ADVANCE ITT BY PRASAD

Branch-Ongole
Batch No-AITT41
P MAITHILI
NATHA PRASAD

 A database is an organized collection of
information.
 The main purpose of database is to operate large
amount of information by sorting, retrieving and
managing.
 There are many database available like MYSQL,
SQL server, Mango DB, sybase, informix,
postgre, Oracle etc.,

 Relational database is most commonly used
database.
 It contains number of tables and each table has it
own primary key
 Data is represented in terms tuples (rows) in
RDBMS
 Due collection of organized set of tables data can
be accessed easily in RDBMS

 A table is a collection of related data entries and
contains rows and columns to store date.
S.No Name Age Course
1 Abhi 21 B tech
2 Sai 24 CA
3 Chaitanya 23 MBA
4 Prasad 22 B com

 Oracle is a database which is developed by
oracle corporation.
 A database is an organized collection of
information.
 Organizations can store data on various
media and in different formats.

 SQL (Structured Query Language): SQL is a database language
used for database creation, deletion, fetching rows & modifying
rows etc.
 PI/SQL (Procedural Language):

 To create new databases, tables & views.
 To insert records in a database.
 To update records in a database.
 To delete records from a database.
 To retrieve data from a database.

 DDL - Data Definition Language.
 DML - Data Manipulation Language.
 TCL - Transaction Control Language.
 DCL - Data Control Language.
 DRL - Data Retrieval Language.

Type Allowed
Character
Range
1. CHAR Alphanumeric 1-250
2. VARCHAR Alphanumeric 1-2000
3. VARCHAR 2 Alphanumeric 1-4000
4. NUMBER 0-9 1-39
5. DATE DD-MM-YYYY 12/07/1995

To create a table:
SQL> Create table (table name)
(
Col1 datatype (size),
Col2 datatype (size)
…………….
Coln datatype (size)
);

 Value method
 Insert into (table name) values
(val1,val2,……….valn);
 Address method
 Insert into (table name) values
(&val1,’&val2’,’&val3’);

 Alter
This is used to alter the structures of the database which contain
two types
1. ADD: This is used to add new column
Ex:- Alter table student add phone number (10);
2. Modify:
Ex:- Alter table student modify (id number(5));
 To update records in table :
update (table name) set (col1) = val1, (col2) =val2 where
(condition) ;
 To Retrieve the table :
select * from (table name) ;
 To Save the data permanently
commit
 Delete:- This is used to delete the table data
Ex- Delete from Student where ID = 1

These are categorized as follows :
 Not Null
 Unique
 Primary key

 It is used to avoid null values
 we can add this constraint in column level only
Ex:-
Create Table Student (Id number not null, Name
varchar2(10), address varchar2(10));

 It is used to avoid duplicates but it allows null
values
 We can add this Column table level
Ex:- Table level
Create Table Student (Id number, Name
varchar2(10), address varchar2(10), unique(ID));

 This is used to avoid duplicates and null
 It will work as combination of unique and Not
Null
 Column level
Ex:- Create Table Student (Id number Primary Key,
Name varchar2(10), address varchar2(10));
 Table Level
Ex:- Create Table Student (Id number, Name
varchar2(10), address varchar2(10), Primary Key(ID));

 An Operator is symbol which can perform
certain operations by using WHERE clause.
The following are the different types of
Operators in Where clause:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Logical Operators

Operators Description Examples
+ It is used to add containing
values of both operands
a+b will give 150.
- It subtracts right hand operand
from left hand operand.
a-b will give ‘-50’.
* It multiply both operands
values.
a*b will give 5000.
/ It divides left hand operand by
right hand operand.
b/a will give 5.
% It divides left hand operand by
right hand operand and
returns reminder.
b%a will give 0.

Operators Description Example
= Equal to a=b
> Greater than a>b
< Less than a<b
>= Greater than or
equal to
a>=b
<= Less than or equal
to
a<=b
!= Not equal to a!=b

 LOGICAL OPERATORS : The ‘Where’
clause can be combined with AND, OR and
NOT operators.
The “AND” and “OR” operators are used to
filter records based on more than one condition.
 AND Operator : The AND operator displays a
record if all the conditions separated by AND is
True.
 OR Operator : The OR operator displays a record if
any of the conditions separated by OR is True.
 NOT Operator : The NOT operator displays a
record if the condition is NOT True.

