This document provides an overview of SQL commands and concepts. It discusses: 1) SPUFI and how it allows direct SQL input in TSO. 2) SQL commands including DDL, DML, TCL, DCL, JOINs, VIEWs, CURSORs, TRIGGERs, FUNCTIONS, and PROCEDUREs. 3) Examples are provided for many of the commands to demonstrate their usage.

1. ANIL KUMAR BHARTI
MCA II

2. Contents:
1 SPUFI .
2 Mode of use.
3 SQL command.
3.1 DDL Command.
3.2 DML Command.
3.3 TCL Command.
3.4 DCL Command.
3.5 JOIN.
3.6 VIEW.
3.7 CURSOR.
3.8 TRIGER.
3.9 FUNCTION.
3.10 PROCEDURE.

3. SPUFI
The DSN subcommand SPUFI executes the SQL processor using
file input.SQL Processing Using File Input is a database facility
invented by IBM for interfacing with their DB2 system. It is
accessed from within TSO/ISPF from the DB2I Primary Option
menu.
SPUFI allows direct input of SQL commands in the TSO
environment, rather than having them embedded within a
program.

4. 2. Mode of use
Although it is essentially an interactive tool, SPUFI
operates using a pair of datasets. (A dataset on
z/OS is equivalent to a file on other operating
systems.) In the main SPUFI screen one specifies
an input dataset and an output dataset; these can
be specified once and then reused repeatedly.
When the user moves on from the main screen, the
standard ISPF editor is opened on the input dataset.
At this point the user can enter the required SQL
statements using the familiar editor.

5. 3. SQL COMMAND
3.1. DDL (Data Definition Language).
 Create.
 Alter
 Drop
 Truncate
 TABLE CREATION
Syntax
CREATE TABLE <table name> (
<column_namel> <data type>((<width>) [constraint
<constraint name> <constraint type>),
<column_name2> <data type>((<width>),
<column_name3> <data type>((<width>),
<column_name4> <data typ>((cwidth>),
<column_nameN> <data type>[(<width>) );

6. CONTINUE……..
 Example
CREATE TABLE Employee(
empno number(4) constraint pk_empno primary
key,
ename varchar2(50) constraint nn_ename not
null,
salary number(10,2),
hire_date date,
gender char(1) constraint chk_gen
check(gender in (‘M’, ‘F’, ‘m’, ‘f’)),
email varchar2(50) unique
);

7. ALTER TABLE
Syntax
ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD CONSTRAINT
<constraint name> <constraint type>
<column name>;
Syntax to add referential integrity
ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD CONSTRAINT
<constraint name>
FOREIGN KEY(<foreign key
column>)REFERNCES <parent table
name>(<primary key column>);
Example
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD CONSTRAINT
nn_hdate NOT NULL hire_date;
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD CONSTRAINT
Ref_dept FOREIGN KEY (deptno)

8.  DROP
Syntax
DROP <OBJECT> <object name>;
Example
DROP PROCEDURE ins_emp;
DROP TABLE Employee;
 TRUNCATE
Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE <table-name>;
Example
TRUNCATE TABLE Employee;

9. 3.2 DML (Data Manipulation Language).
Select
Insert
Update
Delete
 INSERT
Using this command we can append data into tables.
Syntax
INSERT INTO <table name>(<column_name1>,
<column_name2>, ...)VALUES (column1_value,
column2_value, ...);
INSERT INTO <table-name>(<column_name2>,
<column_name1>, ...) VALUES (column2-value,
column1-value, ...);
INSERT INTO <table-name> VALUES (value1,

10. Example
 INSERT INTO Employee(empno, ename,
salary, hire_date, gender, email)
VALUES(1234, ‘JOHN’, 8000, ’18-AUG-80,
‘M’, ‘john@miraclesoft.com’);
 INSERT INTO Employee(email , ename,
empno, hire_date, gender, salary)
VALUES(‘rhonda@miraclesoft.com’,
‘RHONDA’, 1235, ’24-JUL-81’, ‘F’, 7500);
 INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(1236,
‘JACK’, 15000, ’23-SEP-79’, ‘m’,

11.  UPDATE
This command is used to modify the data existing in the tables.
Syntax
 UPDATE <table-name> SET <column-name> = <value>;
 UPDATE <table-name> SET <column-name> = <value> WHERE
<condition>;
Example
 UPDATE Employee SET salary = 15000;
 UPDATE employee SET salary = 15000 WHERE empno = 1235;
 DELETE
his command is used to remove the data from the tables.
Syntax
 DELETE FROM <table-name>;
 DELETE FROM <table-name>WHERE <condition>;
Example
 DELETE FROM Employee;
 DELETE FROM Employee WHERE empno = 1236;

12. 3.3 TCL (Transaction Control Language).
These commands are used to maintain the
consistency of the database.
Commit
Rollback
Save point
 Commit
This command is used to make the transaction
permanent.
 Rollback
This command is used to undo the recent transaction.
 Save Point
This is used to rollback a transaction to a specified
point.

