گرامر

‫دﺳﺘﻮر‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮر‬
‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫وﺑﺴﺎﯾﺖ‬ :‫ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻓﻮﻧﺎﺗﯿﻢ‬
2
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫)در‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫و‬ ‫درس‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﻬﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ .‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﮕﯽ‬ ‫دﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬
‫دوره‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫را‬ ‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮري‬ (‫دﮐﺘﺮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارﺷﺪ‬ ،‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ‬ ‫رﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮاﻫﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻢ‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰوه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮدﺷﻮن‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﺒﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺮاه‬
،
‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫وﺑﺴﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫اداﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻮوﻟﯿﺖ‬
‫م‬
‫اداﮐﻨ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻢ‬
‫و‬
‫از‬
‫ﺳﻮي‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﯿﺪوارم‬ .‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫راﯾﮕﺎن‬ ‫آﻣﻮزﺷﻬﺎي‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ز‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻮر‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫درﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪي‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﺮاغ‬
‫ي‬
‫ﺑﺮوﯾﺪ‬
‫ام‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوره‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
.
‫ارادﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪي‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫از‬
‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫را‬
‫در‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫آﯾﺪي‬
‫زﯾﺮ‬
‫دﻧﺒﺎل‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
‫و‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫رو‬
‫دوﺳﺘﺎن‬
‫ﺧﻮدﺗﻮ‬
‫ن‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
!
@fonateam
‫اﯾﻨﺴﺘﺎﮔﺮام‬
https://www.instagram.com/Dr.MehdiBazyar/
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺗﯿﻤﯽ‬
‫از‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
‫و‬
‫آﻣﻮزش‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺷﺎن‬
‫اراﺋﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮ‬
‫وژ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ﮐ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اوﻟﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎر‬
‫در‬
‫اﯾﺮان‬
‫در‬
‫ﺣﻮزه‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
‫و‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬
.
https://fonateam.com/

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
3
‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫از‬ ... ‫و‬ ‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎن‬ ،‫اﺷﯿﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اﺳﻢ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻣﯽ‬
S
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬
o, ss, ch, sh, x
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
es
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
:
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ a bag, a book, a tree, ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ bags, books, trees,
an orange, an apple ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ oranges, apples
Boxes, buses , watches = ‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ es
:‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬
:‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫آ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ،‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫رﯾﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻣﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬
:
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
Tooth: teeth
Foot: feet
Datum: data
Stratum: strata
Phenomenon: phenomena
:‫ب‬
‫اﮐﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ‬
f
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻢ‬
ves
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
Thief: thieves ‫)دزد‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
(
Leaf: leaves ‫)ﺑﺮﮔ‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬
(

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
4
Wolf: wolves ‫)ﮔﺮﮔ‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬
(
:‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ‬ :‫ج‬
fish
‫و‬ (‫)ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬
deer
(‫)آﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
:
fishes
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
‫ﺧﻮدﺷﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬ :‫د‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ذاﺗ‬
(‫ﻣﺮدم‬ ،‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬ ،‫)ﮔﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ :‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
People, tribe, police, team
The people are talking
‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ :‫ه‬
‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﯽ‬
Man: men
Woman: women
Child: children
Mouse: mice
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮاره‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ :‫و‬
،
‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
،‫ـﺪ‬
‫ـ‬‫دارﻧ‬ ‫ـﺎم‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ،‫اﺳﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫؛‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:
hair
‫و‬
information
‫و‬
news
This news makes everyone happy

‫ﺣ‬
:‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﺪادار‬ ‫ﺮوف‬
5
‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
26
‫ـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
o, e, i ,u , a
‫و‬ ‫ـﺪادارﻧﺪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺻ‬
.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
:
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬ :‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﭼﯿﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
=
's
Ali’s father, Ali’s book
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬
s
‫و‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
s
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
‫از‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫در‬
s’
:‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
5
My brother’s cars are Porsche.
‫ﭼﯿﺰ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬ :‫ب‬
The leg of table or Table leg
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬
:
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ‬
!‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬
(‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
Little time A little money
Much rice A great deal of butter )
(‫ﮐﺮه‬ ‫زﯾﺎدي‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ (‫ب‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
Several students, Few minutes, A few bags, Many tables
‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ +‫اﺳﻢ‬+ s
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ (‫ج‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫؛‬
Some (rice, apples)
Any (money, students)
More (hair, pupils)
Most (time, students)
All (time, bags)
A lot of, Lots of
‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
the
،
a
،
an
‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
the
:

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
12
He kicked Hassan (him).

:‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺎﯾ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮي‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﮕﺎه‬
I We
You You
He )
‫ﻣﺬﮐﺮ‬
( , She (‫)ﻣﻮﻧﺚ‬, It ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﺷﯿﺎ‬
‫ﯿ‬
(‫ﻮاﻧﺎت‬ They
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫دا‬
.‫د‬

:‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬
.‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﯾﺮي‬
Me us
You you
Him
Her them
it
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
(‫اﻟﻒ‬
) ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ :‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
(
To wash ‫ﺷﺴﺘﻦ‬, To walk ‫ﭘﯿﺎده‬
‫روي‬
‫ﮐﺮدن‬
To watch ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎه‬, to go, to see, to cut, to put
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎن‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ :
‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
to
‫اﺳﺖ‬
:
Wash, Walk, Watch, Go, See, Cut, Put

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
13
:‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ (‫ب‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
past
1
(
‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
d
‫ﯾﺎ‬
ed
(
:
Washed, Walked, Watched
2
‫ﺑﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ (
(‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
(1) (2) (3)
Go went gone
See saw seen
Cut cut cut
Put put put (p.p.)
:‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ (‫پ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
Past Participle
(P.P.)
:
:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬
2
(
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ :
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺮدن‬
d
‫ﯾﺎ‬
ed
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫درﺳﺖ‬
:
Washed, Walked, Watched
2
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ (
‫ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
)
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬
(
(1) (2) (3) P.P.
Go went gone
See saw seen
Cut cut cut
Put put put (p.p.)
‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫در‬ :
‫ﺳ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬ ‫ﺎﺧﺘﻬﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫رود‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﮑﺎر‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
14
:‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﮐﻤﮏ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
(‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
to be
:
‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
:
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ (I) Am, (He, She, It) is
:
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ (we, you, they) are
Am , is ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ (was)
are ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ (were)
He is a student he was a student
They are students (‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬) They were students
‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫در‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ .‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
to be
‫ر‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ا‬
:‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزي‬
He is (‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫)ﺑﻪ‬ a student
‫ﺳﻮاﻟ‬
‫ﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺮدن‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬
Yes & No
:‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻮض‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ :
Is he a student?
Yes he is
No he is not
‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬
‫اﺳﻢ‬ + ly → ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
Mouth + ly = ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
Friendly = ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
15
‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ + ly → ‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬
Slow + ly = slowly
Common + ly = commonly
usual + ly = usually
slight + ly= slightly
‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
:
.‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬ ‫واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪودي‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ ‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
get , become , be ،taste ،smell ،SOUND ،seem ،feel،
It is beautiful
The weather became cold
It is getting dark
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ،‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ـﺮ‬
‫ـ‬‫دﯾﮕ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬ .‫ﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬
‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
Ali comes cold (‫)ﻏﻠﻂ‬
Ali comes slowly (‫)درﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
:‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
1
-
‫ﺑﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ن‬
(‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫)در‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﺣﺎل‬ ،‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬ :
2
-
‫زﻣﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ن‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدت‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
16
3
-
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ،‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﮕﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫و‬
:‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The sun (it) rises from east and sets in the west
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
،
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
s
‫ﯾﺎ‬
es
‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫آﻧﻬ‬ ‫ـﺮ‬
‫ـ‬‫آﺧ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫)ﺑﺮاي‬
o, ss, ch, sh, x
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ (‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
I go to university every day
She goes to university every day
 Iron ----- when it is heated
1) Expand 2) Expanded 3) expanding 4) expands
‫ﺗﮑﺮار‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻮد‬
:
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
،
:‫روﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫وﻟﯽ‬
Usually (‫)ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬, always (‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫)ﻫﻤﯿﺸ‬, often (‫ـﺐ‬
‫ـ‬‫)اﻏﻠ‬, Sometimes (‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺖ‬
‫ـ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫)ﺑﻌﻀ‬, Every (time,
day, week, month, year)
‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ = never (‫)ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ scarcely, Barely, Hardly (‫ﻧﺪرت‬ ‫)ﺑﻪ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺮار‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬
:‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
He always (never) goes to the park
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫)ﻧﯿﺎزي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
not
(‫ـﺪارد‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬
،
‫ـﺮاي‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫اﻣ‬
‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺖ‬
،
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﯽ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
11
‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﯽ‬
:
.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫در‬
I saw myself in the mirror
‫ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪي‬
.‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬ :
I myself went to school. I went to school by my self
By myself = alone
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
‫در‬
‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺎرﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ + ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯽ‬
‫زد‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
:‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫در‬
 Subject + verb (‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ +‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫)ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + object+ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﻪ‬
+ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
+‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
)
(
+
)
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺬف‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﭻ‬
(
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
)
‫ﻧ‬
(‫ﻬﺎد‬
:
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
(‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫)ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮي‬
.

‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ (‫)ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬
:‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ =
‫در‬
:‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
)
‫ﻧﻬﺎد‬
(
‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎ‬
‫ي‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬
.
‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ز‬
) ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ارﺟﺎع‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬
(
Ali kicked Hassan.

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
17
‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬
‫ﺧﯿﺮ‬/‫ﺑﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫در‬ :
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐﻤﮑ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻮض‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬ ،‫ﻧﺪارﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﭼﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ .
do
‫و‬
does
(‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫)اﮔﺮ‬
‫ا‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
Does he always go (‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ es) to the park?
Do they (‫)ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ come (‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫)ﻓﻌﻞ‬ here every week?
Yes, they do ‫ﯾﺎ‬ No, they do not
:‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ف‬
‫اﺑﺘﺪاي‬ ‫در‬
‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫در‬
‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺰرگ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮر‬ ،‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ،
،
،‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ﭼﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎص‬
...
‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
:
They do not come……
They don't come………. Ali is not a student.
:‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
،‫ـﺖ‬
‫ـ‬‫اﺳ‬ ‫ـﺪه‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ (‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫)و‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ـﻦ‬
‫ـ‬‫اﯾ‬ ‫از‬
‫زﻣ‬
‫ﺎ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ن‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
V + ed
He went (‫ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫ﻻزم؛‬ ‫)ﻓﻌﻞ‬ to school yesterday?
)
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬
‫ﻧﺪ‬
‫ار‬
‫ﯾﻢ‬
(
They (we, I) went to school.
:‫ﻗﯿﻮد‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
18
Two (years, weeks,…) ago, last (week, year, day,…), yesterday
:‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬
‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐﻤﮑ‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐ‬ ‫ـﺪﯾﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫دﯾ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫اﻣ‬ !‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻮض‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬
!‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﯿﻢ‬
ِ‫ﯽ‬‫ﮐﻤﮑ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫داﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
ِ‫ي‬‫درآورد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
DID
!‫ﺷﻮﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
Did he go to school yesterday?
She cuts her hand (‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫)ﺣﺎل‬
She cut her hand last week(‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫)ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
Did she cut her hand last week?
Yes, she did ‫ﯾﺎ‬ No, she didn't
They watched TV this morning
They did not watch (ed‫ﺣﺬف‬) TV
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫در‬
‫ـﺎن‬
‫ـ‬‫زﻣ‬ ‫ـﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧﺸ‬ ‫ـﮏ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺟﻤﻠ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ـﺒﻼ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫زﯾﺮا‬
‫ﮔ‬
‫ـﺘﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺬﺷ‬
)
DID
(
‫اﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﮑﺎر‬ ‫را‬
.
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
:
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫رود‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
To be (am, is, are) + v + ing
Ali is playing football now
:
‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ Is Ali playing football now?
Yes, He is ‫ﯾ‬
‫ﺎ‬ No, he isn't