 SQL Functions are built into Oracle database
and are available for use in appropriate SQL
statements.
 Functions can be categorized as follows :
1. Numeric Functions
2. Character Functions
3. Aggregate Functions

Numeric Functions : Numeric Functions accept numeric
input and return numeric values.
MOD : This will give the reminder.
syntax : select mod (value, divisor) from dual ;
SQRT : It returns square root value.
syntax : select sqrt(number) from dual;
ABS : It returns absolute value.
syntax : select abs(5-8) from dual;
Here Dual is a Dummy table, it doesn’t have structure.

Character Functions : It can return character values, return
values of the same data type as the input argument.
Initcap : It will capitalize the initial letter of the string.
Ex : Select initcap (‘data base’) from dual;
Upper : It will convert the string into upper case.
Ex : Select upper (‘data mining’) from dual;
Length : It will give the length of the string.
Ex : Select length (‘Andhra Pradesh’) from dual ;

Concat : It is used to combine two strings only.
syntax : Concat (string1, string2)
Ltrim : It will trim off unwanted characters from the left end of the
string.
syntax : select 1trim (‘management’,’man’) from dual;
Rtrim : It will trim off unwanted characters from the right end of
string.
syntax : select rtrim (‘microsoft’,’oft’) from dual ;

Aggregate Functions : An aggregate function allows you to
perform a calculation on a set of values to return a single scaler value.
Min : It gets the minimum value in set of values.
Ex:select min(esal) from employ;
Max : It gets the maximum value in set of values.
Ex : Select max(esal) from employ ;
Avg : It gets the average value in set of values.
Ex : Select avg(esal) from employ ;

Count : It returns total no. of rows in a table.
Ex : Select count(*) from employ ;
Data Function : Oracle default date format is (DD-MM-YY).
To print system date -
Select sysdate from dual ;
To print date with time on screen –
Select systimestamp from dual ;
To print ASCII value of ‘A’ -
Select ascii(‘A’) from dual ;

SET Operators : These operators are used to combine the
two tables while following the conditions :
1. Union : It will combine the records of multiple tables
having same
structure.
Ex : Select * from student1 union select * from
student2 ;
2. Union All : It will combine the records of multiple tables
having the same structure including the duplicates.
Ex : Select * from student1 union all select * from
student2 ;

3. Intersect : It will give common records of the table by
using this command.
Ex : Select * from student1 intersect select * from
student2 ;
4. Minus : It will give the records which doesn’t the data
table structure.
Ex : Select * from student1 minus select * from
student2 ;

SQL Joins :
A Join purpose is to combine the data across tables. A
Join is actually performed by the ‘where’ clause which
combines the specified row of tables.
Types of Joins :
• Inner Join
• Left outer Join
• Right outer Join
• Full outer Join
• Cross Join
The joining of two or more tables is based on common
field between them.

• Inner Join : A Join which contains an (“=“) operator in the Join
condition.
Ex : Select eno, ename, disg, dname, location from
employ e, department d where e.deptno = d.deptno ;
• Left outer Join : The SQL left join returns all the values from
the left table and it also includes matching values from right
table, if there are no matching join value it returns ‘null’.
employ e left outer join department d on (e.deptno = d.deptno) ;
• Right outer join : The SQL right join returns all the values from
the rows of right table. It also includes the matched values from
left table but if there is no matching in both tables, it returns
NULL.
Ex : Select eno, ename, disg, dname, location from employ e
right outer join department d on (e.deptno = d.deptno) ;

• Full outer Join : SQL full outer join is used to combine the
result of both left and right outer join and returns all rows.
employ e full outer join department d on
(e.deptno = d.deptno) ;
• Cross Join : When each row of first table is combined with each
row from the second table, it is known as Cross Join.
employ cross join department ;

What is PL / SQL ?
• PL / SQL is a block structured language. The programs of PL / SQL are
logical blocks that can contain any number of nested sub-blocks.
• The functionalities of PL / SQL usually extended after each release of
oracle database.
Structure of PL / SQL :
Declare
variable declaration
begin
---------------
prg- stmnts }
---------------
End ;
In PL / SQL by creating structure we are using control statements.
(if, loop, for loop, continue, goto)

1. Cursor : A cursor is used to refer to a program to fetch and
process the rows returned by the SQL statement, one at a time.
There are two types of cursors :
• Implicit Cursors
• Explicit Cursors
Implicit Cursors : Oracle declare the cursor is implicit.
Explicit Cursors : Users declare the cursor is explicit.

ERP RELATED
TECHNOLOGIES
CHAVA RAVI
SRO0421343

What is ERP
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business
process management software that allows an
organization to use a system of integrated
applications to manage the business and automate
many back office functions related to technology,
services and human resources.

