This document discusses SQL statements, operators, and joins. It describes three types of SQL statements - DML, DDL, and DCL - and provides examples. It also explains four types of joins - inner, full, left, and right joins - and provides syntax examples. Finally, it outlines different types of SQL operators like arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators and provides a sample query using logical operators.

2. sql statements,operators and
joins
typing speed:25
Muhammed Thanveer Melayi
Muhammedthanveermelayi@outlook.com
Muhammed Thanveer Danish Melayi
Muhammed Thanveer M

3. • different type of statements
1.DML
2.DDL
3.DCL

4. DML
DML is abbreviation of Data Manipulation
Language. It is used to retrieve, store, modify,
delete, insert and update data in database.
Examples: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT
statements

5. SYNTAX OF INSERT INTO
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen
21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');

6. DDL
DDL is abbreviation of Data Definition Language. It is used
to create and modify the structure of database objects in
database.
Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements

7. SYNTAX OF CREATE
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);

8. DCL
DCL is abbreviation of Data Control Language. It is used
to create roles, permissions, and referential integrity as
well it is used to control access to database by securing
it.
Examples: GRANT, REVOKE statements
• GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
• REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

9. GRANT
privilege_name
ON object_name
TO {user_name
|PUBLIC
• privilege_name is the access right or privilege granted to the user.
Some of the access rights are ALL, EXECUTE, and SELECT.
• object_name is the name of an database object like TABLE, VIEW,
STORED PROC and SEQUENCE.
• user_name is the name of the user to whom an access right is
being granted.
• PUBLIC is used to grant access rights to all users.
• ROLES are a set of privileges grouped together.
• WITH GRANT OPTION - allows a user to grant access rights to other
users.
|role_name}
[WITH GRANT
OPTION];

10. SYNTAX OF REVOKE
REVOKE
privilege_name
ON object_name
FROM {user_name
|PUBLIC
|role_name}

11. example for grant
grant select --granting select privilege
on emp
to public --you can give username at the place of public
example for revoke
revoke select--removing select privilege
on emp
from public

12. Joins
SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more
tables, based on a common field between them.
1.inner join
2.full join
3.left join
4.right join

13. SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there
is a match between the columns in both tables.
SQL INNER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

14. SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table1) and from the right table (table2).
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and
RIGHT joins.
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

15. SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table1), with the matching rows in the right table (table2). The
result is NULL in the right side when there is no match.
SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

16. SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table
(table2), with the matching rows in the left table (table1). The result
is NULL in the left side when there is no match.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

17. Operators
What is an Operator in SQL?
An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL
statement's WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as
comparisons and arithmetic operations.
Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL
statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple
conditions in a statement.
• Arithmetic operators (+,*,/,-...)
• Comparison operators (=,!=,<>,>,<,>=.......)
• Logical operators

18. example for logical operators
ALL
The ALL operator is used to compare a value to all values in another value set.
AND
The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.
ANY
The ANY operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value in the list according to the
condition.
BETWEEN
The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given the minimum
value and the maximum value.
OR
The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.
IS NULL
The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.
UNIQUE
The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates).
for example....
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

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