Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. It begins with an introduction and outlines the components and general functions of the CVS. It then discusses the anatomy of the heart, including its chambers and valves. It describes the pathway of blood flow through the heart and lungs. It explains cardiac muscle and the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It concludes with a discussion of the action potential in pacemaker cells and contractile cells in the heart.
Este documento fornece um resumo sobre a fisiologia do coração humano. Discute a anatomia, atividade elétrica, ECG, atividade mecânica, rendimento cardíaco e músculo do coração. Explica como o coração funciona como uma bomba para impulsionar o sangue através da circulação pulmonar e sistêmica, e como os potenciais de ação se propagam pelo músculo cardíaco para permitir a contração rítmica.
Muscle and nervous tissue are the two main types of excitable tissue in the body. Muscle tissue includes three main types - skeletal muscle which is striated and voluntarily controlled, smooth muscle which is involuntarily controlled and found in organs, and cardiac muscle which is only found in the heart and is involuntarily controlled. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, are found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves, generate and conduct electrical impulses, and are responsible for functions like muscle contraction, sensation, emotion, memory and reasoning.
O documento descreve o sistema circulatório, incluindo sua composição (sangue, vasos sanguíneos e coração), funções e estrutura. Explica como o sangue circula através do coração e vasos sanguíneos, sendo oxigenado nos pulmões na circulação pulmonar e distribuído aos tecidos na circulação sistêmica. Também menciona fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e formas de prevenção.
The document discusses nervous coordination leading to muscle contraction. It describes the structure of muscle cells and the types of muscle tissue. It explains that skeletal muscle contraction is initiated by a nerve impulse traveling to the neuromuscular junction, causing the release of acetylcholine and generating an action potential in the muscle cell. This causes calcium ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to troponin on the thin filament and allowing myosin cross-bridges to attach and drive the sliding filament model of contraction. A short quiz concludes the document.
Blood Vessels and Circulatory system Three principal categories of blood vessels:
Arteries: efferent vessels
Capillaries:
Veins: afferent vessels
Arteries and Arterioles
Three layers surrounding the lumen:
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Structure of Capillaries
Structure of cardiac muscle excitation contraction coupling properties of car...Rajesh Goit
This document summarizes the structure and properties of cardiac muscle. It describes the three types of cardiac muscle - atrial, ventricular, and specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains that cardiac muscle contracts similarly to skeletal muscle but with a longer duration. The document also notes that cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected in a lattice formation and contain the same actin and myosin filaments as skeletal muscle. Finally, it lists and briefly describes several key properties of cardiac muscle, including automaticity, rhythmicity, contractibility, and its functioning as a syncytium.
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. It begins with an introduction and outlines the components and general functions of the CVS. It then discusses the anatomy of the heart, including its chambers and valves. It describes the pathway of blood flow through the heart and lungs. It explains cardiac muscle and the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It concludes with a discussion of the action potential in pacemaker cells and contractile cells in the heart.
Este documento fornece um resumo sobre a fisiologia do coração humano. Discute a anatomia, atividade elétrica, ECG, atividade mecânica, rendimento cardíaco e músculo do coração. Explica como o coração funciona como uma bomba para impulsionar o sangue através da circulação pulmonar e sistêmica, e como os potenciais de ação se propagam pelo músculo cardíaco para permitir a contração rítmica.
Muscle and nervous tissue are the two main types of excitable tissue in the body. Muscle tissue includes three main types - skeletal muscle which is striated and voluntarily controlled, smooth muscle which is involuntarily controlled and found in organs, and cardiac muscle which is only found in the heart and is involuntarily controlled. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, are found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves, generate and conduct electrical impulses, and are responsible for functions like muscle contraction, sensation, emotion, memory and reasoning.
