5. การฝึ กเพื่อปลูกฝั งความภาคภูมิใจ ความเสียสละและการ
อุทศตนเพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ ใหญ่ ให้ แก่ กาลังพล
ิ
Training
Professional
mutual trust
Building trust
and dedication
Delegation of
authority
Dedication to
superior’s aim
8. Mahan’s Criteria for military success:
Geographic
position
Physical Conformation
Extent of Territory
Number
of Population
National Character
Character of
the Government
9. AIR POWER
Air Power is a subset of combat power
and is defined as the ability to project military
force in the third dimension, which include the
environment of space, by or platform above the
surface of the earth
Ian MacFarling, Air power Terminology, Aerospace Centre, 2001
10. THEORY
ลักษณะที่คาดคิดเอาตามหลักวิชา เพื่อเสริ มเหตุผล
และรากฐานให้ แก่ปรากฏการณ์ หรื อข้ อมูลในภาคปฏิบัติ
ซึงเกิดขึ ้นมาอย่างมีระเบียบ
่
พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ.๒๕๒๕
A Theory is a formal idea or set of ideas
that is intended to explain something.
Ian MacFarling, Air power Terminology, Aerospace Centre, 2001
11. THEORIST
A Theorist is someone who develops a set
of abstract ideas about a particular subject in
order to explain it.
Collins Cobuild, Learner’s Dictionary, 1996
12. Evolution of Air Power
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) ออกแบบเครื่ องบินและ
เฮลิคอปเตอร์ The Inventor
Montgolfier (1783)
The First Hot Air Balloon
Otto Lilianthal (1848-1896)
สร้ างเครื่ องร่ อนหนักกว่ าอากาศ
Samuel P Langley (1896)
สร้ าง Aerodrome
Wright Brother’s Orville&Wilber (1903) สร้ าง The Flyer
13. Italy - Turkey (1911-1912)
Reconnaissance
Aerial
photography
Artillery liaison
Bombardment
Air War Theory did not exist
14. World War I
Six Great Nations of Europe
Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia
The Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Turkey, Bulgaria
The Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia
Belgium, Serbia,
Montenegro, Japan, Italy,
Rumania, Greece, United
States, Lesser Countries
1914 - 1918
16. World War I
SITUATION:
• June 28th, 1914, Archduke Francise Ferdinand of AustriaHungary was assassinated at Sarajevo, Bosnia
• Austria-Hungary claimed to be Serbia’s responsibility
• July 23rd, Austria sent Serbia 48-hours warlike ultimatum
• July 28th, Austria declared war on Serbia.
• Great nations involved
• More than 85,000,000 died or killed in battles
• November 11th, 1918, the Germans signed a general
armistice.
19. Air Power in World War I
- Early Stage of a Technological and Military Development
- Link to Automobile Industry
- Little Knowledge of the Aerodynamics of Control
- Begin to merit respect over land and sea in 1917
20. Major Sequence of the Air War in WW I
August, 1914
May, 1915
February,1916
1917
Aerial Killer
Zeppelins attack London
“Red Baron”Flying Circus
Verdun Battle, the
genesis of Tac Air Ops
German Gotha,strategic
bombardment
25. Roles of Air Power in World War I
At the Outbreak: Observation, Communication, Reconnaissance
:
By the end
Doctrine was rudimentary
:
Control of The Air, Strategic Air Power,
Development of Bomber, Close Air Support
เรือเหาะแบบ C.23A ของกองการบินทหารเรืออังกฤษ ใช้ ในภารกิจลาดตระเวนชายฝั่ ง
เรือเหาะแบบ C.23A ของกองการบินทหารเรืออังกฤษ ใช้ ในภารกิจลาดตระเวนชายฝั่ ง
26. Heritage and Lessons of the First Great Air War
Air
War as Mahanian Assets
Matching men weapons
High Command in
Casualties
and doctrine
a time of revolutionary technological Change
in the Air Arms Were Reduced Proportionately
Prototype of Future War
Underlying the development
of Air Power Doctrine: the
Interaction of Technology, Experience (history) and ideas (theory)
27. The First Air Force Manual
ROYAL FLYING CORPS, TRAINING MANUAL, 1914
28. Royal Air Force
1 April 1918
The First Independent Air Force was formed
29. ช่ วงต่ อระหว่ างสงคราม
The Interwar Years
Air Power Theorists: The True Believers
General Giulio Douhet
Air Marshal Hugh Montague Trenchard
General William Billy Mitchell
31. Command of the Air:
General Giulio Douhet
Command of the air means being in
a position to prevent the enemy
from flying and at the same time
guaranteeing this faculty for
oneself.
General Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air, 1921
32. Command of the Air:
General Giulio Douhet
In order to guarantee national
defence, it is necessary and
sufficient to be in position to obtain
the command of the air, in the event
of a conflict.
General Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air, 1921
33. Command of the Air:
General Giulio Douhet
The bombing action should destroy
completely the targets aimed at, so
that it is not necessary to repeat the
operation.
General Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air, 1921
34. Command of the Air:
General Giulio Douhet
By means of Air Attacks it is possible to cut
off the hostile army and navy from their
bases and bring about within the enemy
country all kinds of destruction which are
capable of rapidly breaking down both
material and morale resistance.
General Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air, 1921
35. Command of the Air:
General Giulio Douhet
The command of the air can only
be obtained by adequate air
strength.
General Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air, 1921
50. World War II
SITUATION:
• September 1st, 1939, Germany invaded Poland.
• September 3rd, England and France demanded Germany
withdraw its troops, Germany refused, A war was declared.
51. World War II
Britain, France, Russia
Canada, Australia,
New Zealand,
the Union of South
Africa, India.
Germany
Italy
Japan
54. Adolf Hitler, center, and an aide discuss airplane maneuvers with Hermann
Goering, right, head of Germany's Luftwaffe (air force) during World War II.
55. Aircraft in WW II
• The Luftwaffe's planes included the Messerschmitt Me 109,
Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and Messerschmitt Me 262, all fighters,
unkers Ju 87 Stuka and the Dornier bombers.
• The RAF were the fighters Hawker Tempest and Westland
Whirlwind, the bombers Avro Lancaster, Short Stirling, Halifax,
and Bristol Blenheim MK-1, and the fighter-bomber De
Havilland Mosquito.
• The American fighters were the North American P-51
Mustang, Lockheed P-38 Lightning, Grumman F6F Hellcat,
Chance-Vought F4U Corsair, the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress,
the Consolidated B-24, the North American B-25 Mitchell, the
Martin B-26 Marauder and the Boeing B-29 Superfortresses.
• The famous Japanese fighters were the Mitsubishi A6M Zero,
or "Zeke," and the Nakajima Ki 43 "Oscar.“
• Soviet fighter planes included the Lavochkin La-5 and the
Yakovlev Yak-3 and Yak-9.
Mustang
Avro Lancaster
Kitty Hawk
Spitfire
56. Air Power in World War II
Blitzkrieg
Battle of Britain
Pearl Harbour
Battle of Midway
57. Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg (or blitz), fierce, sudden warfare designed to bring quick surrender; especially
an offensive combining bombardment from air with rapid invasion by mechanized ground
forces; first notable use 1939 when Germans invaded Poland; name German for "lightning
war"
58. Blitzkrieg in Poland
• 1 September 1939
• Germany’s military surprise to Poland
• Target: Massing of Air Power Bombing
airdromes railways, roads, cities,
communications and vital war centers in
close co-operation with motorized units
• Air Operations: Offensive Counter Air, Air
Interdiction, Close Air Support (CAS)
Theory of Blitzkrieg using
planes, tanks and motorized
columns had been developed by
G e n e r a l D o u h e t .
59. Battle of Britain
Date: 10 July – 31 October 1940
Object: To achieve air supremacy over southern England as a
prerequisite to a cross-Cannel invasion
Leader: Germany: Herman Goering; Britain: Sir Hugh Dowding
Numbers: Germans – 2,600 aircraft of all types; RAF – 644 fighters
Casualties: 1,700 German and 600 British aircraft lost.
Result: The failure to gain air superiority quickly made Hitler lose
enthusiasm for invasion. Instead he tried to bomb Britain into
submission, but his desire to invade Russia brought this to and end in
May 1941
60. Battle of Britain
• July - August 1940
• The German’s bombing of Britain - London Blitz
• British: Spitfire, Hurricane
• Germany: Messerschmitt Me-109, Me-110;
Bomber: Junker Ju-88, Donier Do-17, Heinkel
He-111, Junker Ju-87 “Stuka”
• Nazis : British Air Power 4 : 1
• Targets: Ports, Industrial cities, Airfields, Inland
industrial cities,
61. Battle of Britain
• The British fighter planes were fast, well
maneuvered.
