This is a short patient education and awarness presentation on tail bone pain (coccydynia). This presentation delivers a brief information on causes, diagnosis, investigations and treatment of tail bone pain,
Disclaimer:
This presentation is solely for educational purpose.
Ligament Injuries - Types, Symptoms and TreatmentHealth Quest
Ligament injuries occur when a ligament is stretched beyond its normal range. Ligaments are tough band of fibrous tissues that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage and support, stabilize and strengthen joints. The primary function of ligaments is to keep the bones in proper alignment and prevent abnormal joint movements. Leading pain management centers in Brooklyn, NYC offer effective treatment options for ligament injuries to help patients attain better mobility, balance, and strength.
what is a sprain and what is the strain, define sprain and grading of sprain, strain and grading of strain, symptoms, causes, treatment, RICE protocol, exercise, prevention, healing of sprain and strain
This is a short patient education and awarness presentation on tail bone pain (coccydynia). This presentation delivers a brief information on causes, diagnosis, investigations and treatment of tail bone pain,
Disclaimer:
This presentation is solely for educational purpose.
Ligament Injuries - Types, Symptoms and TreatmentHealth Quest
Ligament injuries occur when a ligament is stretched beyond its normal range. Ligaments are tough band of fibrous tissues that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage and support, stabilize and strengthen joints. The primary function of ligaments is to keep the bones in proper alignment and prevent abnormal joint movements. Leading pain management centers in Brooklyn, NYC offer effective treatment options for ligament injuries to help patients attain better mobility, balance, and strength.
what is a sprain and what is the strain, define sprain and grading of sprain, strain and grading of strain, symptoms, causes, treatment, RICE protocol, exercise, prevention, healing of sprain and strain
This is short presentation of most common fracture in hip joint. Femoral neck fractures are the most common type of fractures around the hip joint- more common in elderly in weak osteoporotic bone. This presentation gives a brief idea about these fractures, investigations, methods of management in different age groups.
Bursitis and tendinitis are both common conditions that involve inflammation of the soft tissue around muscles and bones, most often in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, or ankle.
A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts: muscles, tendons, or skin. Bursae are found throughout the body. Bursitis occurs when a bursa becomes inflamed (redness and increased fluid in the bursa).
A tendon is a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. Tendons transmit the pull of the muscle to the bone to cause movement. They are found throughout the body, including the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. Tendons can be small, like those found in the hand, or large, like the Achilles tendon in the heel.
NIAMS
28,000 ankle sprains occur daily in the US (Kaminski 2013)
Ankle is the 2nd most commonly injured body site. (Ferran 2006)
Ankle sprains are the most common type of ankle injury. (Ferran 2006)
A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes,
children and adults.
Inversion injury most common mechanism (Ferran 2006)
Only risk factor is previous ankle sprain (Ferran 2006)
Sex , generalized joint laxity or anatomical foot types are
not risk factors. (Beynnon et al. 2002 )
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
This is short presentation of most common fracture in hip joint. Femoral neck fractures are the most common type of fractures around the hip joint- more common in elderly in weak osteoporotic bone. This presentation gives a brief idea about these fractures, investigations, methods of management in different age groups.
Bursitis and tendinitis are both common conditions that involve inflammation of the soft tissue around muscles and bones, most often in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, or ankle.
A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts: muscles, tendons, or skin. Bursae are found throughout the body. Bursitis occurs when a bursa becomes inflamed (redness and increased fluid in the bursa).
A tendon is a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. Tendons transmit the pull of the muscle to the bone to cause movement. They are found throughout the body, including the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. Tendons can be small, like those found in the hand, or large, like the Achilles tendon in the heel.
NIAMS
28,000 ankle sprains occur daily in the US (Kaminski 2013)
Ankle is the 2nd most commonly injured body site. (Ferran 2006)
Ankle sprains are the most common type of ankle injury. (Ferran 2006)
A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes,
children and adults.