Enterprise Resource Planning
ERP covers the technique and concepts employed for the
integrated management business as a whole
ERP packages are integrated software packages that support
the above ERP concepts

ERP LIFE CYCLE
ERP lifecycle is in which highlights the different stages in
Implementation of an ERP.

Different Phases of ERP








Pre evaluation Screening
Evaluation Package
Project Planning
GAP analysis
Reengineering
Team training
Testing
Post implementation

Post – implementation
Phase
Going Live
End- user TrainingTesting
Team Training
Gap Analysis Reengineering Configuration
Implementation
Project Planning
Package Evaluation
Pre-selection Process

Pre evaluation screening
Decision for perfect package
Number of ERP vendors
Screening eliminates the packages that are not at all suitable
for the company’s business processes.

Selection is done on best few package available.

Package Evaluation
Package is selected on the basis of different parameter
Test and certify the package and also check the coordination
with different department

Selected package will determine the success or failure of the
project


Project Planning
Design the implementation
process

Resources are identified.
Implementation team is
selected and task allocated.

Special arrangement for
contegencies.


Gap Analysis
Most crucial phase.
Process through which company can create a model of
where they are standing now and where they want to go

Model help the company to cover the functional gap

Re-engineering
Implementation is going
to involve a significant
change in number of
employees and their job
responsibilities.

Process become more
automated and efficient


Team Training
Takes place along with the process of Implementation
 Company trains its employees to implement and later,
run the system.
Employee become self sufficient to implement the
software after the vendors and consultant have left.



Testing
This phase is performed to find the weak link so that it can be
rectified before its implementation

 This phase should be performed continuously to meet the
changing requirements of Organization.

Going Live
The work is complete, data conversion is done, databases are
up and running, configuration is complete & testing is done.

The system is officially proclaimed.
Once the system is live the old system is removed.

End User Training
The employee who is going to use the system are identified
and trained.


Post Implementation
This is the maintenance phase.
Employees who are trained enough to handle problems
those crops up time to time.
The post implementation will need a different set of roles
and skills than those with less integrated kind of systems.



Advantages of ERP
1. Focused IT Costs
2. Total Visibility
3. Improved Reporting and Planning
4. Complete Customization
5. Improved Efficiency
6. Customer Service
7. Data Security and Quality
8. Improved Collaboration and Workflows
9. Standardized Business Processes
10. Facilitated Regulatory Compliance
11. Improved Supply Chain Management
12. Superior Scalability

 Business intelligence
 Business Modeling
 Business functions and Business Processing
 Supply chain Management
 Customer relationship Management
 Product Life cycle Management
 Data Ware housing and Data Mining
 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

 BusinessIntelligenceisthe processes, technologies, and
tools that help uschangedataintoinformation,information
into knowledge and knowledge into plans that guide
organization
 Technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing and
providing access to data to helpenterpriseusersmake
betterbusiness Decisions
What is Business Intelligence

 Single pointofaccesstoinformation
 Timelyanswers toBusiness questions
 Using BI inallDepartments ofan
organization
The Characteristics of Business Intelligence
Solutions

• DataSourcing
• DataAnalysis
• SituationAwareness
• Risk Analysis
• DecisionSupport
Key Stages of Business intelligence

 Companiesneedtohaveaccurate,up-to-dateinformationon
customer preferences, Sothatcompanycanquicklyadapt totheir
changingdemands
 BIapplicationscanalsohelpmanagerstobebetterinformed about
actionsthatacompany’scompetitors aretaking
 Ithelpanalystsandmanagerstodeterminewhich adjustmentsare
mostlylikelytorespondtochangingtrends
 IT canhelpcompanies developa moreconsistent,data-based
decision,whichcanproducebetterresultsthanmakingbusiness
decisionsby“guesswork”
Significance Business intelligence

 Dashboards
 Key Performance
Indicators
 GraphicalOLAP
 Forecasting
 GraphicalReporting
MODULES

Dashboards
BI dashboards can provide a customized snapshot of daily
operations, and assist the userinidentifyingproblemsandthe
sourceof those problems, as well as providing valuable, up-to-
date information about financial results, sales and other critical
information–allinoneplace
MODULE DESCRIPTION

BI provides simplified KPI management and tracking withpowerfulfeatures,
formulaeandexpressions,and flexiblefrequency,and threshold levels.This
module enables clear,concise definition and tracking of performance
indicators for a period,and measures performanceascomparedtoaprevious
period.
Intuitive,color highlighters ensure that users can see these indicators in a
clearmanner and accurately present information to management and team
members.Userscanfurtheranalyseperformancewith easy-to-usefeatures
likedrilldown,drillthrough,slice anddiceandgraphicaldatamining

