This work is designed to carry out the statistical modelling of the drying characteristics of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) slices and to study the effect of drying temperature and slice thickness on drying characteristics. The test samples were dried in a laboratory scale oven dryer at varying temperatures of 700C, 800C and 900C, and different slice thicknesses of 2mm, 3mm and 4mm.The result obtained indicated that drying temperature and slice thickness had significant effect on drying rate and hence moisture profile. The moisture ratio – drying time data obtained were fitted to ten thin layer drying models. The fit quality obtained with each model was evaluated using statistical tests namely; coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), reduced chi-square (X2), and standard error of estimate (SEE). Although most of the models fitted quite well to the experimental data, Page and Modified Page models showed the highest average R2 and the lowest average RMSE, X2 and SEE values. Page and modified Page models were selected and found suitable to represent the drying characteristics of unripe plantain slices and predict drying times.
An Experimental Study on Drying Kinetics of Guava Fruit (Psidium Guajava L) B...iosrjce
The thin layer drying behavior of Psidium guajava L (guava fruit) cultivar Rayalaseema area AP,
India, were studied experimentally to examine the influence of drying air temperature, slice thickness, and air
velocity on the drying curves. Drying operation was carried out at 55oC, 60oC and 65oC temperatures, at slice
thickness of 2.5 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm at 1 and 1.5 m/sec velocities. The predominant falling rate drying regime
was observed. The analysis reveals that, the drying temperature and slice thickness has a significant effect and
velocity has a least effect on moisture removal. Drying rate is found to increase with the increase in air
temperature and thus reduced the drying time. Drying time increases with increase in slice thickness. The
various drying models in defining the suitability of drying behavior were examined by statistical analysis. The
analysis reveals, that the Henderson and Pabis model is better model that explains the drying behavior of
Guava Fruit (R2=0.993).
Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dr...ijtsrd
A research on the drying characteristics of aerial yam using convectional hot air was done. The raw unblanched and blanched samples were dried using convectional hot air. Fan speed, temperature and slice thickness were varied to determine the change in moisture content. The Fourier transform infrared FTIR and scanning electron microscopy SEM were done to determine the functional groups and surface morphology respectively for each sample. FTIR results revealed the presence of some important functional groups such as esters, ethers and nitro compounds, and shows that drying at this temperatures 40 70oC does not alter the nutrient components of this variety of yam. The SEM results showed that important cells were not destroyed at the drying temperature. Batch studies on the drying process also showed that increase in temperature and air speed increased the drying process, but decreases with increase in slice thickness. Effect of drying rate on the sample showed that drying rate increase with increase in temperature and air speed but decrease with increase in slice thickness. After 90 minutes of drying, the drying rate of the 2 mm slice thickness was 0.353 g g.min for drying of aerial yam while for 4 mm and 6 mm slice thickness, the drying rate were 0.261 and 0.169 g g.min respectively, for effect of drying rate on sample thickness. It showed also that blanched aerial yam sampleshad a higher drying rate than the unblanched aerial yam sample at the same conditions. Therefore, the economic advantages of this yam species can be optimized by blanching. Nwadike, E. C | Nwabanne, J. T | Azaka O. A | Abonyi, S. E "Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dried Aerial Yam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33577.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33577/influence-of-blanching-on-the-drying-characteristics-of-convective-hot-air-dried-aerial-yam/nwadike-e-c
Textiles are indispensable part of human life. Now a days; textile finishes not only enhance the feel and drape of fabrics but can also provide extraordinary hygienic properties like making it antimicrobial in nature. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Pisidium guajava (Guava) leaf family name is Myrtaceae. Leaf and bark extracts have in vitro antimicrobial activity mostly associated with flavonoids such as Morin glycosides, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. Antimicrobial activity of Pisidium guajava, studied from dried leaves.The chemical nature of the extract was determined and extractions of active substance from the leaves were done by using ethanol. The method of application of this herbal extract on cotton, organic cotton and bamboo fabrics using citric acid as cross-linking agent was processed in 80oC for 15 minutes with pH level 4.5. The antimicrobial activity of the finished cotton, organic cotton and bamboo fabrics based on optimized process parameters was assessed against bacteria that normally exist in the textile materials like Gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative, Escherichia coli by paper disc method and also fabrics evaluated objectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studies on the Dyeing Of Wool and Nylon Fabrics with Some Acid DyesIOSR Journals
Abstract : Wool and nylon fabrics were dyed using four different types of acid dyes of various colours i.e Lugani 101 (black), brown 3RG, nylomine (navy blue), methyl orange. Generally both wool and nylon fabrics exhibited higher percentage exhaustion. Relatively, nylon showed higher percentage exhaustion compared to wool. Also the dyed wool and nylon fabrics possess good fastness towards bleaching rubbing, pressing and perspiration but poor fastness to higher and washing
Study of Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Peanut Pod Natural Dyes using Al2So4 C...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The decline in the use of artificial colourants due to their toxicity in food and textile industry, put forward by international market has increased the importance of natural raw materials. From those, peanut pod (Arachis hypogaea) with solid applications is one of the most important sources of natural dyes. The major colouring component in peanut is pods, extracted from the fresh and dried peanut pod. The aim of present work is to evaluate peanut pod powder as natural textile dyestuff. The work consists of three steps, i.e. extraction, characterization and dyeing processes. The dye extraction procedure is conventional and traditional. Dyeing of cotton fabrics with the extract of peanut pod powder has been carried out and dyeing has been optimized using three mordanting agents as: Alum, Copper Sulphate and Ferrous Sulphate. Finally, dyed fabric have been subjected to different textile laboratory tests e.g., colour fastness, light fastness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness (dry and wet).