13. 3.4 DCL (Data Control Language).
Commit
Rollback
 Commit
This command is used to make the
transaction permanent.
 Rollback
This command is used to undo the recent
transaction.

14. 3.5 JOIN
These are used to retrieve the data from more than one table. To retrieve
the data from more than one table the data types of fields which related to
different tables need not be same while using the joins.
Types of joins:
1) Inner Join.
2) Outer Join.
a) Left Outer Join.
b) Right Outer Join.
Examples and Description:
 1 Emp
EmployeeID EmployeeName
1 Ramesh
2 Sukumar
3 Ravi
4 Kalyani
 2.Products:
 ProductID EmployeeID Productname
11 2 Pen
12 3 Pencil
12 3 Eraser
13 6 Book

15. 1) Inner Join
This join returns all the rows from the both the
tables where there is a match. The result set
consists of only matched rows.
Syntax:
 select E. Employeeid,E.EmployeeName,
P.ProductName from Employees E inner join
Products on E.EmployeeID=P.EmployeeID;
Result
EmployeeID EmployeeName Productnam
e
2 Sukumar Pen
3 Ravi Pencil
3 Ravi Eraser

16. 2) Outer Join
 In outer join the resulting table may have empty columns.
a) Left Outer Join
 Here left means first table. it returns all the rows from the first table
even though it does not have the matches in Second table. But it
returns only the matched rows from the second table.
Syntax
 select E. Employeeid,E.EmployeeName,P.ProductName from
Employees E left join Products on E.EmployeeID=P.EmployeeID;
Result
EmployeeID EmployeeName Productname
2 Sukumar Pen
3 Ravi Pencil
3 Ravi Eraser
1 Ramesh null
4 Kalyani null

17. b) Right Outer Join
 Here Right means Second table. It returns all the rows
from the second table even though it does not have
the matches in First table. But it returns only the
matched rows from the First table.
Syntax
 select E. Employeeid,E.EmployeeName,
P.ProductName from Employees E right join Products
on E.EmployeeID=P.EmployeeID;
Result
EmployeeID EmployeeName Productname
2 Sukumar Pen
3 Ravi Pencil
3 Ravi Eraser
6 null Book

18. 3.6 VIEW
A view is a logical or virtual table, which does not, exists
physically in the database. Views are also called as
Dictionary Objects.
Advantages
Security – The confidential columns can be suppressed from
viewing and manipulation.
 Complexity can be avoided.
 Logical columns can be created.
 Application design becomes easier.
 Views can be classified into two categories on the way
they a re created.
1. Simple View 2. Complex View
1.Simple View
 If the view is created from a single table, it is called as a
simple view. We can do DML Operation, if it is Simple
View.
2.Complex View
 If the view is created on multiple tables, it is called as a

19. Syntax
 CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW <view name>
AS <query>
Example1
 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW data_emp AS
SELECT ename, salary FROM Employee;
Example2
 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW dup_emp AS
SELECT ename, salary, salary*0.2 comm FROM
Employee;
DROPPING A VIEW
 Only the owner of the view can drop it.
Syntax
 DROP VIEW <view name>;
Example
 DROP VIEW data_emp;

20. 3.7 CURSOR
Cursors are classified in two ways
1. Implicit Cursors 2. Explicit Cursors
1. Implicit Cursors
 For SQL Queries returning single rows PL/SQL declares
implicit cursors.
 For SQL Queries returning single rows PL/SQL declares
implicit cursors.
 These are the simple SQL statements and are written in the
BEGIN block of the PL/SQL.
 PL/SQL implicitly declares cursors for all DML statements.
2. Explicit Cursors
 Explicit cursors are used in queries that return multiple rows.
The set of rows fetched by a query is called active set. The
size of the active set meets the search criteria in the select
statement. Explicit cursor is declared in the DECLARE
section of PL/SQL program