O documento descreve o sistema circulatório, incluindo sua composição (sangue, vasos sanguíneos e coração), funções e estrutura. Explica como o sangue circula através do coração e vasos sanguíneos, sendo oxigenado nos pulmões na circulação pulmonar e distribuído aos tecidos na circulação sistêmica. Também menciona fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e formas de prevenção.
The document discusses nervous coordination leading to muscle contraction. It describes the structure of muscle cells and the types of muscle tissue. It explains that skeletal muscle contraction is initiated by a nerve impulse traveling to the neuromuscular junction, causing the release of acetylcholine and generating an action potential in the muscle cell. This causes calcium ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to troponin on the thin filament and allowing myosin cross-bridges to attach and drive the sliding filament model of contraction. A short quiz concludes the document.
Blood Vessels and Circulatory system Three principal categories of blood vessels:
Arteries: efferent vessels
Capillaries:
Veins: afferent vessels
Arteries and Arterioles
Three layers surrounding the lumen:
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Structure of Capillaries
Structure of cardiac muscle excitation contraction coupling properties of car...Rajesh Goit
This document summarizes the structure and properties of cardiac muscle. It describes the three types of cardiac muscle - atrial, ventricular, and specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains that cardiac muscle contracts similarly to skeletal muscle but with a longer duration. The document also notes that cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected in a lattice formation and contain the same actin and myosin filaments as skeletal muscle. Finally, it lists and briefly describes several key properties of cardiac muscle, including automaticity, rhythmicity, contractibility, and its functioning as a syncytium.
The document provides an outline and overview of cardiovascular physiology, including:
- The cardiovascular system functions to transport and regulate blood throughout the body.
- The heart's functional anatomy includes four chambers, valves, and an intrinsic conduction system to coordinate contractions.
- Myocardial cells include pacemaker cells that initiate contractions and contractile cells that generate force. Contractions are initiated by calcium signaling during excitation-contraction coupling.
- The cardiac cycle coordinates atrial and ventricular filling and contraction through the heart's electrical conduction system and the opening and closing of valves.
The document discusses the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism in cardiac muscle. Gap junctions connect cardiac muscle cells and allow action potentials to spread. The heart contains two syncytiums - the atria and ventricles. Calcium enters cardiac muscle cells from the extracellular fluid through T-tubules during an action potential, causing contraction. This relies on the highly developed T-tubule system and electronegative charges in cardiac muscle, unlike skeletal muscle which uses intracellular calcium stores.
The document discusses the physiology of pacemaker and contractile cells in the heart. It begins by describing the characteristics of pacemaker cells, including their automaticity due to unstable membrane potentials. It then discusses how sympathetic and parasympathetic activity can alter the activity of pacemaker cells to increase or decrease heart rate. The document next describes the characteristics of contractile myocardial cells and their action potentials. It compares skeletal and cardiac action potentials. Finally, it discusses excitation-contraction coupling in contractile cells and the roles of calcium in both contraction and relaxation.
This document provides information about the main muscles in the human body. It discusses muscles like the frontal, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, sternocleidomastoid, biceps, triceps, deltoid, pectoralis, abdominal muscles, back muscles, lower limb muscles, gluteus, quadriceps, and calcaneal tendon. It describes the location and function of these muscles. It also explains the different types of muscles like cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles and how muscles, bones, and the brain work together in the body.
The immune system consists of innate immunity as the first line of defense using non-specific responses like mucous membranes, skin, stomach acid, and inflammatory cells. The second line is adaptive immunity utilizing B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes that provide targeted humoral responses through antibodies and cell-mediated responses using macrophages to protect the body.
Learning Objectives:
Compare and contrast the structure and function
of
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
ulatory
system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
3 tunics
Lume
The Vessels
Functions:
Distribution of blood
Exchange of materials with tissues
Return of blood to the heart
Structure:
Most have the same basic structure:
– 3 layers surrounding a hollow lumen
Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is made up of myocardial and electrical cells. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle tissue allows for voluntary physical movements and is composed of long, fibrous myocytes found in the muscular system. The main difference between the tissues is that cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily while skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily.