An Experimental Study on Drying Kinetics of Guava Fruit (Psidium Guajava L) B...iosrjce
The thin layer drying behavior of Psidium guajava L (guava fruit) cultivar Rayalaseema area AP,
India, were studied experimentally to examine the influence of drying air temperature, slice thickness, and air
velocity on the drying curves. Drying operation was carried out at 55oC, 60oC and 65oC temperatures, at slice
thickness of 2.5 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm at 1 and 1.5 m/sec velocities. The predominant falling rate drying regime
was observed. The analysis reveals that, the drying temperature and slice thickness has a significant effect and
velocity has a least effect on moisture removal. Drying rate is found to increase with the increase in air
temperature and thus reduced the drying time. Drying time increases with increase in slice thickness. The
various drying models in defining the suitability of drying behavior were examined by statistical analysis. The
analysis reveals, that the Henderson and Pabis model is better model that explains the drying behavior of
Guava Fruit (R2=0.993).
Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dr...ijtsrd
A research on the drying characteristics of aerial yam using convectional hot air was done. The raw unblanched and blanched samples were dried using convectional hot air. Fan speed, temperature and slice thickness were varied to determine the change in moisture content. The Fourier transform infrared FTIR and scanning electron microscopy SEM were done to determine the functional groups and surface morphology respectively for each sample. FTIR results revealed the presence of some important functional groups such as esters, ethers and nitro compounds, and shows that drying at this temperatures 40 70oC does not alter the nutrient components of this variety of yam. The SEM results showed that important cells were not destroyed at the drying temperature. Batch studies on the drying process also showed that increase in temperature and air speed increased the drying process, but decreases with increase in slice thickness. Effect of drying rate on the sample showed that drying rate increase with increase in temperature and air speed but decrease with increase in slice thickness. After 90 minutes of drying, the drying rate of the 2 mm slice thickness was 0.353 g g.min for drying of aerial yam while for 4 mm and 6 mm slice thickness, the drying rate were 0.261 and 0.169 g g.min respectively, for effect of drying rate on sample thickness. It showed also that blanched aerial yam sampleshad a higher drying rate than the unblanched aerial yam sample at the same conditions. Therefore, the economic advantages of this yam species can be optimized by blanching. Nwadike, E. C | Nwabanne, J. T | Azaka O. A | Abonyi, S. E "Influence of Blanching on the Drying Characteristics of Convective Hot Air Dried Aerial Yam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33577.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33577/influence-of-blanching-on-the-drying-characteristics-of-convective-hot-air-dried-aerial-yam/nwadike-e-c
Textiles are indispensable part of human life. Now a days; textile finishes not only enhance the feel and drape of fabrics but can also provide extraordinary hygienic properties like making it antimicrobial in nature. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Pisidium guajava (Guava) leaf family name is Myrtaceae. Leaf and bark extracts have in vitro antimicrobial activity mostly associated with flavonoids such as Morin glycosides, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. Antimicrobial activity of Pisidium guajava, studied from dried leaves.The chemical nature of the extract was determined and extractions of active substance from the leaves were done by using ethanol. The method of application of this herbal extract on cotton, organic cotton and bamboo fabrics using citric acid as cross-linking agent was processed in 80oC for 15 minutes with pH level 4.5. The antimicrobial activity of the finished cotton, organic cotton and bamboo fabrics based on optimized process parameters was assessed against bacteria that normally exist in the textile materials like Gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative, Escherichia coli by paper disc method and also fabrics evaluated objectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Studies on the Dyeing Of Wool and Nylon Fabrics with Some Acid DyesIOSR Journals
Abstract : Wool and nylon fabrics were dyed using four different types of acid dyes of various colours i.e Lugani 101 (black), brown 3RG, nylomine (navy blue), methyl orange. Generally both wool and nylon fabrics exhibited higher percentage exhaustion. Relatively, nylon showed higher percentage exhaustion compared to wool. Also the dyed wool and nylon fabrics possess good fastness towards bleaching rubbing, pressing and perspiration but poor fastness to higher and washing
Study of Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Peanut Pod Natural Dyes using Al2So4 C...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The decline in the use of artificial colourants due to their toxicity in food and textile industry, put forward by international market has increased the importance of natural raw materials. From those, peanut pod (Arachis hypogaea) with solid applications is one of the most important sources of natural dyes. The major colouring component in peanut is pods, extracted from the fresh and dried peanut pod. The aim of present work is to evaluate peanut pod powder as natural textile dyestuff. The work consists of three steps, i.e. extraction, characterization and dyeing processes. The dye extraction procedure is conventional and traditional. Dyeing of cotton fabrics with the extract of peanut pod powder has been carried out and dyeing has been optimized using three mordanting agents as: Alum, Copper Sulphate and Ferrous Sulphate. Finally, dyed fabric have been subjected to different textile laboratory tests e.g., colour fastness, light fastness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness (dry and wet).
