This document discusses anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. It describes how anticoagulants prevent blood clotting by inhibiting coagulation factors, while some occur naturally in animals. Common anticoagulants discussed include heparin, low molecular weight heparins like enoxaparin, and vitamin K antagonists like warfarin. The mechanisms and sites of action are explained for different classes of anticoagulants. Advantages of LMWH over unfractionated heparin include better bioavailability and more predictable response. Bleeding is a major adverse effect of anticoagulant overdose.
This document discusses anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. It describes how anticoagulants prevent blood clotting by inhibiting coagulation factors, while some occur naturally in animals. Common anticoagulants discussed include heparin, low molecular weight heparins like enoxaparin, and vitamin K antagonists like warfarin. The mechanisms and sites of action are explained for different classes of anticoagulants. Advantages of LMWH over unfractionated heparin include better bioavailability and more predictable response. Bleeding is a major adverse effect of anticoagulant overdose.
This document discusses various types of tachyarrhythmias categorized by their anatomical location and electrophysiological mechanisms. It describes atrial arrhythmias including sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. It also discusses atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias including monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Key features and mechanisms of each type are outlined to aid in diagnosis and classification.
This document summarizes a clinical meeting on hypertensive emergencies. It defines hypertensive emergencies as severe hypertension associated with acute organ damage that requires immediate but careful intervention. It outlines objectives to distinguish presentations requiring therapy, describe appropriate therapies and risks, and discuss antihypertensive drugs. It then provides cases and defines malignant hypertension and other presentations. It discusses evaluating organ damage, recommended drug treatments like nitroprusside, labetalol, and nicardipine, and emphasizes lowering blood pressure no more than 25% within 2 hours. The document concludes that patients have improved survival but remain at high risk, requiring frequent follow-up after discharge.
Low dose dopamine increases GFR and RBF. The DAD-HF trial investigated 60 patients randomized to low dose furosemide (continuous infusion 0.5 mg/kg/day) with or without low dose dopamine (2 μg/kg/min). Dopamine preserved renal function compared to furosemide alone in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. There were no significant differences found in a trial comparing high vs low dose furosemide or bolus vs continuous infusion on renal function or symptoms. Novel agents targeting fluid overload, renal function, contractility, and vasomotion may provide new therapeutic options for acute heart failure.
This document discusses various types of tachyarrhythmias categorized by their anatomical location and electrophysiological mechanisms. It describes atrial arrhythmias including sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. It also discusses atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias including monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Key features and mechanisms of each type are outlined to aid in diagnosis and classification.
This document summarizes a clinical meeting on hypertensive emergencies. It defines hypertensive emergencies as severe hypertension associated with acute organ damage that requires immediate but careful intervention. It outlines objectives to distinguish presentations requiring therapy, describe appropriate therapies and risks, and discuss antihypertensive drugs. It then provides cases and defines malignant hypertension and other presentations. It discusses evaluating organ damage, recommended drug treatments like nitroprusside, labetalol, and nicardipine, and emphasizes lowering blood pressure no more than 25% within 2 hours. The document concludes that patients have improved survival but remain at high risk, requiring frequent follow-up after discharge.
Low dose dopamine increases GFR and RBF. The DAD-HF trial investigated 60 patients randomized to low dose furosemide (continuous infusion 0.5 mg/kg/day) with or without low dose dopamine (2 μg/kg/min). Dopamine preserved renal function compared to furosemide alone in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. There were no significant differences found in a trial comparing high vs low dose furosemide or bolus vs continuous infusion on renal function or symptoms. Novel agents targeting fluid overload, renal function, contractility, and vasomotion may provide new therapeutic options for acute heart failure.