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
19
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮارادي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺴﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎﻟﯽ‬
:‫ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺋﯿﺪن‬ ،‫ﺷﻨﯿﺪن‬ ،‫ﭼﺸﯿﺪن‬
..
.
‫ـﻮرت‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑﺼ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫اﯾﻨﮑ‬ ‫ـﺮ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣﮕ‬
‫ارادي‬
‫روﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﮑﺎر‬
:
I'm smelling a flower.
This food tastes good
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫از‬ :
‫د‬
‫ﮔﺬ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ر‬
‫ﺷ‬
‫ﺘﻪ‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺧﺎص‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬
Was, were + V + ing
I was playing tennis yesterday at this time.
I was playing tennis yesterday at 5 o' clock.
They were playing tennis yesterday at 5 o' clock.
‫ﻧﻘﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﯽ‬
:
present perfect
‫)ﺣﺎل‬
‫ﮐ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬ :(
‫ﺑ‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯿﺎن‬
‫ـﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬
) ‫اﻓﺘﺎده‬ ‫اﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫و‬
(
‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬ ،
‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬
‫ـﻮاردي‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐ‬
‫در‬ ‫ـﺎر‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـﺪﯾﻦ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﭼﻨ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﮑﺮار‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ام‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫رﻧﮓ‬ ‫را‬ ‫دﯾﻮار‬ ،‫ام‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﺎز‬ ‫را‬ ‫در‬
.
Have, has + PP
It, he, she + has
I, we, you, they + have
I have seen many dragon parades (‫اژدﻫﺎ‬ ‫)ﺟﺸﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
29
Either Ali or Hassan will come here
‫ﻧﻪ‬ .... ‫ﻧﻪ‬
Neither………….nor
Neither is he playing football nor is he studying his lessons
Neither is he hungry nor is he tired
‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬
Neither…….nor
‫اﺑﺘﺪاي‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
،‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
‫ﺷﮑ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻮض‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬ .‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫درﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬
‫داﺷﺖ‬
Not only..… But also
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫)ﻧﻪ‬
....
(‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬
Not only is he hungry but also is dined
‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻠ‬
‫دوﺑﺎره‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫)ﭼﻮن‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻮض‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬
not only
‫اﺑﺘ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺪاي‬
‫ﻣ‬
(‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﯽ‬
Not only Ali but also my parents are tired.
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬
،
‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
parents
.‫ﮔﯿﺮﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫در‬
.‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﺘﺮ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
Both…. And…..
‫)ﻫﻢ‬
.....
‫ﻫﻢ‬
.....
(
‫ﺟﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻮا‬
‫ﻫ‬
.‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺪ‬
Both Ali and my parents are tired.
(‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫)اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫وﺟﻬﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎري‬ ،‫واﺟﺐ‬ ،‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫آﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
30
‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ‬ ‫وﺟﻬﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
I
can do it.
could do it.
had better do it.
may do it.
might do it.
must do it.
should do it.
We ought to do it.
You shall do it.
They will do it.
I can play football
Can I close the door? (Informal)
Could
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫در‬
can
‫رود‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
Could I close the door (formal)?
(a) Would you mind if I closed the window?
(b) Would you mind if used the phone?
(c) Would you mind closing the window?
(d) Excuse me. Would you mind repeating that?
‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
may
‫آن‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬
Might
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ـﺎل‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ـﺎن‬
‫ـ‬‫زﻣ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ـﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
May I open the window (formal)
He might come to class tomorrow
have to = must
‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰام‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬
have to
‫و‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
.‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدل‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫اوﻗﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬
I must study hard to pass the exam
You must study hard to pass your exam. (advice)
It’s 2 o' clock in the morning, the sky must be dark? (conclusion= 95% SURE)
I have got to go now. I have a class in ten minutes.
Should = ought to = had better
TYPICAL RESPONSES
No. I'd be happy to.
Not at all. I'd be glad to.
Sure./Okay. (informal)

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
35
The shoes are too small (for me) to wear
‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫دو‬
too
‫و‬
enough
Enough
‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮده‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫در‬
«‫ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫»ﺑﻪ‬
: ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬
adj + enough
enough + n
Ali is old enough to go to school
I have enough money to buy a car
Too
‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ :
‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬
.‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ‫و‬
Ali is too weak to carry the rock
Hassan is too short to reach the shelf
Too + adj + (to v)
:‫ﭘﯿﺮو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
23
‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﯽ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬
(‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫)ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬
:
‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐ‬ ‫ـﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫دوره‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫روي‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺣ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮا‬ ‫ﺎل‬
‫ر‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫و‬
 Had + been + V + ing
‫ﺑﻮدم‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﺮم‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
I had been washing the dishes before my wife arrived.
She had been eating the chocolates by the time Alice arrived
‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
:‫دارﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
will & be going to
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫وﻗﺘﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻮﯾﯽ‬
‫از‬ ‫ـﻮان‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
:‫ﮐﺮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻫﺮدو‬
(a) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow.
(b) According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
(c) Be careful! You'll hurt yourself!
(d) Watch out! You're going to hurt yourself!