Effect of Packaging materials on Quality Parameters of GarlicIJERA Editor
Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of storage period and different packaging material on the quality
of garlic flakes dried by convective-cum-microwave (CCM) and fluidized-cum-microwave (FCM) hybrid
drying. Garlic flakes were packaged and stored in high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene
(LDPE) and laminated aluminium foil for 3 months under ambient conditions. Samples were investigated to
observe for change in rehydration ratio, colour, physiological loss in weight % and overall acceptability. Among
the hybrid drying techniques adopted, the garlic flakes developed under optimized condition of fluidized bedcum-
microwave was found better in terms of shelf life and quality attributes. The aluminium packaging was
adjudged to be the best in retaining the quality of dried garlic flakes up to 3 months of storage. Overall, it can
be concluded that the fluidized bed cum microwave dried garlic flakes packed in Aluminium package were the
best, and can be stored safely up to 3 months.
Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric ...ijtsrd
Turmeric Curcuma Longa is a perennial herb from ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to southern Asia, requiring temperatures between 20 and 30 -°C (68 and 86 -°F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Rhizomes of turmeric are used for extracting yellow dye for food and clothing. The present study was conducted at Department of clothing and textiles, G B pant university of Agriculture and Technology to develop 100% natural yellow colour for dyeing of wool without the use of any synthetic materials as mordants. Wool yarn was dyed with Turmeric at various concentrations, time durations and temperatures using different methods of dyeing. Different variables standardized were; Method of dyeing, concentration of dye material, temperature for extraction, temperature for dyeing, time for extraction and time for dyeing. The dyed samples were evaluated for colour fastness to light and washing as per ISO standards at the Department of textile technology, IIT Delhi. Dr Mamta Vashishtha"Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric for dyeing of wool yarn" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12968.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/chemistry/12968/effect-of-various-dyeing-conditions-on-pure-natural-yellow-dye-from-turmeric-for-dyeing-of-wool-yarn/dr-mamta-vashishtha
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Many unconventional methods and techniques are tried in wet processing of textile material to have better environmental pollution free and eco-friendly process. The plasma is the one of techniques which enable to modify the surface structure of textile materials. In this work, plasma technique is adopted to develop surface modified handloom cotton fabric. The treated cotton fabric is subjected to dye using natural materials like Camellia sinensis (Tea leaves powder), Vulgaris Conditiva (Beet root) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric). There is a significant improvement in colour fastness both washing and rubbing of plasma treated fabric when compared to untreated fabric. This study has very good scope for the value addition of handloom fabrics which inturn enhance the livelihood condition of the handloom society.
Refractive window drying - a novel technologyMahesh Khatri
refractive window drying is a novel technology which can be use to dry the semi solid, puree and paste type of product. the advantage of this drying technology, its minimising drying time, and provides better quality product with higher retention of nutrients in comparison with other conventional drying techniques.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on the Physico-Chemical Studies of Dyeing Progress and Dyeing Kineti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul M Mohabe | Prof. G. D. Dhavale | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete: A Result" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42560.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/42560/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete-a-result/rahul-m-mohabe
Effect of Packaging materials on Quality Parameters of GarlicIJERA Editor
Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of storage period and different packaging material on the quality
of garlic flakes dried by convective-cum-microwave (CCM) and fluidized-cum-microwave (FCM) hybrid
drying. Garlic flakes were packaged and stored in high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene
(LDPE) and laminated aluminium foil for 3 months under ambient conditions. Samples were investigated to
observe for change in rehydration ratio, colour, physiological loss in weight % and overall acceptability. Among
the hybrid drying techniques adopted, the garlic flakes developed under optimized condition of fluidized bedcum-
microwave was found better in terms of shelf life and quality attributes. The aluminium packaging was
adjudged to be the best in retaining the quality of dried garlic flakes up to 3 months of storage. Overall, it can
be concluded that the fluidized bed cum microwave dried garlic flakes packed in Aluminium package were the
best, and can be stored safely up to 3 months.
Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric ...ijtsrd
Turmeric Curcuma Longa is a perennial herb from ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to southern Asia, requiring temperatures between 20 and 30 -°C (68 and 86 -°F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Rhizomes of turmeric are used for extracting yellow dye for food and clothing. The present study was conducted at Department of clothing and textiles, G B pant university of Agriculture and Technology to develop 100% natural yellow colour for dyeing of wool without the use of any synthetic materials as mordants. Wool yarn was dyed with Turmeric at various concentrations, time durations and temperatures using different methods of dyeing. Different variables standardized were; Method of dyeing, concentration of dye material, temperature for extraction, temperature for dyeing, time for extraction and time for dyeing. The dyed samples were evaluated for colour fastness to light and washing as per ISO standards at the Department of textile technology, IIT Delhi. Dr Mamta Vashishtha"Effect of various dyeing conditions on pure natural yellow dye from Turmeric for dyeing of wool yarn" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12968.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/chemistry/12968/effect-of-various-dyeing-conditions-on-pure-natural-yellow-dye-from-turmeric-for-dyeing-of-wool-yarn/dr-mamta-vashishtha
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Many unconventional methods and techniques are tried in wet processing of textile material to have better environmental pollution free and eco-friendly process. The plasma is the one of techniques which enable to modify the surface structure of textile materials. In this work, plasma technique is adopted to develop surface modified handloom cotton fabric. The treated cotton fabric is subjected to dye using natural materials like Camellia sinensis (Tea leaves powder), Vulgaris Conditiva (Beet root) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric). There is a significant improvement in colour fastness both washing and rubbing of plasma treated fabric when compared to untreated fabric. This study has very good scope for the value addition of handloom fabrics which inturn enhance the livelihood condition of the handloom society.
Refractive window drying - a novel technologyMahesh Khatri
refractive window drying is a novel technology which can be use to dry the semi solid, puree and paste type of product. the advantage of this drying technology, its minimising drying time, and provides better quality product with higher retention of nutrients in comparison with other conventional drying techniques.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on the Physico-Chemical Studies of Dyeing Progress and Dyeing Kineti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul M Mohabe | Prof. G. D. Dhavale | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete: A Result" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42560.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/42560/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete-a-result/rahul-m-mohabe
Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy of Tomato in Thin Layer ...drboon
The aim of this paper is to report tomato slice moisture diffusivity data determined and activation energy from experimental drying kinetics. The thin-layer drying experiments were carried out under five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80ºC, two air velocity 1.5, and 2 m/s and three level of relative humidity 20, 40 and 60%. It was observed that drying took place in the falling rate period. Moisture transfer from tomato slice was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model. The effective diffusivity values changed from 9.9119×10^-10 to 6.4037×10^-9 m^2/s for the range of temperatures considered. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 33.3299 to 43.2287 kJ/mol and the diffusivity constant value of 1.7695×10^-4 to 3.09156×10^-2 m^2/s were obtained which shows the effect of drying air temperature, air velocity and relative humidity on the diffusivity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Abstract Fresh spinach leaves with 50g weight were taken from the market and 9.86 moisture content on dry basis were dried in a microwave oven using four different microwave power levels ranging between 90 and 350 W, until the moisture content fell down to 0.1 on dry basis. The drying processes were completed between 570 and 1350s depending on the microwave power level. Moisture ratio and drying rate were calculated. In this study the measured values of moisture ratio were compared with predicted values obtained from Newton, Henderson and Pabis, Midilli et al and pages thin layer drying semi empirical equations. On detailed study of the four model equations, Midilli et al. equation was found to be the best fit for the drying of spinach leaves by spinach leaves by using microwave oven. The fitness of these models was evaluated by using the reduced chi-square, root mean square error and modeling efficiency. The specific energy consumption to evaporate a unit mass of water from the product was also determined. Keywords: Spinach Leaves, Moisture Content, Moisture Ratio, Drying rate and Micro wave.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Determination of Drying Constants of Some Selected Roots and Tubersijtsrd
In an attempt to easily determine the desired moisture content at any time t , of selected freshly harvested roots and tubers yellow cassava, carrot, cocoyam and yam of economic importance subjected to drying under unsteady temperature conditions such as sun drying, especially in the rural areas where there is no electricity or funds availability to acquire suitable drying equipment by local farmers the drying constants based on established model that is anchored on mass of the material at any time t was carried out. In this study, three mass classifications, namely small, medium and large were prepared for each material and subjected to oven drying at a given temperature till bone dry mass. The experimental values obtained were computed and graphs plotted to obtain the slopes as drying constants of values 0.3114, 0.1092, 0.3736 and 0.3790 for bulk samples of yellow cassava, carrot, cocoyam and yam respectively. Orua Antia | Innocent Oboh | William Olosunde ""Determination of Drying Constants of Some Selected Roots and Tubers"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23916.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/23916/determination-of-drying-constants-of-some-selected-roots-and-tubers/orua-antia
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The main purpose of this paper was to investigate an experimental and theoretical analysis of
heat and moisture transport behavior in wood during convective drying process. A convective drying
cell was used to follow the measurements of the water content of samples subject to hot air flow in
longitudinal and transverse moisture transfer of wood. The effects of drying conditions such as
drying air temperature, air velocity and ambient relative humidity on the drying characteristics of
wood has been investigated. The constants drying and diffusion coefficients of the drying model,
which control the drying rate of wood, were determined from fitting the model against the
experimental drying curves. Results showed that, drying kinetic behaviour of the longitudinal
diffusion is very significant than the transverse one. The moisture content increased with increase in
drying air temperature and air velocity but decreased with time. From the curves of moisture flow
evolution versus moisture ratio, convective heat and mass transfer coefficients have been evaluated
and compared with values obtained from the literature and existing correlations.
