SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to manage data in relational database systems. SQL is used to perform tasks like querying data, inserting, updating, and deleting data. The core SQL statements are SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT. The SELECT statement is used to query data from one or more tables, the WHERE clause adds conditions to a SELECT, and DISTINCT returns only unique results.

1. Genesis Omo
1

2.  an acronym for Structured Query
Language
 forms the backbone of most modern
database systems
 the language of databases
 a standard programming language for
querying and modifying data and
managing databases.
 a standard computer language for
accessing and manipulating databases.
2

3.  SQL allows you to access a database
 SQL is an ANSI standard computer
language
 SQL can execute queries against a
database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert new records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can update records
3

4.  The first version of SQL, initially called SEQUEL, was
developed at IBM by Chamberlin and Boyce in the early
1970s.
 later formally standardized by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986.
 The first non-commercial non-SQL RDBMS, INGRES,
was developed in 1974 at the U.C. Berkely. Ingres
implemented a query language known as QUEL, which
was later supplanted in the marketplace by SQL.
 In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle
Corp.) saw the potential of the concepts described by
Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce and developed their own
SQL-based RDBMS.
4

5.  Statements which may have a persistent effect on
schemas and data, or which may control transactions,
program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics.
 Queries which retrieve data based on specific criteria.
 Expressions which can produce either scalar values or
tables consisting of columns and rows of data.
 Predicates which specify conditions that can be
evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL).
5

6.  Clauses which are (in some cases optional) constituent
components of statements and queries.
 Whitespace is generally ignored in SQL statements and
queries, making it easier to format SQL code for
readability.
 SQL statements also include the semicolon (";")
statement terminator. Though not required on every
platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL
grammar.
6

7. • A database most often contains one or
more tables.
• Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders").
Tables contain records (rows) with data.
7

8. 8

9.  Table: Enrol
 Class_Code
 Stu_Num
 Table:
 Enroll_Grade
Student_Info
 Table: Class
• Stu_Num  Class_Code
• Stu_LName  Crs_Cde
• Stu_Fname  Class_Section
 Class_Room
• Stu_MName  Pro_Num
• Stu_Bdate
• Stu_Hrs  Table: Course
• Stu_Class  Crs_Code
 Dept_Code
• Stu_GPA
 Crs_Description
• Stu_Transfer  Crs_Credit
• Dept_Code
• Stu_Phone 9

10.  With
SQL, we can query a database and
have a result set returned.
 SELECT LastName FROM Persons
10

11.  SQL (Structured Query Language) is a
syntax for executing queries.
 SQL language also includes a syntax to
update, insert, and delete records.
11

12. • SELECT - extracts data from a database table
• UPDATE - updates data in a database table
• DELETE - deletes data from a database table
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a
database table
12

13.  Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL
permits database tables to be created or deleted.
 Define indexes (keys), specify links between
tables, and impose constraints between
database tables.
13

14. • CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table
• ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a database table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index
14

15.  SELECT statement is used to select data
from a table.
 The tabular result is stored in a result table
(called the resultset).
 Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
15

16.  Toselect the content of columns named
"LastName" and "FirstName", from the
database table called "Persons", use a
 SELECT statement like this:
 SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM
Persons
16

17. 17

18.  Toselect all columns from the "Persons"
table, use a * symbol instead of column
names, like this:
 SELECT * FROM Persons
18

19. 19

20.  The DISTINCT keyword is used to return
only distinct (different) values.
 The SELECT statement returns
information from table columns. But what
if we only want to select distinct
elements?
 With SQL, all we need to do is to add a
DISTINCT keyword to the SELECT
statement:
Syntax :
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
20

21.  Toselect ALL values from the column
named "Company" we use a SELECT
statement like this:
 SELECT Company FROM Orders
21

22.  Semicolon is the standard way to separate
each SQL statement in database systems
that allow more than one SQL
 statement to be executed in the same call
to the server.
22

23.  DISTINCT keyword is used to return only
distinct (different) values.
 SELECT statement returns information
from table columns. But what if we only
want to select distinct elements?
 Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
23

24.  Toselect ALL values from the column
named "Company" we use a SELECT
statement like this:
 SELECT Company FROM Orders
24

25. 25

26.  SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM
Orders
26

27.  To
conditionally select data from a table, a
WHERE clause can be added to the
SELECT statement.
 Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column operator value
27

28. 28

29.  Toselect only the persons living in the city
"Sandnes", we add a WHERE clause to
the SELECT statement:
29

30. 30

31.  Note that we have used single quotes
around the conditional values in the
examples.
 SQL uses single quotes around text values
(most database systems will also accept
double quotes). Numeric values
 should not be enclosed in quotes.
31

32.  Thisis correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
FirstName='Tove'
 This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
FirstName=Tove
32

33.  This
is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
Year>1965
 Thisis wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
Year>'1965'
33

34.  TheLIKE condition is used to specify a
search for a pattern in a column.
 Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column LIKE pattern
A "%" sign can be used to define wildcards
(missing letters in the pattern) both before
and after the pattern.
34

35.  The following SQL statement will return
persons with first names that start with
an 'O':
 SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName LIKE 'O%‘
 SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a‘
 SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName LIKE '%la%'
35

36.  INSERTINTO statement is used to insert
new rows into a table.
 Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
36

37.  This "Persons" table:
37

38. INSERT INTO Persons VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla',
'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')
38

39. Insert Data in Specified Columns
This "Persons" table:
39

40. Tables:
 Customer
 Invoice
 Line
 Products
Identify the different fields per
table
 Inv_Number: inv,line  Line_Price: line
 Cus_Code: cus,inv
 Inv_Date: inv
 Prod_Code: prod,line
 Cus_Lname: cus  Prod_Descript: prod
 Cus_Fname: cus  Prod_Price: prod
 Cus_Initial: cus
 Prod_On_Hand: prod
 Cus_Areacode: cus
 Cus_Phone: cus  Vend_Code:prod
 Line_Units: line, prod
40