‫ﻗﻄﻌﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮارادي‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻣﯿﺪواري‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ،
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
Will
:‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬
A: The phone's ringing.
B: I will get it.
A: I don't understand this problem.
B: Ask your teacher about it. She'll help you.

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اﻋ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ارادي‬ ‫ﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺠﺎي‬
will
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫روﺑﺮو‬ ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬
Be + going to + V

‫از‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
Will
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫رﯾﺰي‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻈﺮ‬
‫ـﯿﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺮده‬
‫و‬
‫از‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ‬
be going to
‫ـﺰي‬
‫ـ‬‫رﯾ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣ‬ ‫ـﯿﺶ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬
‫ﯿ‬
.‫ﻢ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
36
‫اﻟﻒ‬
-
‫ﺟﻤ‬
:‫ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬ ‫ﻼت‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺗﯽ‬
(main clause)
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ـﺪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﭼﻨ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫و‬
‫ـﺎ‬
‫ـ‬‫)ﯾ‬ ‫ـﺮو‬
‫ـ‬‫ﭘﯿ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻤﻠ‬
‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
subordinate clause
.‫ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ (
‫ﻣﺠﻤ‬ :‫ﭘﯿﺮو‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻮ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﯾﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ،‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻋﻪ‬
I was watching TV when he called
‫اﻟﻒ‬
-
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
)
‫وار‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
(
‫اﺳﻤﯿﻪ‬
(noun clause)
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
١
-
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
is a teacher
li
A
٢
-
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
Hassan
kicked
he
S
٣
-
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ + ‫اﺳﻢ‬
in the class
was teaching
I
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫اﺳﻤﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫روﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺗﯽ‬ :
.‫ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
How is his house?
I don’t know how his house is.
I don’t know his house
I don’t know the answer
I don't know what the answer is
What is the answer?
I was painting. She was looking at my painting.
She was looking at what I was painting

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
37
It is true. Many people are starving. → It is true that many people are starving
Where he lives is not important.
‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﮕﺎه‬
What time is it? I don't know. → I don’t know what time it is (‫اﺳﻤﯿﻪ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ا‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳ‬
‫ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻤﯿﻪ‬
IT
‫ـﮏ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫آن‬ ،‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫دار‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ .‫دﻫﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
How this was organized was something I was curious about
‫ب‬
-
‫)وﺻﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
–
:(‫ﺻﻔﺘﯽ‬
Adjective clauses
‫ﻫﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺮوي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ / ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﻔﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
.‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫اﺳ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
(‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬ +‫)اﺳﻢ‬
Black board
‫اﻣﺎ‬
‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﯽ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫آﯾﺪ‬
(‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫)ﺿﻤﺎﯾﺮ‬ ‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ .‫دارد‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺮو‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاي‬ ‫در‬ :‫ﯾﺎدآوري‬
‫در‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠ‬
‫ﻪ‬
:‫از‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬
‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ + who + … 1
-
:‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
Ali works very hard. Ali is my friend. →
Ali who works very hard is my friend
The students missed the assignment. They were absent from the class →
The students who missed the assignment were absent from the class

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
38
2
-
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ +Whom + …
I saw the girl. You know the girl. → I saw the girl whom you know
3
-
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬
Which
‫ﭼﯿﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺷﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ +
I like the car. You bought the car → I like the car which you bought
She lectured on a topic. I know very little about the topic.
She lectured on a topic which I know very little about?
I am reading a book. It was written by Mrs. Austen.
I am reading a book which was written by Mrs. Austen.
4
-
‫ﭼﯿﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
That
‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ +
5
-
‫ﻣﻠﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
+ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮك‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
whose
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ +
The author has two sons. His books are famous →
The author whose books are famous has two sons.
I know a man. His name is Zeidan. → I know a man whose name is Zeidan
:‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
١
-
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬
be
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(am , is , are , was , were)
‫ـﻤﯿﺮ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ـﻮان‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﯽ‬
be
‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺬف‬ ‫را‬
‫اﯾﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬
‫ﮑ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬ ‫ﻪ‬
All over the world there are people [who are polluting the land]