THERMAL KINETICS OF THIN LAYER DRYING OF INDIAN GOOGEBERRY OR ANOLA FLAKS (PH...IAEME Publication
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C.
This research was aimed at investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of
drying moisture and cyanide contents of cassava chips using oven drying process.
Five varieties of raw cassava (Manihot Esculenta, Crantz) namely TMS 98/0510, TME
419, TMS 97/2205, NR 87184 and TMS 96/1632 were harvested at twelve (12) months
after planting (MAP) from the experimental plots of the Enugu State College of
Agriculture and Agro-Entrepreneurship Iwollo-Ezeagu Enugu, Nigeria. For each of
the varieties 2kg of tubers were processed. The results from the research showed that
processing of the cassava tubers into dried cassava chips using oven process resulted
in an acceptable level of moisture and cyanide contents which were in conformity
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in
human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of
its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture
ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average
velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C. Comparing
the experimental values with the predicted values using Newton’s Model, Page Model, Modified
Page Model on the basis of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), chi-square(χ
2
) and Efficiency (EF),
RMSE and χ
2 were found lowest and EF .RMSE lay between 0.0382 and 0.0094, reduced χ
2
between 0.000132 and 0.00761 and EF between 0.9598 and 0.9985.Thus, this thermal kinetic model
can be used to predict the moisture of the aonla at any drying instant during thin layer drying
process with reasonable accuracy.
Similar to Statistical Modelling of Drying Characteristics of Unripe Plantain (Musa Paradisiaca) Slices (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study on factors influencing Ownership pattern and its impact on corporate performance has used five industries data viz Automobile industry, IT industry, Banking industry, Oil & Gas industry and pharmaceutical industry for five years from 2017 to 2021. First the factors influencing ownership pattern was identified and later its impact on corporate performance was analysed. Multiple Regression, ANOVA and Correlation was used in SPSS 28. Percentage of independent directors on the board and size of the company has significant impact on Indian Promotor holding and non-institutional ownership has significant impact on corporate performance.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
SEI S.p.a. presented a project to build a 1320 MW coal-fired power plant in Saline Joniche, on the Southern tip of Calabria Region, Italy, in 2008. A gross early evaluation about the possibility to add CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage) was performed too. The project generated widespread opposition among environmental associations, citizens and local institutions in that period, against the coal use to produce energy, as a consequence of its GHG clima-alterating impact. Moreover the CCS (also named Carbon Capture & Storage or more recently CCUS: Carbon Capture-Usage-Storage) technology was at that time still an unknown and “mysterious” solution for the GHG avoiding to the atmosphere. The present study concerns the sizing of the compression and transportation system of the CCS section, included in the project presented at the time by SEI Spa; the sizing of the compression station and the pipeline connecting the plant to the possible Fosca01 offshore injection site previously studied as a possible storage solution, as part of a coarse screening of CO2 storage sites in the Calabria Region. This study takes into account the costs of construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) of both the compression plant and the sound pipeline, considering the gross static storage capacity of the Fosca01 reservoir as a whole as previously evaluated.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The impact caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic on Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) was so severe and fatal
that not a few went out of business. The heavy burden is borne by MSME actors due to social restrictions imposed by the
government, the declining purchasing power of the people, a product that continues to decline until capital runs out. Plus
inadequate knowledge in carrying out marketing strategies and product innovations are the main trigger for the lack of
enthusiasm for MSME actors as well as bankruptcy. MSME digitalization-based e-commerce is an opportunity and the right
solution in dealing with the obstacles caused by the impact of Covid-19, as well as a challenge for MSME actors to design old
ways in new ways through digital business.
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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Statistical Modelling of Drying Characteristics of Unripe Plantain (Musa Paradisiaca) Slices
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 4 (August 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.4.6
30 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Statistical Modelling of Drying Characteristics of Unripe Plantain (Musa
Paradisiaca) Slices
Ekeke I C1
, Nkwocha A C2
, Kamen F L3
, Nwabuchiri P4
, and Agbo J C.5
1
Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, NIGERIA
2
Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, NIGERIA
3
Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, NIGERIA
4
Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, NIGERIA
5
Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, NIGERIA
1
Corresponding Author: ifyekeke@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This work is designed to carry out the statistical
modelling of the drying characteristics of unripe
plantain (Musa paradisiaca) slices and to study the effect
of drying temperature and slice thickness on drying
characteristics. The test samples were dried in a
laboratory scale oven dryer at varying temperatures of
700
C, 800
C and 900
C, and different slice thicknesses of
2mm, 3mm and 4mm.The result obtained indicated that
drying temperature and slice thickness had significant
effect on drying rate and hence moisture profile. The
moisture ratio – drying time data obtained were fitted to
ten thin layer drying models. The fit quality obtained
with each model was evaluated using statistical tests
namely; coefficient of determination (R2
), root mean
square error (RMSE), reduced chi-square (X2
), and
standard error of estimate (SEE). Although most of the
models fitted quite well to the experimental data, Page
and Modified Page models showed the highest average
R2
and the lowest average RMSE, X2
and SEE values.