GraphicalOLAP
GraphicalBusiness Intelligence(BI)OLAP technology makes it
easy for your users to find, filter and analyse data, going beyond
numbers,andallowinguserstovisualizethe information with eye-
catching, stunning displays, and valuable indicators and gauges,
charts,andavarietyofgraphtypes fromwhichtochoose

Forecasting and PredictiveAnalysis
Our predictive analysis uses historical product,sales,pricing,
financial,budgetand otherdata,andforecaststhemeasures
with numerous timeseries
Options,e.g.,year,quarter,month,week,day, houroreven
secondtoimproveyourplanning process

Reports
BIReportsdelivers web-basedBIreportsto anyone (or
everyone) in the organization withinminutes!TheBIsuiteis
simpleto
use,practicaltoimplementandaffordablefor every
organization. With our BI reporting and performance
reportingmodule,youjustpoint- and-click and drag-and-drop
and you can instantly createa report to summarize your
performancemetrics,oroperationaldata

 Organizations have different functional areas of
operation like sales, production, marketing etc.
 Each functional areas have variety of functions and
activities
 A business processes is collection of activities that
make one or more kinds of input and create output
which makes value to the customer
 A business cuts across more than a business function to
get its job done so create a value to the customer
sharing data effectively and efficiently is important
 Information system can be designed so that accurate
and timely data are shared between functional areas
and these are called integrated information systems

 A business model is a representation of actual
business, the various functions of an organization,
how they are related, their dependencies and so on
 It is not a Mathematical model but a representation
of business as one large system showing there inter
connections and inter dependencies of various
subsystems and business processes
 The business model is represented in graphical
forms using flowcharts and flow diagrams
 The Business model is modeled as integrated
System

 Product life cycle refers to the succession of
stages a product goes through.
 Product life cycle management is succession
strategies used by management as a product
goes through this cycle

 Reduce time to market through faster design and validation
 Optimally deploy CAD and prototyping resources to
complete critical process
 Reduce product development and manufacturing cost
 Reduce levels of obsolete components inventory at multiple
locations
 Get product design changes into productivity quickly

 Introduction
 Growth
 Maturity
 Saturation
 Decline

CRM “is a business strategy that aims to understand, anticipate
and manage the needs of an organisation’s current and potential
customers”.
It is a “comprehensive approach which provides seamless
integration of every area of business that touches the customer-
namely marketing, sales, customer services and field support
through the integration of people, process and technology”.
CRM is a shift from traditional marketing as it focuses on the
retention of customers in addition to the acquisition of new
customers.
“The expression Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is
becoming standard terminology, replacing what is widely
perceived to be a misleadingly narrow term, relationship
marketing (RM)”.

“CRM is concerned with the creation,
development and enhancement of
individualised customer relationships with
carefully targeted customers and customer
groups resulting in maximizing their total
customer life-time value”.

• “The focus [of CRM] is on creating value for the
customer and the company over the longer
term”.
• When customers value the customer service
that they receive from suppliers, they are less
likely to look to alternative suppliers for their
needs.
• CRM enables organisations to gain
‘competitive advantage’ over competitors that
supply similar products or services.

“Today’s businesses compete with multi- product
offerings created and delivered by networks, alliances
and partnerships of many kinds. Both retaining
customers and building relationships with other value-
adding allies is critical to corporate performance”.
“The adoption of C.R.M. is being fuelled by a
recognition that long-term relationships with customers
are one of the most important assets of an
organization”.

•
•
•
• The 1980’s onwards saw rapid shifts in business that
changed customer power.
Supply exceeded demands for most products.
Sellers had little pricing power.
The only protection available to suppliers of goods and
services was in their relationships with customers.

CRM involves the following:
• Organisations must become customer focused
• Organisations must be prepared to adapt so that
it take customer needs into account and delivers
them
• Market research must be undertaken to assess
customer needs and satisfaction

 reduced costs, because the right things are being done (ie.,
effective and efficient operation)
 increased customer satisfaction, because they are getting
exactly what they want (ie. meeting and exceeding
expectations)
 ensuring that the focus of the organisation is external growth in
numbers of customers
 maximization of opportunities (e.g.. increased services, referrals,
etc.)
 increased access to a source of market and competitor information
 highlighting poor operational processes long
term profitability and sustainability

Warehousing
Warehousing
Transportation
Transportation
Vendors/plants/ports
Transportation
Factory
Transportation Customers
Information
flows

All activities associated with the flow and transformation of
goods from raw materials to end users.
The term supply chain refers to the entire network of companies
that work together to design, produce, deliver, and service
products.
A network of facilities including:
Material flow from suppliers and their “upstream” suppliers at all
levels,
Transformation of materials into semi-finished and finished products
(internal process)
Distribution of products to customers and their “downstream
"customers at all levels.