Inversion injury most common mechanism (Ferran 2006)
Only risk factor is previous ankle sprain (Ferran 2006)
Sex , generalized joint laxity or anatomical foot types are
not risk factors. (Beynnon et al. 2002 )
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
This short presentation is to help those in medical fields to have a summary knowledge of what bursitis is and it can also help students in their assignments and or course works. It contains what bursae are, what bursitis means, causes, risk factors, common sites, clinical features, how to diagnose bursitis, other conditions that can mimic bursitis, how to prevent bursitis and management.
In this i have covered the different sports injuries of upper extremities, their causes and their orthotic management.
Helpful for those, who are in the field of P & O.
Watch the presentation and find many ways to treat the sprain and get it back into good condition. Here you will come to know how to care for a Sprained Ankle.
URL:- www.metrophysio.co.uk
HIP PAIN AND INJURY GETTING IN YOUR WAY?
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint where the top of the femur meets the pelvis.
https://evolveny.com/blogposts/2021/21/hip-injury-getting-in-your-way
Do you find any or such kind of problems in your bones or joints, then just book an appointment with a well qualified and experienced doctor in Delhi NCR at http://www.credihealth.com
Ankle Injuries
Anatomy of Ankle Joint
Explanation
What is ankle injuries
Ankle Sprain Classification
Treatment of Ankle Injuries
What should be Avoided ?
Rehabilitation Programme ..
Isha Arogya’s comprehensive approach to health represents a paradigm shift in healthcare. It is an approach that is not just about combating disease, but about creating a sense of wholeness in the individual. Isha Arogya enables people to cultivate their body, mind and energies in such a way that health is a natural way of being, and the question of chronic disease simply does not arise. In addition to its holistic therapies for specific ailments, Isha Arogya also offers massage therapies, nutritional supplements, yoga programs and rejuvenating therapies that bring an individual’s system into balance and harmony.
Another unique facet of Isha Arogya’s approach is that it is not limited to any one system of medicine. Isha Arogya is fundamentally oriented towards bringing together the best and most relevant approaches to human wellbeing – irrespective of the system – and providing the most effective healthcare to the individual.
India’s indigenous systems of medicine – Siddha and Ayurveda have been appreciated the world over for their understanding and insight into the human system. While Allopathy is recognized for its ability to quickly cure infectious diseases, the traditional systems of medicine are noted for their ability to strengthen the human body’s innate ability to resist disease. Combining the strengths of these two methods of healthcare therefore results in an effective and comprehensive approach to an individual’s health – an approach that is no longer about just combating disease, but about creating a sense of wholeness in the individual. Isha Arogya is actively involved in making a combination of these healthcare systems available to the public.
Action for Rural Rejuvenation (ARR) is a multi-pronged, multi-phased, holistic, outreach program whose primary objective is to improve the overall health and quality of life of the rural poor. ARR is a unique, well-defined philanthropic effort, which enhances existing development schemes by supporting indigenous models of health, disease prevention and community participatory governance, while offering primary health care services and allopathic treatment through its dedicated team of qualified and trained personnel.
Throughout this project, health is viewed holistically, involving a multitude of unparalleled components to create healthier environments and wholesome ways of living, targeting the mind, body and spirit concurrently.
This project was launched in August 2003, under the aegis of Isha Foundation.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Sprain and Strain
What Is the Difference Between a Sprain and a Strain?
A sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament (a band of fibrous tissue that connects two or more
bones at a joint). One or more ligaments can be injured at the same time. The severity of the
injury will depend on the extent of injury (whether a tear is partial or complete) and the number
of ligaments involved.
A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon (fibrous cords of tissue that connect muscle to
bone). Depending on the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the
muscle or tendon, or it can result from a partial or complete tear.
What Causes a Sprain?
A sprain can result from a fall, a sudden twist, or a blow to the body that forces a joint out of its
normal position and stretches or tears the ligament supporting that joint. Typically, sprains occur
when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into a baseball base, land on the side of
their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground.
Where Do Sprains Usually Occur?
Although sprains can occur in both the upper and lower parts of the body, the most common site
is the ankle.