21. Declaring Cursor
 CURSOR <cursor-name> IS <select statement>
 CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT ename FR OM EMP;
Opening Cursor
Syntax
 OPEN <cursor-name>;
Example
 OPEN emp_cur;
Fetching data from Cursor
Syntax
 FETCH <cursor-name> INTO <variables>;
Example
 FETCH emp_cur INTO ena;
Closing a Cursor
Syntax
 CLOSE <cursor-name>;
Example
 CLOSE emp_cur;

22. Example for a EXPLICIT CURSOR (DB2) :
DECLARE
 ena EMP.ENAME%TYPE
 esa EMP.SAL%TYPE
 CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename, sal FROM EMP;
 BEGIN
 OPEN c1;
 FETCH c1 INTO ena, esa;
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ‘ Salary is Rs ‘ || esa);
 FETCH c1 INTO ena, esa;
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ‘ Salary is Rs ‘ || esa);
 FETCH c1 INTO ena, esa;
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ‘ Salary is Rs ‘ || esa);
 CLOSE c1;
 END;
 /

23. 3.8 Triger
 A trigger is a block of statements, which are fired automatically
when a DML operation takes place. These are always associated
with the database tables.
 Triggers are classified as two types:
1. Row Level Triggers. 2. Statement Level Triggers.
1.Row Level Triggers
 These triggers will be fired for each row with proportionate to the
number of rows those are begin effected the DML statement.
2. Statement Level Triggers
 These triggers are fired once for each statement regardless with
the number of rows those are being affected by the DML
statement. In DB2 triggers can be classified into two more
categories such as
a) Before Triggers. b) After Triggers.
a) Before Triggers
 These triggers are fired before the execution of the DML
statements.
b) After Triggers
 These triggers are fired after the execution of the DML statements.

24. Syntax of a Trigger(DB2)
 CREATE TRIGGER <trigger name>
 before/after <event1 or event2 event3>
 ON <table>
 [for each row]
 BEGIN ATOMIC
 <action block>;
Example (DB2)
 DROP TRIGGER Trig_Insert
 go
 CREATE TRIGGER Trig_Insert after insert
 ON Employee
 REFERENCING new AS nnn old AS ooo
 BEGIN ATOMIC
 begin
 declare p_empno numeric;
 set p_empno = nnn;
 select p_empno from sysibm.sysdummy1;
 end;
 @
 nnn/ooo – These are the alias names given to the inserted/updated
values.

25. 3.9 Function
 It is sub-program, which is stored in the database and
whenever it is called, it does something and return some
value.
Example (DB2)
 -- Function to multiply two numbers.
 create function product (a integer, b integer)
 returns integer
 language sql
 no external action
 not deterministic
 begin atomic
 declare v_pro integer;
 set v_pro = a*b;
 return v_pro ;
 end
 @

26. 3.10 Procedure
 It is sub-program, which is stored in the database and whenever it
is called, it does something but doesn’t return any value. But they
could return indirectly through OUT parameters. Using the stored
procedures you can reduce the number of calls to the database
and decrease network traffic.
Syntax of a Stored Procedure (DB2)
 CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure name>(
 [<parameter mode>]<parameter1> <data type> [<width>],
 [<parameter mode>]<parameter2> <data type> [<width>],
 [<parameter mode>]<parameter3> <data type> [<width>],
 [<parameter mode>]<parameter4> <data type> [<width>],
 .
 .
 [<parameter mode>]<parameterN> <data type> [<width>]
 [DYNAMIC RESULT SETS
 LANGUAGE <language specifier>]
 BEGIN
 <sql statements>;
 END
 <special symbol other than ‘;’> -- block terminator

27. Example (DB2)
Procedure to insert a new row into the Employee table.
 DROP PROCEDURE INS_EMP -- to drop the procedure if already exist.
 @
 CREATE PROCEDURE INS_EMP(
 p_empno numeric, -- by default all are IN mode parameters.
 p_ename varchar(50),
 p_salary numeric(10,2),
 p_hire_date datetime,
 P_gender char(1),
 P_email varchar(50),
 OUT p_out_param numeric -- OUT parameter declaration.
 )
 AS
 LANGUAGE SQL
 BEGIN
 INSERT INTO Employee(empno, ename, salary, hire_date, gender,
email)
 VALUES(p_empno, p_ename, p_salary, p_hire_date, p_gender, p_email);
 SET p_out_param=p_empno; -- Assigning the employee number to out
parameter.
 END
 @