O poema descreve a dor sentida pelo poeta como fingida, para entreter a razão. Embora finja a dor, chega a convencer-se de que é real. Os leitores sentem a dor lida, mas não a verdadeira dor do poeta. Assim, o coração gira "nesse comboio de corda" que é a razão.
O documento descreve as principais estruturas do sistema cardiovascular, incluindo os vasos sanguíneos, cavidades e válvulas cardíacas, e o processo de condução elétrica no coração. Ele fornece detalhes sobre a circulação sistêmica e pulmonar e como o sangue flui através do coração e vasos.
The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs, and systemic circulation between the heart and other organs. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to it. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the blood and tissues. In summary, the circulatory system supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes carbon dioxide and waste via the continuous circulation of blood through the heart and blood vessels.
O documento descreve o sistema circulatório, incluindo sua composição (sangue, vasos sanguíneos e coração), funções e estrutura. Explica como o sangue circula através do coração e vasos sanguíneos, sendo oxigenado nos pulmões na circulação pulmonar e distribuído aos tecidos na circulação sistêmica. Também menciona fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e formas de prevenção.
1. The document discusses hemodynamic factors like pressure, blood flow, resistance, and compliance and their interrelationships.
2. It defines terms like blood pressure, blood flow, resistance, compliance, laminar and turbulent blood flow. It also discusses how changes in vessel diameter affect resistance and flow.
3. The document compares arterial and venous compliance, noting that veins are more compliant and act as reservoirs due to their thin walls, storing over 60% of the blood volume.
This document summarizes the different types of joints in the body. It discusses fibrous joints, which are connected by dense irregular connective tissue and include sutures in the skull. It also describes synovial joints, which allow movement and have a synovial capsule surrounding them. The main types of synovial joints are ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and plane joints. Additionally, it outlines cartilaginous joints, which are connected entirely by cartilage and allow more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints. The document also classifies joints based on their structure, function, and the types of movement they allow.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
The cardiovascular system is the first major regulatory system to develop in the embryo, appearing in the third week of development. By the beginning of the fourth week, the heart has started functioning and the earliest sign of the heart is the appearance of paired endothelial cords. This early development of the cardiovascular system is necessary to meet the nutrient and oxygen demands of the rapidly growing embryo, as diffusion alone can no longer satisfy these needs. The vascular system develops from mesoderm cells that proliferate to form blood vessels and blood cells.
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood throughout the body. It has two main phases: diastole, where the heart relaxes and fills with blood, and systole, where the heart contracts to pump out blood. Specifically, it involves atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular diastole, and ventricular systole. The cardiac cycle ensures blood is continuously circulating at a rate of around 72 beats per minute, pumping approximately 5-6 liters of blood per minute known as cardiac output through the coordinated squeezing of the heart's left and right ventricles.
Cardiac muscle (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
In the heart there is Atrial muscle and Ventricular muscle which are separated from each other by the fibrous AV Rings containing Valves.
ATRIAL MUSCLE: thin walled. There are two sheets, superficial and deep sheet. Superficial sheet is common over both atria. Deep sheet is separate for each atrium. Muscle fibers in the deep sheet are at right angle to the muscle fibers in the superficial sheet.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ATRIUM:
1. Receive venous blood from large veins. So atria act as reservoir.
2. Conduct the blood into the ventricles.
3. Atrial contraction is responsible for last 25 % of ventricular filling.
4. In the right atrium there is SA Node(Pace maker) and AV node.
5. In the wall of the atria, there are low pressure stretch receptors and these are involved in various reflexes like brain bridge reflex and left atrial reflex.
6. Atria also produce a hormone i.e. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone. Whenever NaCl increases in ECF, it causes release of ANH which causes natriuresis.
VENTRICULAR MUSCLE:
Much thicker than atrial muscle. Thickness of right ventricle wall is 3-4 mm and thickness of left ventricle is 8 – 12 mm.