Physical distributionPhysical supply
(Materials management)
Business logistics
Sources of
supply
Plants/
operations
Customers
• Transportation
• Inventory maintenance
• Order processing
• Acquisition
• Protective packaging
• Warehousing
• Materials handling
• Information maintenance
• Transportation
• Inventory maintenance
• Order processing
• Product scheduling
• Protective packaging
• Warehousing
• Materials handling
• Information maintenance
Internal supply chain

 A set of processes and sub-processes which attempt to
implement and optimize the functions, connected entities, and
interacting elements of a supply chain.
 Involves:
 Organizations, procedures, people.
 Activities: Purchasing, delivery, packaging, checking,
warehousing, etc.
 Establishment of long-term relationships with suppliers
(supply alliances) and distributors
 Effective flow of information through the supply chain
– Supply chain optimization

 Primary :
 Setting customer service goals
 Transportation
 Inventory management
 Location

Supply Chain Management Activities
1. Determine channel strategy and level of distribution
intensity
2. Manage relationships in the supply chain
3. Manage the logistical components of the supply chain
4. Balance the costs of the supply chain with the service level
demanded by customer

Supply Chain Modeling Approaches:
 Network Design Methods
 Rough Cut Methods
 Simulation methods
Critical drivers in a Supply Chain:
1.Inventory
2.Transportation
3. Facilities
4. Information

Supply Chain Umbrella :
i. Purchasing
ii. Quality control
iii. Demand and supply planning
iv. Material or inventory control
v. Order processing
vi. Production planning, scheduling and control
vii. Warehousing / distribution
viii. Customer service

Secondary, or supporting:
 Warehousing
 Materials handling
 Acquisition (purchasing)
 Protective packaging
 Product scheduling
 Order processing

 Reduce uncertainty along the chain
 Proper inventory levels in the chain
 Minimize delays
 Eliminate rush (unplanned) activities
 Provide good customer service

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORYOF OLAP
• OLAP CUBE
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLAP & OLTP
• OLAP OPERATIONS
• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

• OLAP (online analytical processing)iscomputer
processing that enables a user to easily and
selectively extract and view data from different
points of view.
• OLAP allows users toanalyze database information
from multiple database systems at one time.

ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING(OLAP)
Fast Analysis of Shared Multi-Dimensional Information
• FAST - Targeted to deliver most responses to users within about 5 Seconds.
• ANALYSIS – Cope with any business logic & Statistical Analysis that is relevant for the
application and the user.
• SHARED - Implements all the security requirements for confidentiality
• MULTI-DIMENSION – Multi-Dimensional conceptual view of the data.
• INFORMATION – All of the data – Relevant for the application.

Some popular OLAPserver software programs
include:
Oracle ExpressServer
Hyperion Solutions Essbase
OLAP processing is often used for data mining.
OLAP products are typically designedformultiple-
userenvironments,with the cost of the
software based on the number of users.

• An OLAP Cube isa data structurethatallows fast
analysisof data.
• The arrangement of data into cubes overcomes a
limitation of relationaldatabases.
• TheOLAP cube consistsof numeric facts called
measureswhich are categorized by dimensions.

• Source of data
• Purpose of data
• Queries
• Processing speed
• Space Requirement
• Database Design
• Backup and Recovery

• There are different kind of operations which we
can performin OLAP
• Roll up
• Drill Down
• Slice
• Dice
• Pivot
• Drill-across
• Drill-through

• Takes the current aggregation level of fact values
and does a further aggregation on one or more of
the dimensions.
• Equivalent to doing GROUP BY to this dimension by
using attribute hierarchy.
SELECT [attribute list], SUM [attribute names]
FROM [table list]
WHERE [condition list]
GROUP BY [groupinglist];

• Summarizes data at a lower level of a dimension
hierarchy.
• Increases a number of dimensions - adds new headers

SLICE
Performs a selection on one dimension of the given cube.
Setsone or more dimensions to specific values and keeps a
subset of dimensions for selected values.

Define a sub-cube by performing a selection of one or more
dimensions. Refers to range select condition on one
dimension, or to select condition on more than one dimension.
Reduces the number of member values of one or more
dimensions.

• Rotates the data axis to view the data from
different perspectives.
• Groups data with different dimensions.