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
39
All over the world there are people polluting the land
Most plastics [which are made from oil] are difficult to recycle
Most plastics made from oil are difficult to recycle
٢
-
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
be
‫را‬ ‫ـﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣﻮﺻ‬ ‫ـﻤﯿﺮ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ـﺪا‬
‫ـ‬‫اﺑﺘ‬ ‫ـﻮاﻧﯿﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ،‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺬف‬
ing
‫ﺑﯿ‬
.‫ﻔﺰاﯾﯿﻢ‬
In some countries people [who produce trash] are punished
In some countries people producing trash are punished
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ‬ :
what , why , where , when
‫روﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫در‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
١
-
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫زﻣ‬
‫ﺎن‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬
when
‫آن‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدل‬ ‫و‬
)
on which , at which , in which
(
‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ـ‬‫اﺳ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
I don’t know when she comes
٢
-
‫اﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ه‬
why
‫ﯾﺎ‬
for which
I'm not sure why (for which reason) he is late
٣
-
‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ(؛‬ ‫)ﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
where
‫ﻣﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫ل‬
‫آن‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
(on, in , at , to) which
Iran is a country where (in which) women wear scarf
۴
-
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واره‬
‫ﭼ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬ ‫ﯿﺰي‬
‫از‬
what
(‫)آﻧﭽﻪ‬
I gave him what he wanted
‫ج‬
-
:‫ﻗﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
)
Adverb Clause
(

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
40
‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺶ‬
‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬
(‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬ ‫)ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬
.‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬
١
-
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
)
‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬
(
‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
because , now that , since
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
:‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed = He went to bed because he was sleepy.
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬
Now that the semester is over, I'm going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮت‬ ‫ﺑﺮوم‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺖ‬ ‫را‬ ‫روزي‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺮم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮن‬
You failed the test since you didn’t study at all
٢
-
‫ﺟ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎرض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
Even though (although) the weather was cold, I went swimming
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺳﺮد‬ ‫ﻫﻮا‬ (‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫)اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮدي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫رﻓﺘﻢ‬
Though
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺪري‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
She was very sick; she didn’t take her medicine though
‫ﻧﺨﻮرد‬ ‫را‬ ‫داروﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺮﯾﺾ‬ ‫او‬
Mary is rich while (‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫)در‬ John is poor.
Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor.
٣
-
‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
:‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫رﺑﻄﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ :
If, whether or not, even if, in case, in the event that, unless, only if
If (in case, in the event that = ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬ ‫در‬) it rains, the streets get wet.
Whether or not ( ‫ﭼﻪ‬
‫آ‬
‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ره‬ ) he comes, she will leave here

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
41
Even if = ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﯿﺪن‬ ‫ﺳﻮال‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫و‬
WH-Question
1
(
Who
‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋ‬
‫دارد‬ ‫ﻠﯽ‬
(‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫)ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬
a) Who + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ + …
Who lives here?
b) Who + ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ + …
Who will take you to school?
4
(
Whom
‫دارد‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
(‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ ‫)ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬
Whom + ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
Whom did you call?
5
(
Which
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺪام‬
.‫رود‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮاﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
a) Which + ‫اﺻ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻠﯽ‬
‫ﮐ‬
‫ﻤﮑﯽ‬
Which was going to be repaired?
b) Which + ‫اﺳﻢ‬ + ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
Which window you broke?
c) Which + ‫اﺳﻢ‬ + ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
Which window did you break?
6
(
What
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰي‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ،‫ﭼﯿﺰي‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
a) What + ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ( ‫ﺑﺠﺎي‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬ )

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
42
What did you do?
b) What + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + … (‫ﺑﯿﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎي‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬)
What happened here?
7
(
Why , where , when
Why, where, when + ‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺎﻋﻞ‬ + ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
Why did you kill him?
Where did you go?
When will Ali come here?
8
(
Whose
:
Whose + ‫)ﻣ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻤ‬
(‫ﻠﻮك‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + )
((‫)ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
Whose book is this?
Whose father is he?
Whose father went to the party?
‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
:
‫اﻧﮕﻠ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ،‫ﯿﺴﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬
‫ﻢ‬
‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬
)
" "
(
.‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
The man said, “I polish it every day.”
:‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ،‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ـﻮل‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬
‫ـﺘﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮔﺬﺷ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـﺎده‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ،‫ـﺪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬
.‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬
I watch TV every day. → She said she watched TV everyday

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
46
‫در‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ،‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
) ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﯽ‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫از‬ ‫ـﺮط‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ـﻮاب‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ (‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
would
have + pp
If (‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﯽ‬ =‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬), + would (could) have + PP
If you had told me the truth, I couldn’t have killed him
If I had had enough money, I could have bought a car
:‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺬف‬
if
(a) Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
(b) Had I known, I would have told you.
(c) Should anyone call, please take a message
‫ﭘ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﯾ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ن‬
‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ :‫ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪي‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
47
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫را‬
‫در‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ا‬
‫ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫آﯾﺪي‬
‫زﯾﺮ‬
‫دﻧﺒﺎل‬
:‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
@fonateam
‫اﯾﻨﺴﺘﺎﮔﺮام‬
https://www.instagram.com/Dr.MehdiBazyar/
https://fonateam.com/
‫ﺗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻮ‬
،
‫اوﻟﯿﻦ‬
‫زارﮔﺎه‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼ‬
‫آﻣﻮزش‬
‫ﳖﺎی‬ ‫ز‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
‫اﯾﺮان‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﯿﻤﯽ‬
‫از‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
‫و‬
‫آﻣﻮزش‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺷﺎن‬
‫اراﺋﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮ‬
‫وژ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ﮐ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اوﻟﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎر‬
‫در‬
‫اﯾﺮان‬
‫در‬
‫ﺣﻮزه‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
‫و‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
33
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
would rather
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ .‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ،‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
would rather
‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫وﺟﻬﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ،‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
I would rather go to the movie than stay at home
‫ﻓﯿﻠ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫دﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ‬
‫ﻢ‬
.‫ﺧﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوم‬ ‫دﯾﺪن‬
‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬ ‫)در‬
2
‫ﺑﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ؛‬
‫ﺧﻮ‬ ،‫ﺑﺮوﯾﻢ‬
‫ا‬
(... ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮاﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﮔﺎه‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ،‫ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اول‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺎر‬
‫ـﺜﻼ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـ‬‫)ﮐ‬
ing
،
ed
(‫ﺑﮕﯿﺮد‬ ... ‫و‬
I started (‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬) to study two hours ago
‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
start
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
(to + V)
.‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
1
-
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ،‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوم‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬
Let, Help + V
My brother helped me wash my car = My brother helped me to wash my car
My father lets me drive his car.
2
-
‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ،‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
:‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
Regret
Neglect
Hate
Afford
Bear
Ask

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
34
Core
Appear
Agree
Consent
Come
Claim
Deserve
Demand
Deride
Wait
Seem
Refuse
Happen
Forget
Fail
Intend
Hesitate
hope
Mean
Manage
Learn
Pretend
Plain
Offer
Arrange
Tend
Remember
Beg
Attempt
Aim
Choose
Begin
Expect
Promise
love
Determine
start
‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬ :‫ب‬
‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ،‫اول‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
.‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
I forced him (Ali) to wash the car
tell someone to permit someone to force someone to need someone w
advise someone to** allow someone to ask someone to
encourage someone to warn someone to expect someone to
remind someone to require someone to would like someone to
invite someone to order someone to want someone to
3
-
‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ،‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺮاﻧﺪ‬
V + V+ing
enjoy quit (give up) avoid consider appreciate finish (get through)
postpone (put off) discuss mind stop delay mention
keep (keep on) suggest
GO + GERUND
go birdwatching go fishing* go sailing go skinnydipping
go boating go hiking go shopping go sledding go skiing
go bowling go hunting go sightseeing go snorkeling go running
go camping go jogging go skating go swimming go dancing
go canoeing/kayaking go mountain climbing go skateboarding