Page and modified Page models were selected and found
suitable to represent the drying characteristics of unripe
plantain slices and predict drying times.
Keywords-- Drying, Slice Thickness, Temperature, Thin-
Layer Models, Musa Paradisiaca
I. INTRODUCTION
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the
removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a
solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is often used as a
final production step before selling or packaging products.
To be considered ‘’dried’’, the final product must be solid,
in the form of a continuous sheet, long pieces, particles or
powder. A source of heat and an agent to remove the
vapour produced by the process are often involved. Unripe
plantain (Musa paradisiacal) is a very nutritive food crop
cultivated in the tropics and is an important staple food in
Sub-Sahara Africa. It is a rich source of carbohydrate,
vitamins, and other food supplements. The medical
importance of the food crop cannot be overemphasized
(Eklou et al., 2006; Hahou et al., 2003). It is abundant in a
particular period, when it is in season and scarce during the
off season. Since this food crop is highly perishable after
harvest, drying is a common practice for preserving it in
order to make it available throughout the year.
A number of drying models have been applied in
characterizing the drying kinetics of unripe plantain of
different species. Satimehin et al. (2010) presented a study
on the experimental determination of the thin-layer drying
rates of plantain chips as a function of drying air
temperature. The plantain chips were fully exposed to
convective air at constant temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and
75 °C, and velocity of 2.2 m/s. The drying data obtained
were fitted to the thin-layer drying model of Fick’s
diffusion equation. Results showed that plantain drying is a
diffusion-controlled process. The rate of drying increased
with temperature; and the characteristic drying constant
also increased linearly with the product’s temperature.
Ayim et al. (2012) investigated the effects of pretreatment
and temperature on the air-drying of two plantain varieties,
namely French horn and False horn, in a hot air drier at
temperature range of 50o
C to 80o
C. Sliced samples from
each variety were thoroughly mixed and divided into four
groups of which one portion was dipped in citric acid,
another in sodium metabisulphite all for one minute and a
third steam blanched for 10 minutes. The fourth portion
was not pretreated and it served as the control. Drying took
place entirely in the falling rate period. Effective moisture
diffusivity increased with increased drying air temperature
and varied significantly (p < 0.05) with pretreatment.
Temperature dependency of moisture on diffusivity was
illustrated by the Arrhenius relationship. Over the range of
temperature, effective moisture diffusivity varied from
7.54 x 10-10
to 2.37 x 10-9
and 5.17 x 10-10
to 3.11 x 10-9
for
French horn and False horn respectively. Activation
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 4 (August 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.4.6
31 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
energy for drying ranged from 11.88kJ/mol to 33.10kJ/mol
and 26.76kJ/mol to 44.50kJ/mol for French and False Horn
respectively. The effects of variety and pretreatment were
significant (p < 0.05) on activation energy. The results
suggest that citric acid and sodium metabisulphite
pretreatment had a significant impact on the drying and
were effective as temperature decreased. Famurewa and
Adejumo (2015) studied the thin layer drying behavior of
unripe plantain slices using charcoal fuelled cabinet dryer.
The dryer’s optimum operating temperature was in the
range 50o
C - 700
C. Fourteen different thin layer drying
models were fitted to experimental data to enable the
selection of a suitable drying model. Midilli and Kucuk,
Modified Henderson, and Wang and Singh models were
most suitable to describe the drying behavior of the unripe
plantain at 5, 10 and 15 mm thicknesses respectively. In a
study by Ashaolu and Akinbiyi (2015), the effects of
varying chips sizes of plantain varieties (Dwarf Cavendish
and Musa sapientum) at different drying conditions were
investigated. The drying was carried out at 50, 60, 70 and
800
C using convective air flowing at a velocity of 2.2 m/s.
The plantain samples were cut into equal sizes of
thicknesses: 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, and 5cm for the two varieties
used in the experiment. The results showed that drying rate
was higher at 800
C than 500
C and that the entire drying
process took place in the falling rate period. The study also
indicates that the method of drying is more efficient on
2cm thickness than 5cm especially for Musa sapientum
variety of the banana. The Musa sapientum variety had the
highest drying rate than Dwarf Cavendish variety in almost
all temperatures and treatment variations. Oforkansi and
Oduola (2016) presented a study which focused on the
selection of the appropriate thin-layer models that best
describe the drying characteristics of the French horn
plantain. The drying of the 5mm thickness size plantain
samples occurred at 40O
C, 50O
C, 60O
C and 70O
C
temperatures until the equilibrium condition was attained.
The experimental moisture ratio values at each temperature
were fitted to Lewis, Page and Modified-page thin-layer
models. The results showed that Page model best described
the drying characteristics of the plantain sample within the
temperature range of the analysis.