Drill-across : Accesses more than one fact table that is
linked by common dimensions. Combines cubes that
share oneor more dimensions.
•Drill-through: Drill down to the bottom level of a data
cube down to its back-end relational tables.

• Financial Applications
Marketing/Sales Applications
Business modeling

• Consistency of Information andcalculations
• What if"scenarios
• Itallows a manager to pull down data from an
OLAP database in broad or specific terms.
• OLAP creates a single platform for all the
information and business needs, planning,
budgeting, forecasting, reporting and analysis

• Pre-Modeling
• Great Dependence on IT
• Slow InReacting

• To derive summarized information from large volume
database
• To generate automated reports for human view

• OLAP is a significant improvement over query systems
• OLAP isan interactive system to show different
summaries of multidimensional data by interactively
selecting the attributes in a multidimensional data
cube

 Data warehousing is combining data from multiple
sources into one comprehensive and easily
manipulated database.
 The primary aim for data warehousing is to
provide businesses with analytics results from
data mining, OLAP, Score carding and reporting.
 Data Warehousing technology is the process of
creating and utilizing the historical data i.e.
separating the operational data from non
operational data

 Information is now considered as a key for all
the works.
 Those who gather, analyse, understand, and
act upon information are winners.
 Information have no limits, it is very hard to
collect information from various sources, so
we need an data warehouse from where we
can get all the information.

 Retrieving data
 Analyzing data
 Extracting data
 Loading data
 Transforming data
 Managing data

 Easy access to frequently needed data.
 Creates collective view by a group of users.
 Improves user response time.
 Ease of creation.
 Lower cost than implementing a full Data
warehouse

Data Mining
• DM is the process of identifying valid,novel,potentially
useful and ultimately comprehensive knowledge from
database that is use to make crucial business
decisions.
• DM is sorting through data to identify patterns and
establish relationships. Data mining is a class of
database applications that look for hidden patterns in a
group of data that can be used to predict future
behavior.
For example ; data mining software can help retail companies find customers
with common interest.

 The non-trivial extraction of implicit, previously
unknown, and potentially useful information
from large databases.
 Extremely large datasets
 Useful knowledge that can improve processes
 – Cannot be done manually

 Extract, transform, and load transaction data ontothe data
warehouse system.
 Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database
system.
 Provide data access to business analysts and information
technology professionals.
 Analyse the data by application software.
 Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table

 Accuracy
 Clarity
 Dirty Data
 Scalability
 Speed
 Validation

 Engineering and Technology Medical
Science
 Business
 Combating Terrorism Games
 Research and Development

 A database is an organized collection of
information.
 The main purpose of database is to operate
large amount of information by sorting,
retrieving and managing.
 There are many database available like
MYSQL, SQL server, Mango DB, sybase,
informix, postgre, Oracle etc.,

 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed
by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android a
nd iOS. It features calculation, graphing
tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming
language called Visual Basic for Applications.
 It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet
for these platforms, especially since version 5
in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the
industry standard for spreadsheets.
 Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.

You can enter three types of data in a spreadsheet:
 Text: Text data has no numeric value associated
with it.
 Numbers: A number has a constant numeric
value, such as the test scores attained by a
student.
 Formulas and functions: Formulas and functions
are mathematical equations.

 Formulas are equations that perform
calculations in your spreadsheet. Formulas
always begin with an equals sign (=). When
you enter an equals sign into a cell, you are
basically telling Excel to “calculate this.”
 Functions are Excel-defined formulas. They
take data you select and enter, perform
calculations on them, and return value(s).

To ENTER data:
 click on the cell
 type information
 press ENTER.
The data can be
both number and
text.

 To select a range of cells in a column/row, click the
left mouse button in a cell & drag the mouse pointer
to highlight the cells of your choice.

Functions for Descriptive Statistics
=AVERAGE(first cell:last cell): calculates the mean
=MEDIAN(first cell:last cell): calculates the median
=MODE(first cell:last cell): calculates the mode
=VARP(first cell:last cell): calculates the variance
=STDEVP(first cell:last cell): calculates the standard deviation
 You may directly write the functions for these statistics into
cells or the formula bar, OR
 You may use the function wizard ( in the toolbar)
Below are several functions you will need to
learn for this class. Try them out with the
practice data set.