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
43
She said “I watch TV every day.”
I am watching TV → She said she was watching TV
I watch TV every day → She said she watched TV every day.
I am watching TV → She said she was watching TV.
I have watched TV → She said she had watched TV.
‫در‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ (‫ج‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎي‬
should, ought to, might
‫ـﯿﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬
،
‫ـﻮل‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎزي‬
‫آ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
:‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬
I should watch TV. She said she should watch TV
I ought to watch TV. She said she ought to watch TV
I might watch TV. She said she might watch TV
‫اﻧﺪﮐﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ،‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
:‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬ ‫او‬ ،‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬ ‫اﻻن‬ :‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫)ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬
.
(
‫ـﻮا‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻧ‬ ‫ـﺎن‬
‫ـ‬‫زﻣ‬ ‫رد‬
‫ـ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫دﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬
A: What did the teacher just say? I didn’t hear him! (‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬)
B: He said he wants us to red chapter six.
A: I didn’t go to class yesterday, Did Mr. Jones make any assignments? ( ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ )
B: Yes, he said he wanted us to read Chapter Six.
‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫واﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
(fact)
:
‫ـﺎره‬
‫ـ‬‫درﺑ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ذﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺗﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎز‬ ،‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻓﺘﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫آن‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻮن‬ ،‫دﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﮔﻮﯾﺎ‬
‫ي‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫واﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬
.‫ﺷﺪ‬
The world is rounded (‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
44
Ali said that the world is rounded (‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)
‫)ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ،‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺿ‬
‫ﻫ‬ ‫در‬ ،‫ـﺪ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬ ‫ـﺪه‬
‫ـ‬‫آﯾﻨ‬ ‫و‬ (‫ﻧﻘﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﯽ‬
‫ـﺎم‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻨﮕ‬
‫زﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ،‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫د‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺎن‬
.‫اﺷﺖ‬
I watch TV every day → she says (‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬) she watches TV every day
I watch TV every day → she has said (‫ﻧﻘﻠﯽ‬ ‫)ﻣﺎﺿﯽ‬ that she watches TV every day
I watch TV every day → she will say (‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬) that she watches TV every day
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬ ،‫ﻪ‬
‫اﻣﺮي‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
say
‫از‬
tell
‫ـﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ـ‬‫اﺳ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
Watch TV! → she told me to watch TV
Mother: "wash your clothes" → She told me to wash my clothes.
Hassan: "open the door" → He told me to open the door.
‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬
:‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬
If (‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬), ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﺟﻮاب‬
.‫اﻟﻒ‬
:‫اول‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬
‫در‬
‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ،
‫ـﻮاب‬
‫ـ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ـﻤﺖ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻗﺴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ـﯿﻢ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﮐﻨ‬ ‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬
‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬
(will + v)
‫اﯾ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻃ‬
‫ﯽ‬
‫ـﺎره‬
‫ـ‬‫اﺷ‬ ‫ـﺪه‬
‫ـ‬‫آﯾﻨ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫دارد‬
If I have enough time, I watch TV (I will watch TV)

‫ﺗﻬﯿ‬
‫ﻪ‬
45
If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class
Whether or not it rains, we should stay home.
‫اﻓﻌ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﺟﻮاب‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫در‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ـﻮن‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻫﻤﭽ‬ ‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫وﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﺎل‬
be going to , (can, might) should
.‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
If it rains, we’re going to stay home
‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ‬ :‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
should
‫ﻧﺸ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ .‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ـﺪه‬
‫ـ‬‫دﻫﻨ‬ ‫ن‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬
If anyone should call me, please take a message : ‫ﻗﻄﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬
.‫ب‬
‫ﺟﻤﻼ‬
‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ع‬
:‫دوم‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﺟﻮاب‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫در‬
+ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
would
If (‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ =‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫واره‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬), + would+ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
If I had enough money, I would (could) buy that car
If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give test
‫از‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ،‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
were
‫از‬ ‫)ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
was
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ـﯽ‬
‫ـ‬‫ﻤ‬
(‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬
If he were here right now, he would help us.
If I were you, I would accept their invitation.
.‫ج‬
:‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼت‬

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