1.Involuntary
2.Has cross striations
3.Each cardiac muscle fiber consists of a number of cardiac cells, united at ends in series. Where as in skeletal muscle each muscle fiber is individual cell.
4.Cardiac muscle cells are branching and interdigitate.
5.Single central nucleus in each cell.
6. Atrial muscle and ventricular muscle act as separate functional syncytium and impulses from atria are conducted to ventricles through the AV Node and AV Bundle.
7. Sarcoplasmic system is present. In skeletal muscle triad is at the junction of A and I bands. In cardiac muscle T Tubules are much large and thus in cardiac muscle if we take a section it may form a diad or a triad. And these diads and triads are present at the level of Z Disks.
8.Between adjacent cardiac cells there are side to side and end to end connections and these are the intercellular junctions. These junctions are Gap Junctions. Or intercalated discs
9.When one part of myocardium is excited the whole muscle is excited.
10.Whole myocardium obeys all or none law as a whole.
11.No spike potential but action potential with plateau.
12.Has got long refractory period.
Absolute refractory period in ventricular muscle is 250 – 300 milli sec.
In atrial muscle Absolute refractory period is 150 milli sec
Because of long refractory period cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized.
Aula sobre metabolismo de lipídeos: Lipólise, lipogênese, cetogênese e síntes...BrunaRafaela835991
1. O documento descreve os principais processos metabólicos de lipídeos no corpo, incluindo a absorção, armazenamento, mobilização e oxidação de lipídeos.
2. São descritos processos como a lipólise, cetogênese, lipogênese e síntese do colesterol, assim como as vias metabólicas da beta oxidação e gliconeogênese.
3. O documento fornece detalhes sobre como os lipídeos são quebrados para produzir energia através
There are 206 bones in the human body that serve several functions including support, protection, mineral storage, movement, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of connective tissue and composed of protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, and marrow. There are several shapes of bones including long, flat, irregular, and short. Joints are where parts of the skeleton meet and allow varying amounts of mobility. Joints are classified based on their structure and function and can be diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or synarthrosis depending on freedom of movement. Synovial joints contain articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsules, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
The document provides an outline and overview of cardiovascular physiology, including:
- The cardiovascular system functions to transport and regulate blood throughout the body.
- The heart's functional anatomy includes four chambers, valves, and an intrinsic conduction system to coordinate contractions.
- Myocardial cells include pacemaker cells that initiate contractions and contractile cells that generate force. Contractions are initiated by calcium signaling during excitation-contraction coupling.
- The cardiac cycle coordinates atrial and ventricular filling and contraction through the heart's electrical conduction system and the opening and closing of valves.
The document discusses the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism in cardiac muscle. Gap junctions connect cardiac muscle cells and allow action potentials to spread. The heart contains two syncytiums - the atria and ventricles. Calcium enters cardiac muscle cells from the extracellular fluid through T-tubules during an action potential, causing contraction. This relies on the highly developed T-tubule system and electronegative charges in cardiac muscle, unlike skeletal muscle which uses intracellular calcium stores.
The document discusses the physiology of pacemaker and contractile cells in the heart. It begins by describing the characteristics of pacemaker cells, including their automaticity due to unstable membrane potentials. It then discusses how sympathetic and parasympathetic activity can alter the activity of pacemaker cells to increase or decrease heart rate. The document next describes the characteristics of contractile myocardial cells and their action potentials. It compares skeletal and cardiac action potentials. Finally, it discusses excitation-contraction coupling in contractile cells and the roles of calcium in both contraction and relaxation.
This document provides information about the main muscles in the human body. It discusses muscles like the frontal, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, sternocleidomastoid, biceps, triceps, deltoid, pectoralis, abdominal muscles, back muscles, lower limb muscles, gluteus, quadriceps, and calcaneal tendon. It describes the location and function of these muscles. It also explains the different types of muscles like cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles and how muscles, bones, and the brain work together in the body.