 Your Excel spreadsheet should now
look like this:

What is an Excel Pivot Table?
 An interactive worksheet table
◦ Provides a powerful tool for summarizing large
amounts of tabular data
 Similar to a cross-tabulation table
◦ A pivot table classifies numeric data in a list based on
other fields in the list
 General purpose:
◦ Quickly summarize data from a worksheet or from
an external source
◦ Calculate totals, averages, counts, etc. based on any
numeric fields in your table
◦ Generate charts from your pivot tables

 A Pivot Table is way to present information in a
report format.
 PivotTable reports can help to analyze
numerical data and answer questions about it.
 Eg:
◦ Who sold the most, and where.
◦ Which quarters were the most profitable, and which
product sold best.

 Creating a Table - A pivot table is a great
reporting tool that sorts and sums
independent of the original data layout
in the spreadsheet. If you never used one,
this below example will most interesting
for you.
 First, set up / create some data, in a
specific range in Excel, like below slide

 Page Fields: display data as pages and
allows you to filter to a single item
 Row Fields: display data vertically, in
rows
 Column Fields: display data
horizontally, across columns
 Data Items: numerical data to be
summarized

 Interactive: easily rearrange them by
moving, adding, or deleting fields
 Dynamic: results are automatically
recalculated whenever fields are added or
dropped, or whenever categories are
hidden or displayed
 Easy to update: “refreshable” if the
original worksheet data changes

 Selecting Data Range for Pivot Table –
As given in
example I have
created data of 3
Workers x,y,z
and their,weekly
payments in
Various
Segments.
Selected a Range
of (A1:D30)

 Creating a Table -
Now choose any cell in this
table and choose Pivot
Table wizard in the Data
menu. Excel asks for the
data source and suggests
this table. Click OK.

 Repo
rt
Filter
Colu
mn
Label
s
Row
Label
s ∑

 Report Filter : Use a report filter to
conveniently display a subset of data in a
PivotTable report or Pivot Chart Report. A
report filter helps to manage the display of
large amounts of data, and to focus on a
subset of data in the report, such as a product
line, a time span, a Geographic region.
 Column Labels : A field that is assigned a
column orientation in a PivotTable report.
 Row Labels : A field that is assigned a row
orientation in a Pivot Table report.

To enter data in
a form view,
click
Data>Form

Import a tab or
comma-delimited
file that has been
saved as “Text
Only with Line
Breaks”

 Highlight Jan,
Feb Mar labels
 Data > Group
and Outline >
Group
 Enter Quarter
Label

A B C D
1 5
2 6
3
4
 In C3, =A1+B2 means
Display sum of the content of cell which is 2 columns to the left
and 2 rows above and the content of cell which is 1 column to the
left and 1 row above.
When this formula is copied to other cells, the same instruction is
copied.
E.g., if the formula is copied to D4, it becomes =B2+C3.

A B C D
1 5
2 6
3
4
 In C3, =$A$1+B2 means
Display the sum of the content of cell which is at A1
and the content of cell which is 1 column to the left and 1 row
above.
copied.
E.g., if the formula is copied to D4, it becomes =$A$1+C3.

A B C D
1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8
 In C2, =$A$1+$B2 means
Add the content of cell which is at A1
and the content of cell which is in column B and in the same row.
copied.
E.g., if the formula is copied to C4, it becomes =$A$1+$B4.

A B C D
1 5
2 6 7 8 9
3
4
 In B3, =$A$1+B$2 means
Add the content of cell which is at A1
and the content of cell which is in the same column and in row 2.
copied.
E.g., if the formula is copied to C4, it becomes =$A$1+C$2.

A B C D E F
1 Name Exam Grade
2 Adams 87 Pass
3 Benson 92 Pass
4 Carson 68 Fail
5 Danson 78 Pass
6
=IF(B2>=70,”Pass”,”Fail”)

 Form
 =IF(condition,
value-for-TRUE-case,
value-for-FALSE-case)
 Example
 Assume: B2 contains semester average
 Then, in C2, we can have:
=IF(B2>=70, “Pass”, “Fail”)

 Suppose letter grades for exam scores are
assigned as follows:
A – 90 or above
B – 80 or above, but less than 90
C – 70 or above, but less than 80
D – 60 or above, but less than 70
F – less than 60
 Use VLOOKUP() function to assigning letter
grade to a score, buy looking up a table.

A B C D E F G H
1 Name Exam Grade
2 Adams 87 B
3 Benson 92 A
4 Carson 68 D
5 Danson 78 C
6 Criteria
7 0 F
8 60 D
9 70 C
10 80 B
11 90 A

 Format
 =VLOOKUP( Value to look up,
The range of the table,
The column number containing
the grade)
 For example,
 In the preceding case
=VLOOKUP(B2, $G$7:$H$11,2)

 In the VLOOKUP(), the 2nd argument, the
range for the lookup table, should be in absolute
address.
 In the lookup table, values to be looked up
should be in ascending order (from small to
larger).