The ankle joint is supported by several lateral (outside) ligaments and medial (inside) ligaments
(see fig. 1). Most ankle sprains happen when the foot turns inward as a person runs, turns, falls,
or lands on the ankle after a jump. This type of sprain is called an inversion injury. The knee is
another common site for a sprain. A blow to the knee or a fall is often the cause; sudden twisting
can also result in a sprain (see fig. 2).
2. Sprains frequently occur at the wrist, typically when people fall and land on an outstretched
hand. A sprain to the thumb is common in skiing and other sports. This injury often occurs when
a ligament near the base of the thumb (the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal
joint) is torn (see fig. 3).
3. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Sprain?
The usual signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, instability, and loss of the ability
to move and use the joint (called functional ability). However, these signs and symptoms can
vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain. Sometimes people feel a pop or tear
when the injury happens.
Doctors closely observe an injured site and ask questions to obtain information to diagnose the
severity of a sprain. In general, a grade I or mild sprain is caused by overstretching or slight
tearing of the ligaments with no joint instability. A person with a mild sprain usually experiences
minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss of functional ability. Bruising is absent or slight, and
the person is usually able to put weight on the affected joint.
When to See a Health Care Provider for a Sprain
You have severe pain and cannot put any weight on the injured joint.
The injured area looks crooked or has lumps and bumps (other than swelling) that you do
not see on the uninjured joint.
You cannot move the injured joint.
You cannot walk more than four steps without significant pain.
Your limb buckles or gives way when you try to use the joint.
You have numbness in any part of the injured area.
You see redness or red streaks spreading out from the injury.
You injure an area that has been injured several times before.
You have pain, swelling, or redness over a bony part of your foot.
You are in doubt about the seriousness of the injury or how to care for it.
A grade II or moderate sprain is caused by further, but still incomplete, tearing of the ligament
and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain, and swelling. A person with a moderate sprain
usually has more difficulty putting weight on the affected joint and experiences some loss of
function. An x ray may be needed to help the health care provider determine if a fracture is
causing the pain and swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is occasionally used to help
differentiate between a significant partial injury and a complete tear in a ligament, or can be
recommended to rule out other injuries.
People who sustain a grade III or severe sprain completely tear or rupture a ligament. Pain,
swelling, and bruising are usually severe, and the patient is unable to put weight on the joint. An
x ray is usually taken to rule out a broken bone. When diagnosing any sprain, the health care
provider will ask the patient to explain how the injury happened. He or she will examine the
affected area and check its stability and its ability to move and bear weight.
4. What Causes a Strain?
A strain is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. Strains can be acute or chronic. An
acute strain is associated with a recent trauma or injury; it also can occur after improperly lifting
heavy objects or overstressing the muscles. Chronic strains are usually the result of overuse:
prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons.
Where Do Strains Usually Occur?
Two common sites for a strain are the back and the hamstring muscle (located in the back of the
thigh). Contact sports such as soccer, football, hockey, boxing, and wrestling put people at risk
for strains. Gymnastics, tennis, rowing, golf, and other sports that require extensive gripping can
increase the risk of hand and forearm strains. Elbow strains sometimes occur in people who
participate in racquet sports, throwing, and contact sports.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Strain?
Typically, people with a strain experience pain, limited motion, muscle spasms, and possibly
muscle weakness. They also can have localized swelling, cramping, or inflammation and, with a
minor or moderate strain, usually some loss of muscle function. Patients typically have pain in
the injured area and general weakness of the muscle when they attempt to move it. Severe strains
that partially or completely tear the muscle or tendon are often very painful and disabling.
How Are Sprains and Strains Treated?
Reduce Swelling and Pain
Treatments for sprains and strains are similar and can be thought of as having two stages. The
goal during the first stage is to reduce swelling and pain. At this stage, health care providers
usually advise patients to follow a formula of rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) for the
first 24 to 48 hours after the injury. The health care provider also may recommend some tablets,
oils, ointments, to help decrease pain and inflammation.