•The significant role of Fighter Escort
• Intelligence is important for
Commander’s Decision.
• The invention of Radio Direction Finding
(RDF).
• The British held command of the air
over their own island
• Military Deception
• Concentration of Force
• Danger remained but less immediate
• 14,000 civilians had been killed in London
Blitz but their will to resist had been
heightened under attack.
63. Pearl Harbour
• Date: Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941
• Object: To disable the American fleet in order to wage a war of
conquest across the eastern Pacific without opposition
• Japanese air attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor.
• Brought the United States into World War II.
• The first wave of 183 planes, arrived at approximately 7:50 AM.
• Types of A/C: Bomber: Nakajima B5N2 model 11, Aichi D3A1 model 11
Fighter: Mitsubishi A6M2 model 11 (Zero)
64. Pearl Harbour
• The Japanese goal was to destroy the ships on Battleship Row and
the airplanes on the ground at the Naval Air Station and Wheeler
Field and Hickam Field nearby.
• A second wave of 168 inflicting maximum damage.
• Casualties: The Arizona and the Oklahoma were destroyed. The
Nevada, the California, and the West Virginia need repairing, 347
aircraft were demolished. More than 2,300 American military
personnel were killed, 1,100 were wounded.
66. Pearl Harbour
Result:
• Great Surprise
• American aircraft carriers were not in port when the attack came,
and carriers would prove pivotal in fighting the Pacific War.
• The Japanese did not bomb the vast oil supply, leaving a huge fuel
supply for the ships and planes that did survive
68. Battle of Midway
Date: 3-6 June 1942
Object: Japan wished to capture the Midway Islands
Casualties: Japanese – 4 Carriers, 1 Heavy Cruiser, 322
Aircraft; US – 1 Carrier, 1 Destroyer, 150 Aircraft
Result: Midway forced the Japanese onto the Defensive.
Never again could they risk a major fleet-versus-fleet action.
69. The End of World War II
Atomic Bombs against Japan - Terror Bombing
70. Achievement of the Air Power in World War II
THE TACTICAL AIR FORCE
• Genesis by stunning success of the swift German Blitzkrieg in
Poland
• Tactical air force operated with land forces demanding sound
command and control
• The successes continued in Holland, Belgium, France in 1940;
Yugoslavia, Greece, Russia in 1941
• These served as a lesson in application of combat power.
• Allied development of tactical air force started with trail and error.
• Tactical air forces were to play a key role in the Allied D-Day
landing at Normandy in June 1944.
71. Achievement of the Air Power in World War II
THE AIR WAR AT SEA
• The influence of aircraft on the maritime environment was one of
the major features of the conflict.
• The involvement consisted of surveillance, maritime strike, defense
of maritime asset.
• The anti-submarine role became a central role of RAF.
• Carrier-borne air operations were to be a significant feature of the
war on the Pacific.
• Attacking Pearl Harbor and Midway were naval battle beyond
visual range without conventional naval gunfire exchanges.
72. Achievement of the Air Power in World War II
THE STRATEGIC BOMBING
• The bombing campaign was carried out at high cost.
• The conduct of meaningful strategic campaign was beyond
Germany’s reach because of lacking heavy bombers required.
• The US embarked on strategic bombing campaign based on
doctrine
• Mass became the answer to the lack of accuracy.
• Strategic result never achieved the results as predicted by the
classical theorists.
• Atomic era was expected by some strategists.
73. The Post-World War II period
• Berlin Airlift
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
74. The Post-World War II period
Berlin Airlift
1948
Air Power in Logistic Aspect
75. The Post-World War II period
Conflict between North Korean
and Chinese Communist forces
Korean War
and United Nations troops;
arising from advance of North
Koreans over 38th parallel into
South Korea; truce signed 1953.
1950 – 1953
77. THE LESSONS:
The Post-World War II period • Air Power alone cannot win the war
• Problem with doctrine
• Strategic bombardment was politically
Korean War
unacceptable
• The rebirth of tactical air power (CAS,
AI, and Air Superiority)
• Centralized control/decentralized
execution is critical
1950 – 1953
• Need for comprehensive plan for
employing air power
79. SITUATION:
The Post-World War II period • French lost and withdrawed
by the battle of Dien Bien Fhu
in 1954.