A B C F G H
1 Name Income Tax Rate
2 Adams 18000 0%
3 Benson 85000 15%
4 Carson 28000 10%
5 Danson 31000 15%
6 Erickson 125000 ? Tax Rate
7 0 0%
8 20,000 10%
9 50,000 15%
10 100,000 20%
11 200,000 30%

A B C D E F G H
1 Name Exa
m
Grade
2 Adams 87 B
3 Benson 92 A
4 Carson 68 D
5 Danson 78 C
6
7
8 Criteria
9 0 60 70 80 90
10 F D C B A
11

 Format
 =HLOOKUP( Value to look up,
The range of the table,
The row number containing
the grade)
 For example,
 In the preceding case
=HLOOKUP(B2, $B$(:$F$10,2)

 In the HLOOKUP(), the 2nd argument,
the range for the lookup table, should be
in absolute address.
 In the lookup table, values to be looked
up should be in ascending order (from
small to larger) from left to right.

 MS Access is a relational database, meaning
that data is stored in multiple tables that are
related to each other.
 PI’s in one table, their awards in another table. The
database maintains a connection between the tables
using something called a ‘key’ – a number that is the
same in both tables.
183

•It is Default data type and it is alpha
numeric.
•It Allows both Character &
Number.
Text
•Used to enter numeric data for
mathematical calculations.
•Field limit is 9 digits only.
Number
•Used to enter date and time format.
•Values will be starting from year
100 to 9999.
Date &
Time

•Used to accept True/False
Statements.
•Also called as ON/OFF Buttons.
Yes/No
•It is similar to number data type,but
it displays symbol of currency in the
format of numbers.
Currency
•Used to generate unique numbers.
•Eg: Employee ID, Hall ticket No.
etc.,
Auto-
Number

• Used to open webpages.
• Eg: Email ID etc.,
Hyperlink
• Used to attach different format
files.
• Eg: Photo, PDF etc.,
Attachment
• Used for Calculation purpose..
• Eg: For Calculating Totals,
Averages etc.,
Calculated

•It looks like a combo box.
•Helpful in providing various
combinations of data like
Courses, Qualifications,
Gender etc.,
Lookup
Wizard
•Used to enter more than 255
characters.
•Field size 64,000 characters.
Memo

 Tables
 Queries
 Forms
 Macros
 Modules

Tables hold the information, called data

• Queries select and modify specific data
• “Queries convert data to information”
• They are used to populate forms and
reports
• MS Access uses a visual query wizard to
help novice (and advanced!) users
construct queries

Select Award
Title from
Awards where
(Award Title
Like
“Exploring*”)
and
(Closed =
False) Order
By Award
191

 Set up relationships
(Access may make you do this and if it does, will help you with a
wizard)
192

 SELECT
PIs.[First Name],
Awards.Award_T
itle,
Awards.Award_D
ate,
Awards.Closed
 FROM
PIs
INNER JOIN
Awards
ON
PIs.ID =
Awards.PI_ID;
193

 Queries can update, add or
delete records from a table
 DELETE * FROM Pis WHERE (PIs.[First
Name])="No Research";
194

 Forms let you enter and display specific data in
a customized format.
195

 Single Record
 Datasheet
196

 Bound Controls
 Are directly ‘attached’ to the data and will update as
you leave the field on the form
 Unbound Controls
 Have to be manipulated with program code
 Calculated Controls
 Do not exist in the data tables. They are derived
based on other controls or fields in the database
197

 Text Box: Displays and allows user to enter data
 Label: Displays static text
 Button: Does something by running macros or VBA
Code
 Combo Box: A drop down list of values
 List Box: A list of values
 Sub Form: a form of related data within a form
 Shapes: boxes, lines, images
 Check Boxes: Yes/No or True/False
 Option Groups: choose one option from a group
 Toggle Buttons: enabled or not enabled
 Tabs: for forms with lots of data, multiple tabbed
pages
 Charts: Display data in graphical format
 More…

 Reports display and print formatted data
 Text
 Form Letters, columnar reports, grouped reports
 Graphics
 Sub Reports
 Export to other formats, such as spreadsheet, word
processing
 Wizard driven or drive yourself

 Modules contain Visual Basic for Applications
program code as subroutines or functions
 Visible from anywhere in the Application:
 tables, queries, forms, macros and reports
 Subroutines typically do something
 Functions do something and return a result

ADVANCE ITT BY PRASAD

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