science in which we deal with
techniques and methods for collecting, classifying, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting the data
in the meaning of Statistical methods.
Definitions- “Statistics may be defined as the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data.”-Croxton and Cowden
“Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, classification
and tabulation of numerical facts as a basis for the explanation,
description and comparison of phenomena- Lovitt
Given the definitions, the following stages of Statistics emerge-
1. Collection of data- Decide how, where, when, what kind of data to
be collected.
2. Organization of data- Organize the collected data to make it
comparable and simple.
3. Presentation of data- Make the data intelligible, brief and
attractive.
4. Analysis of data- To draw conclusions, analysis of data is
required by different methods e.g. central tendency, correlation.
5. Interpretation of data- Comparison and conclusions in simple and
easy language.

9. Scope Statistics
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The scope of Statistics may be classified into following 3 parts-
Nature
The study of nature is to find out whether Statistics is Science or Art
As a science- It studies the Statistical data
As a Art- It makes use of data to solve problems of real life.
Subject
Matter
The subject matter of statistics is divided into 2 parts-
1. Descriptive statistics- It describes the data and consists of methods and
techniques to explain characteristics of data. The methods can either be
graphical or computational.
2. Inferential Statistics- It deals with methods which describe the
characteristics of population or making decisions concerning population on
the basis of sample results. Contd….

10. Functions Statistics
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1. Expression of facts in numbers(presentation)
2. Simple presentation(simplification)
3. Enlarges individual knowledge and experience
4. It compares facts(comparison)
5. Facilitates policy formulation
6. It helps other science in testing their laws
7. It helps in forecasting

11. Limitations Statistics
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1. Study of Numerical facts
2. Study of Aggregates only
3. Not the only method
4. Homogeneity of data
5. Results are true only on an average
6. Without reference results may prove wrong
7. Can be used by experts only
8. Misuse of Statistics is possible
Limitati
ons

12. Uses & Importance Statistics
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1. Importance for administrators- Administrators use data for
varied purposes and Statistics provide useful tools for decision
making support.
2. Importance for business, industry and agriculture- Estimating
demand and supply, studying seasonal changes, understanding
trade cycles, consumer profiling, product life cycle analysis are
examples of some of the functions that Statistics can perform for
business, industry and agriculture.
3. Importance in Economics- Statistics is basis of Economics as it
helps establishing the assumptions. Almost all the economic
aggregates are measured with the help of Statistics.
4. Importance for Politicians and in Social field- For formulating
social, economic, educational, industrial and other policies,
politicians draw great support from Statistics discipline.
Existing social problems can only be brought to fore front with the
help of data analysis. The effectiveness of existing policies for
social change can be measured by statistical tools.
5. Importance for banking and insurance industry- Bankers use
statistics for estimating credit growth, risk analysis, portfolio
management and insurers for establishing appropriate premiums
looking at life expectancies.