• Vietnam was partitioned at
the 17th parallel.
• The United States the only
power supporting antiCommunist South
Vietnamese against
aggression by pro-Communist
Viet Minh and Viet Cong.
• Ended with Communist
victory in April 1975.
Vietnam War
1955 – 1975
80. The Post-World War II period OBJECTIVES:
• Preserve South Vietnam as
Vietnam War
an independent,
noncommunist state
• Deter “strategically
persuade” North Vietnam
against interfering with South
Vietnam
1955 – 1975
• Avoid Soviet / Chinese
intervention
81. CONCLUSION:
The Post-World War II period • Political Control was
imposed on strategic bombing
against the North.
• Tactical air operations in the
South : air mobility, medical
evacuation of casualties,
CAS.
• Important lessons concern
the science of targeting
• Historical, social, culture
perspective of the opponent
must be considered.
Vietnam War
1955 – 1975
82. THE LESSONS:
The Post-World War II period
• Unclear objectives
• Poor targets process &
selection
• Political concerns and
constraints
• Military leadership and
organizational deficiencies
and interservice rivalries
• No single air commander
with overall responsibility
Vietnam War
1955 – 1975
84. The Post-World War II period
SITUATION:
The Arab-Israel Wars
Arabs conduct endless anti-Israel
rhetoric and terrorist attacks.
OBJECTIVE:
Six Day War
Gain Air Superiority with surprise
attack and then use army / airforce
combination to defeat Arab armies
in Sainai and Golan Heights to
acquire a “Buffer” from further Arab
aggression and terrorist attacks.
85. The Post-World War II period • The third Arab-Israeli War.
• Lasted June 5-10, 1967.
The Arab-Israel Wars • Began with surprise attack to
Egypt Air Force.
• Israel destroyed Egyptian Air
Force and won the conflict.
• Israel gained Old City of
Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza
Strip, Golan Heights, and West
Bank, all of which remained
points of contention with Arabs,
except the Sinai, which Israel
formally returned to Egypt in
1979.
Six Day War
86. The Post-World War II period LESSONS LEARNED:
• The IAF’s objective changed from
The Arab-Israel Wars
air superiority / offensive counter
air to the close air support /
interdiction role
Six Day War
• The Israel Army easily defeated
the Arab armies (Egyptian and
Syrian) after the surprise air
attack
• Time and Tempo
• Military Deception
88. The Post-World War II period
The Arab-Israel Wars
OBJECTIVES:
• Militarily, Egyptians wants the
Yom Kippur War
Sinai and Syrians wanted Golan
Heights back
• Anwar Sadat decided to attack
Israel to save “Face”
OCTOBER 1973
89. The Post-World War II period SITUATION:
The Arab-Israel Wars
• The war broke out on Yom Kippur,
the day of Atonement, October
6th, 1973
Yom Kippur War
• Egyptian and Syrian armies
invaded the Sainai along the Suez
Canal and the Golan Heights
along the Syrian border
OCTOBER 1973
90. The Post-World War II period SITUATION:
The Arab-Israel Wars
• IAF attacked back Arabs’ ground
forces, missile batteries and
guarding their sky
Yom Kippur War
• IAF performed strategic raids
beyond enemy territories &
support of IDA
• Israel repel the Arabs far beyond
OCTOBER 1973
its lines.
91. The Post-World War II period LESSONS LEARNED:
• Achieving surprise by attacking at
The Arab-Israel Wars 1400 instead of 1800
• Air superiority is a must otherwise
the army can’t function
• Combined arms required for
victory
• Localized air control can be
achieved by an Integrated Air
Defense System
• Effective helicopter and air
transport for rescue and
OCTOBER 1973
evacuation of casualties
Yom Kippur War
93. Battle for Falkland
SITUATION:
• Argentina seizure of the Falkland / Malvinas on 2 April, South Georgia on 3
April
• 25 April,The British, recaptured South Georgia
• 1 May, Recaptured Falkland / Air attacks on Stanley airfield
• 2 May, Argentine cruiser General Belgrano was sunk by the British SSN, HMS
Conqueror
• 4 May, HMS Sheffield severely damaged by Argentine Navy Super Etendard’s
Exocet
• 21 May, Task Force Landed at San Carlos Water
• 27 May, The British land forces moved from San Carlos Water across East
Falkland and isolated the majority of the Argentine land forces within the
Stanley area.