The immune system consists of innate immunity as the first line of defense using non-specific responses like mucous membranes, skin, stomach acid, and inflammatory cells. The second line is adaptive immunity utilizing B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes that provide targeted humoral responses through antibodies and cell-mediated responses using macrophages to protect the body.
Learning Objectives:
Compare and contrast the structure and function
of
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
ulatory
system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
3 tunics
Lume
The Vessels
Functions:
Distribution of blood
Exchange of materials with tissues
Return of blood to the heart
Structure:
Most have the same basic structure:
– 3 layers surrounding a hollow lumen
Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is made up of myocardial and electrical cells. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle tissue allows for voluntary physical movements and is composed of long, fibrous myocytes found in the muscular system. The main difference between the tissues is that cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily while skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily.
O poema descreve a dor sentida pelo poeta como fingida, para entreter a razão. Embora finja a dor, chega a convencer-se de que é real. Os leitores sentem a dor lida, mas não a verdadeira dor do poeta. Assim, o coração gira "nesse comboio de corda" que é a razão.
O documento descreve as principais estruturas do sistema cardiovascular, incluindo os vasos sanguíneos, cavidades e válvulas cardíacas, e o processo de condução elétrica no coração. Ele fornece detalhes sobre a circulação sistêmica e pulmonar e como o sangue flui através do coração e vasos.
The circulatory system moves blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: pulmonary circulation between the heart and lungs, and systemic circulation between the heart and other organs. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins return deoxygenated blood back to it. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the blood and tissues. In summary, the circulatory system supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes carbon dioxide and waste via the continuous circulation of blood through the heart and blood vessels.
O documento descreve o sistema circulatório, incluindo sua composição (sangue, vasos sanguíneos e coração), funções e estrutura. Explica como o sangue circula através do coração e vasos sanguíneos, sendo oxigenado nos pulmões na circulação pulmonar e distribuído aos tecidos na circulação sistêmica. Também menciona fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares como aterosclerose e formas de prevenção.
1. The document discusses hemodynamic factors like pressure, blood flow, resistance, and compliance and their interrelationships.
2. It defines terms like blood pressure, blood flow, resistance, compliance, laminar and turbulent blood flow. It also discusses how changes in vessel diameter affect resistance and flow.
3. The document compares arterial and venous compliance, noting that veins are more compliant and act as reservoirs due to their thin walls, storing over 60% of the blood volume.
This document summarizes the different types of joints in the body. It discusses fibrous joints, which are connected by dense irregular connective tissue and include sutures in the skull. It also describes synovial joints, which allow movement and have a synovial capsule surrounding them. The main types of synovial joints are ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and plane joints. Additionally, it outlines cartilaginous joints, which are connected entirely by cartilage and allow more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints. The document also classifies joints based on their structure, function, and the types of movement they allow.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Normal cardiac output is 5 liters per minute. Cardiac output is regulated by factors that influence stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume and end systolic volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, as well as the vasomotor center in the medulla. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate while sympathetic stimulation increases it.
The cardiovascular system is the first major regulatory system to develop in the embryo, appearing in the third week of development. By the beginning of the fourth week, the heart has started functioning and the earliest sign of the heart is the appearance of paired endothelial cords. This early development of the cardiovascular system is necessary to meet the nutrient and oxygen demands of the rapidly growing embryo, as diffusion alone can no longer satisfy these needs. The vascular system develops from mesoderm cells that proliferate to form blood vessels and blood cells.
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood throughout the body. It has two main phases: diastole, where the heart relaxes and fills with blood, and systole, where the heart contracts to pump out blood. Specifically, it involves atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular diastole, and ventricular systole. The cardiac cycle ensures blood is continuously circulating at a rate of around 72 beats per minute, pumping approximately 5-6 liters of blood per minute known as cardiac output through the coordinated squeezing of the heart's left and right ventricles.