The major objectives of this study were to
investigate the effect of drying temperature and slice
thickness on drying characteristics of unripe plantain slices
and to establish suitable drying model to describe the
drying behaviour.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
Fresh fingers of unripe plantain, procured from a
local market, in Owerri, Nigeria were used in this study.
They were stored at room temperature (about 25o
C) until
the drying process. The storage time did not exceed two
days for each batch procured.
The fresh unripe plantains were peeled and cut
into thin slices of 2mm, 3mm, and 4mm thicknesses with a
kitchen knife. The measurement was done with the aid of
venier caliper for thickness accuracy.
To determine the initial moisture content M0, 30g
sample each of 2mm, 3mm, and 4mm thicknesses were
dried in the oven at 90o
C till constant mass was achieved.
The initial moisture content was then determined for each
slice thickness.
Another 30g sample each of the same thicknesses
(2mm, 3mm and 4mm) was introduced into the oven at
70o
C. The samples were dried in the oven at the intervals
of 10mins for about 30mins, 20mins interval for 1hour and
30mins interval till constant mass was attained. After each
drying process, the samples were removed and cooled in
desiccators for a period of 5mins before weighing. The
moisture content was determined after each time interval
using the following formula for weight loss;
Moisture loss 𝑀𝑐 =
𝑀1−𝑀2
𝑀2
× 100 ( 1)
where 𝑀𝑐 is the moisture content at time, t, 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 are
the initial and final mass of a given sample in grams.
The same procedure was carried out for 800
C and
900
C oven temperature respectively. The moisture content
that corresponded to the time at which constant mass was
achieved was the equilibrium moisture content 𝑀𝑒 for that
run. The moisture content was then converted to moisture
ratio using the formula;
𝑀 𝑅 =
𝑀𝑡−𝑀 𝑒
𝑀 𝑜−𝑀 𝑒
(2)
where𝑀 𝑅 is the moisture ratio, 𝑀𝑡 the moisture content at
time, t, the drying time, 𝑀𝑜 the initial moisture content
and 𝑀𝑒 the equilibrium moisturecontent.The moisture ratio
versus drying time data obtained from the drying
experiment were fitted to ten thin layer drying models
using MATLAB 7.9. These models are shown in Table 1.
The coefficient of determination (R2
), root mean square
error (RMSE), reduced chi square (X2
) and sum of errors
of estimate (SEE) were used as criteria for adequacy of fit.
The model with the highest R2
and lowest RMSE, X2
and
SEE values was chosen as the best model that describes
the thin layer drying characteristics of the plantain slices.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Drying characteristics
The change in moisture profile with respect to time for
various thicknesses and drying temperatures for unripe
plantain is presented in terms of moisture ratio versus time
data shown in Tables 2 – 4. It can be observed that for a
constant drying temperature, drying rate increased for
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 4 (August 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.4.6
32 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
lower thickness of material and higher temperature. Thus,
drying temperature and slice thickness had significant
effect on drying behaviour of unripe plantain slices, though
the effect of temperature was more pronounced. The
increase in temperature and decrease in slice thickness
resulted in a decrease in drying time. As the thickness of
the slices increased, time required to dry the sample to the
equilibrium or safe moisture content also increased,
because moisture had to travel relatively a longer path in
case of thick sample to come to the surface from the inside
of the slice. As the drying proceeded, the surface moisture
receded gradually and the moisture inside the product tried
to diffuse to the surface. The same drying behaviour has
been reported by earlier researchers (Akgun and Doymaz,
2005; Jena and Das, 2007). Similarly, as temperature
increased, vapour pressure inside the sample also increased
and in turn the pressure gradient between the surface and
inner side of the sample increased resulting in a higher
drying rate and consequently lesser drying time. This
behaviour of decreasing time with increasing drying
temperature has also been reported for different foodstuffs
(Sarsavadia et al., 1999; Jain and Pathare, 2004; Sharma
et al., 2005; Doymaz, 2007; Nkwocha et al., 2015a;
Nkwocha et al., 2015b).
Table1: Mathematical models used to fit the drying kinetics of unripe plantain.
Model
/No
Model name Model equation References
1 Lewis model MR= exp( kt) Lewis (1927)
2 Page model 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘𝑡 𝑛
) Page (1947)
3 Henderson & Pabis 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘𝑡) Overhults et al.
(1973)
4 Logarithmic model 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 Diamente and
Munro.(1993)
5 Modified page 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝[ −𝑘𝑡 𝑛
] Henderson and
Pabis (1961)
6 Wang and Singh 𝑀𝑅 = 1 + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡2 Karathanos and
Belessiotis(1999)
7 Two-term model 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑘0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘1 𝑡) Yagcioglu et al.