•14 June, the Argentine commander in the islands surrendered
98. The Gulf War
THE SITUATION:
• 2 August 90, Saddam Hussaein’s invasion of Kuwait, declared to be
Iraq’s 19th province
• 17 January 91, the US and 29 countries’ coalition forces attacked
Iraq in “Operation Desert Storm”.
• 26 February 91, Saddam announced a withdrawal from Kuwait
99. The Gulf War
OBJECTIVES OF THE AIR CAMPAIGN PLAN
• Establish air superiority
• Isolate and incapacitate the Iraqi Leadership
• Destroy Iraq’s nuclear, biological and chemical
warfare capability
• Eliminate Iraq’s offensive military capability
• Eject the Iraq Army from Kuwait
101. THE INITIAL RAIDS
The Gulf War
• H - Hour - 30: Cruise missiles launched from the Persian Gulf and
• Red Sea.
• Ten minutes later: 8 Apaches took out 2 forward radar sites in
• southern Iraq to allow F-15Es through to attack static Scud sites
• F-17s went in to drop 1st bomb on key C2 targets in & around Bagdad
• at H- Hour
• A few minuets later: the cruise missile began arrive
• 20-25 minutes after: The Ews Packages arrived for SEAD preparing for
• Strike aircraft
• The Raids by initial attack Package
102.
103. The Gulf War 1991
แนวความคิดของ
Warden
“Inside Out Warfare”
“Simultaneity”
“Enemy as a system”
“Five Ring Model”
“Parallel Warfare”
“Precision Warfare”
104. CENTER OF GRAVITY
IDENTIFIED > ANALYSED > DESTROY
FIELD MILITARY
POPULATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
ORGANIC ESSENTIAL
LEADERSHIP
105. The Gulf War
1. INSIDE-OUT WARFARE VS ALL-OUT WAR
INSIDEALL2. SIMULTANEITY STRATEGIC PARALYSIS
3. PARALLEL WARFARE
4. INSTANT THUNDER VS ROLLING THUNDER
5. ALL ALONE WINNER - ONE SIDE AFFAIR
6. END STATE
7. DEATH by a Thousand CUTS
8. HIGHWAY of DEATH
9. RMA : Revolution in Military Affairs
108. KOSOVO
THE SITUATION:
• The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisted of six
republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. The republic of Serbia contains
the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina.
• Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia had seceded
from Yugoslavia during 1991-1992
109. THE SITUATION:
KOSOVO
• 1998, Fighting erupted in Kosovo between Albanian nationalists
and Serbian forces.
• 1999, Following the forced expulsion of Albanians from Kosovo,
NATO launched an air war against Serbia and Montenegro in order
to prevent a humanitarian crisis.
• The Strike started on March 24th, 1999
• June 3rd, 1999, Slobodan Milosevic surrendered
110. Post- Gulf War
KOSOVO
Air Power – the weapon of first political choice
• Follow a success of air power in the Gulf War, air power became
the first political choice
• Target selection depended on the multi-national political direction of
the conflict
• Air power alone was successful in this conflict
116. RDO AMERICAN STYLE
The Integration of of
Combat Strategy
Technology and Innovation
Halan K. Liiman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance, 2002
117. THE RAPID DOMINANCE
FULL USE OF CAPABILITIES WITHIN A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
INTRODUCE A REGIME OF SHOCK AND AWE
ENSURE FAVORABLE EARLY RESOLUTION OF ISSUES AT MINIMAL
LOSS.
140. Principle of War
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Unity of Command
Objective
Offensive
Mass
Maneuver
Economy of Force
Security
Surprise
Simplicity
1.
Selection and
Maintenance of the Aim
2. Maintenance of Morale
3. Security
4. Surprise
5. Offensive Action
6. Concentration of Force
7. Economy of Effort
8. Flexibility
9. Cooperation
10. Sustainability
1.
Selection and
Maintenance of the Aim
2. Concentration of Force
3. Cooperation
4. Economy of Effort
5. Security
6. Offensive Action
7. Surprise
8. Flexibility
9. Administration
10. Morale
141. Principle of War
Russian Air Arms
1. Aggressiveness
2. Surprise
3. Fire Power and Maneuver
4. Perfection in the Execution