Cardiac muscle (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
In the heart there is Atrial muscle and Ventricular muscle which are separated from each other by the fibrous AV Rings containing Valves.
ATRIAL MUSCLE: thin walled. There are two sheets, superficial and deep sheet. Superficial sheet is common over both atria. Deep sheet is separate for each atrium. Muscle fibers in the deep sheet are at right angle to the muscle fibers in the superficial sheet.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ATRIUM:
1. Receive venous blood from large veins. So atria act as reservoir.
2. Conduct the blood into the ventricles.
3. Atrial contraction is responsible for last 25 % of ventricular filling.
4. In the right atrium there is SA Node(Pace maker) and AV node.
5. In the wall of the atria, there are low pressure stretch receptors and these are involved in various reflexes like brain bridge reflex and left atrial reflex.
6. Atria also produce a hormone i.e. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone. Whenever NaCl increases in ECF, it causes release of ANH which causes natriuresis.
VENTRICULAR MUSCLE:
Much thicker than atrial muscle. Thickness of right ventricle wall is 3-4 mm and thickness of left ventricle is 8 – 12 mm.
1.Involuntary
2.Has cross striations
3.Each cardiac muscle fiber consists of a number of cardiac cells, united at ends in series. Where as in skeletal muscle each muscle fiber is individual cell.
4.Cardiac muscle cells are branching and interdigitate.
5.Single central nucleus in each cell.
6. Atrial muscle and ventricular muscle act as separate functional syncytium and impulses from atria are conducted to ventricles through the AV Node and AV Bundle.
7. Sarcoplasmic system is present. In skeletal muscle triad is at the junction of A and I bands. In cardiac muscle T Tubules are much large and thus in cardiac muscle if we take a section it may form a diad or a triad. And these diads and triads are present at the level of Z Disks.
8.Between adjacent cardiac cells there are side to side and end to end connections and these are the intercellular junctions. These junctions are Gap Junctions. Or intercalated discs
9.When one part of myocardium is excited the whole muscle is excited.
10.Whole myocardium obeys all or none law as a whole.
11.No spike potential but action potential with plateau.
12.Has got long refractory period.
Absolute refractory period in ventricular muscle is 250 – 300 milli sec.
In atrial muscle Absolute refractory period is 150 milli sec
Because of long refractory period cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized.
Aula sobre metabolismo de lipídeos: Lipólise, lipogênese, cetogênese e síntes...BrunaRafaela835991
1. O documento descreve os principais processos metabólicos de lipídeos no corpo, incluindo a absorção, armazenamento, mobilização e oxidação de lipídeos.
2. São descritos processos como a lipólise, cetogênese, lipogênese e síntese do colesterol, assim como as vias metabólicas da beta oxidação e gliconeogênese.
3. O documento fornece detalhes sobre como os lipídeos são quebrados para produzir energia através
There are 206 bones in the human body that serve several functions including support, protection, mineral storage, movement, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of connective tissue and composed of protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, and marrow. There are several shapes of bones including long, flat, irregular, and short. Joints are where parts of the skeleton meet and allow varying amounts of mobility. Joints are classified based on their structure and function and can be diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or synarthrosis depending on freedom of movement. Synovial joints contain articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsules, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
5. એકલ દ ણ નો બ ુંધો
સુંયોજજત બ ુંધો
એકલદ ણ ન બ ુંધ મ ું જમીનન પ્ર થછમક કણો એક્બીજા સ થે
જોડ યેલ હોત નથી. તેઓ જમીનમ ું સ્િતુંત્ર રીતે રહેત હોય િે.
જય રે રજકણો સમહમ ું િળગી રહે િે. અને તે સમૂહો રજકણોની જેમ
િતે િે. ત્ય રે બુંધ યેલ રજકણોન ું સમૂહ બે િે. અને તેને સુંયોજીત બ ુંધો કહે
િે.