(1999)
8 Two-term
exponential model
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑘𝑡 + 1 − 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘𝑎𝑡) Wang and Singh
(1978)
9 Modified
Henderson & Pabis
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑏𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑔𝑡
+ 𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝(−ℎ𝑡)
Henderson
(1974)
10 Modified page
model 11
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−(𝑘𝑡) 𝑛
) Sharaf-Elden et
al. (1980)
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 4 (August 2019)
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33 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Table 2: Drying at 70o
C for different sample thicknesses
Drying time,
t (min)
Moisture Ratio, MR
Sample thickness
2mm 3mm 4mm
0 1 1 1
10 0.88856 0.8361 0.9039
20 0.7505 0.7596 0.8177
30 0.6604 0.6261 0.7454
50 0.4600 0.4324 0.5876
70 0.2390 0.1949 0.4506
90 0.0979 0.0796 0.3448
120 0.0276 0.0262 01948
150 0.0113 0.0079 0.0895
180 0.0095 0.0076 0.0270
210 0.0061 0.0061 0.0106
240 0.0033 0.0012 0.0064
270 0.0015 0.0010 0.0044
300 0.0008 0.0001 0.0012
330 0 0 0
Table 3: Drying at 80o
C for different sample thicknesses
Drying time,
t (min)
Moisture Ratio, MR
Sample thickness
2mm 3mm 4mm
0 1 1 1
10 0.8252 0.8996 0.8819
20 0.7024 0.7932 0.7893
30 0.5453 0.6981 0.7029
50 0.3226 0.5040 0.5270
70 0.1014 0.2221 0.3029
90 0.0344 0.0867 0.1687
120 0.0137 0.0457 0.0657
150 0.0004 0.0268 0.0383
180 0 0.0247 0.0305
210 0 0.0022 0.091
240 0 0 0.0060
270 0 0 0.0013
310 0 0 0
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34 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Table 4: Drying at 90o
C for different sample thicknesses
Drying time,
t (min)
Moisture Ratio, MR
Sample thickness
2mm 3mm 4mm
0 1 1 1
10 0.7532 0.8226 0.8758
20 0.5149 0.6841 0.7436
30 0.1754 0.2804 0.4686
50 0.0270 0.0424 0.2190
70 0.0158 0.0285 0.0819
90 0.0064 0.0205 0.0317
120 0.0063 0.0078 0.0106
150 0.0033 0.0054 0.0099
180 0.0023 0.0034 0.0013
210 0.0014 0.0013 0.0007
240 0.0007 0.0011 0.0004
270 0 0 0
Mathematical Modelling
The statistical results of the different models,
including the comparison criteria used to evaluate
goodness of fit are presented in Tables 5 and 6. R2
values
varied from 0.8131 to 0.9974, whereas the RMSE values
ranged from 0.01223 to 0.15220. Chi-square values were
found to be varying from 6.8879E-14 to 6.6100E-2, with
SEE ranging from 0.0011 to 0.4319. All the models
investigated recorded R2
> 0.97 and RMSE ≤ 0.06 with the
exception of Wang and Singh (model No. 6) and Modified
Henderson & Pabis (model No. 9). Although most of the
models fitted quite well to the experimental data, Page and
Modified Page models showed the highest average R2
and
the lowest average RMSE, chi-square and SEE values.
Page and modified Page models (referred to as Page
models) were therefore selected as suitable models to
represent the drying characteristics of unripe plantain
slices. Figs 1 – 6 depict the suitability of Page models to
predict the experimental moisture ratio values with drying
time at different drying temperatures for different slice
thicknesses. These figures impress very good agreement
between experimental and predicted moisture ratio values.
Thus, it can be confirmed that the Page models are
appropriate for describing the drying kinetics of unripe
plantain slices. Page model has been selected by earlier
researchers to predict the drying behaviour for various
food products (Nkwocha et al., 2015a; Nkwocha etal.,
2015b; Therdthai and Zhou, 2009; Doymaz and Ishmail,
2011; Mitra et al., 2011).
IV. CONCLUSION
The drying kinetics of unripe plantain of 2mm,
3mm, and 4mm thick slices in a laboratory convective
dryer at temperatures – 70, 80, and 900
C was studied. The
study showed that drying temperature and slice thickness
had significant effect on drying rate and hence moisture
profile variation within the slices. Increase in the drying
temperature and decrease in slice thickness caused a
decrease in drying time. Based on non-linear regression
analysis, Page model and Modified Page model were
found suitable and selected to predict the drying pattern of
unripe plantain slices.
6. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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35 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Table 5: Statistical Results obtained from the different thin layer models for different slice thicknesses and temperatures
No = Model number
Table 6: Statistical Results obtained from the different thin layer models for different slice thicknesses and
temperatures
No = Model number
7. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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Fig. 1: Page Model fits for 2mm thickness at the three drying temperatures
Fig.2: Page Model fits for 3mm thickness at the three drying temperatures
8. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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37 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 3: Page Model fits for 4mm thickness at the three drying temperatures
Fig. 4: Modified Page model fits for 2mm thickness at the three drying temperatures
9. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 4 (August 2019)
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:
Fig. 5: Modified Page model fits for 3mm thickness at the three drying temperatures.
Fig. 6: Modified Page Model fits for 4mm thickness at the three drying temperatures
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