For people with a moderate or severe sprain, particularly of the ankle, a hard cast may be
applied. This often occurs after the initial swelling has subsided. Severe sprains and strains may
require surgery to repair the torn ligaments, muscle, or tendons.
It is important that moderate and severe sprains and strains be evaluated by a health care provider
to allow prompt, appropriate treatment to begin. This box lists some signs that should alert
people to consult their health care provider. However, a person who has any concerns about the
seriousness of a sprain or strain should always contact a health care provider for advice.
5. RICE Therapy
Rest
Reduce regular exercise or activities of daily living as needed. Your health care provider
may advise you to put no weight on an injured area for 48 hours. If you cannot put weight
on an ankle or knee, crutches may help. If you use a cane or one crutch for an ankle
injury, use it on the uninjured side to help you lean away and relieve weight on the
injured ankle.
Ice
Apply an ice pack to the injured area for 20 minutes at a time, four to eight times a day. A
cold pack, ice bag, or plastic bag filled with crushed ice and wrapped in a towel can be
used. To avoid cold injury and frostbite, do not apply the ice for more than 20 minutes.
Compression
Compression of an injured ankle, knee, or wrist may help reduce swelling. Examples of
compression bandages are elastic wraps, special boots, air casts, and splints. Ask your
health care provider for advice on which one to use and how tight to apply the bandage
safely.
Elevation
If possible, keep the injured ankle, knee, elbow, or wrist elevated on a pillow, above the
level of the heart, to help decrease swelling.
Begin Rehabilitation
The second stage of treating a sprain or strain is rehabilitation, with the overall goal of improving
the condition of the injured area and restoring its function. The health care provider
(Physiotherapist) will prescribe an exercise program designed to prevent stiffness, improve range
of motion, and restore the joint's normal flexibility and strength. Some patients may need
physical therapy during this stage. When the acute pain and swelling have diminished, the health
care provider will instruct the patient to do a series of exercises several times a day. These are
very important because they help reduce swelling, prevent stiffness, and restore normal, pain-
free range of motion. The health care provider can recommend many different types of exercises,
depending on the injury. A patient with an injured knee or foot will work on weight-bearing and
balancing exercises. The duration of the program depends on the extent of the injury, but the
regimen commonly lasts for several weeks.
Another goal of rehabilitation is to increase strength and regain flexibility. Depending on the
patient's rate of recovery, this process begins about the second week after the injury. The health
care provider will instruct the patient to do a series of exercises designed to meet these goals.
During this phase of rehabilitation, patients progress to more demanding exercises as pain
decreases and function improves.
The final goal is the return to full daily activities, including sports when appropriate. Patients
must work closely with their health care health care provider or physical therapist to determine
their readiness to return to full activity. Sometimes people are tempted to resume full activity or
play sports despite pain or muscle soreness. Returning to full activity before regaining normal
6. range of motion, flexibility, and strength increases the chance of reinjury and may lead to a
chronic problem.
The amount of rehabilitation and the time needed for full recovery after a sprain or strain
depend on the severity of the injury and individual rates of healing.
For example, a mild ankle sprain may require 3 to 6 weeks of rehabilitation; a moderate sprain
could require 2 to 3 months. With a severe sprain, it can take 8 to 12 months to return to full
activities. Extra care should be taken to avoid re-injury.
Can Sprains and Strains Be Prevented?
People can do many things to help lower their risk of sprains and strains:
Avoid exercising or playing sports when tired or in pain.
Maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet to keep muscles strong.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Practice safety measures to help prevent falls. For example, keep stairways, walkways,
yards, and driveways free of clutter; anchor scatter rugs; and salt or sand icy sidewalks
and driveways in the winter.
Wear shoes that fit properly.
Replace athletic shoes as soon as the tread wears out or the heel wears down on one side.
Do stretching exercises daily.
Be in proper physical condition to play a sport.
Warm up and stretch before participating in any sport or exercise.
Wear protective equipment when playing.
Run on even surfaces.
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