The spleen is a hematopoietic organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It filters blood and fights infections. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium and has dimensions of approximately 12x7x3 cm and weighs around 150 grams in adults. It receives a blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the portal vein system. The spleen can be surgically removed (splenectomy) in cases of trauma or certain blood disorders.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
Spleen // Structure of Spleen//Function of Spleen Wasim Ak
Spleen is the lymphoid organ . It is also known as graveyard of RBC because all the RBC after completing their life span (120 days) will be destroyed by spleen .
Spleen // Structure of Spleen//Function of Spleen Wasim Ak
Spleen is the lymphoid organ . It is also known as graveyard of RBC because all the RBC after completing their life span (120 days) will be destroyed by spleen .
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. INTRODUCTION
• It is a haemo-lymph organ and belongs to reticulo-endothelial system.
• 2nd lymphoid organ
• Pleural cavity separates spleen and diaphragm from the rib.
3. FUNCTIONS
•Spleen forms parts of the reticuloendotelial system.
•Main function is hematopoiesis in fetal life and in adults
with reutilization of iron from hemoglobin of destroyed red
blood cells.
•Its has red and the white pulp, which are separated by
the marginal sinus.
4. •Red pulp composed sinuses, splenic cord and
marginal zone and main function to filter red
blood cells and reserve monocytes.
•White pulp is composed of malpighian
corpuscles and help in active immune response.
6. • Number of nodules develop which soon fuse to form a
lobulated spleen.
• Notching of superior border of adult spleen is evidence of its
multiple origin.
• These nodules which fail to fuse,form accessory spleens.
7. ACCESSORY SPLEENS/ SPLENUNCULI
• These may be found:-
• In derivatives of dorsal mesogastrium.
• In broad ligament of uterus.
• In the spermatic cord.
8. POSITION OF
SPLEEN
Lies between fundus of
stomach and diaphragm.
Lies in lt hypochondrium
and epigastrium.
Extends in between 9th to
11th ribs.
9. Axis of spleen is directed
downwards, forwards and
laterally.
Axis lies along the 10th rib.
10. MEASURMENTS OF SPLEEN
• Length-12 cm(5 inch)
• Breadth-7cm(3 inch)
• Thickness-3cm (1inch)
• Weight-150gm(7 oz)
• HARRIR’S DICTUM OF ODD NUMBERS ON
SPLEEN:1,3,5,7,9,11
• 1inches in thikness,3 inches in breadth,5 inches in length,7oz in
weight,9-11 ribs of left side against which spleen rest.
13. EXTERNAL FEATURES
• The spleen has :-
• Two ends
• Three borders
• Two surfaces
• Two angles
• Hilum
14. TWO ENDS
The anterior or lateral end:-it is expanded or more like a border.it is
directed downwards ,forwards and reaches mid axillary line.
• The posterior or medial end:- it is rounded and directed upwards
backwards, medially,and rest on upper pole of left kidney.
15. TWO BORDERS
• Superior border :- presents one or two notches near anterior end.
• Notches indicate spleen is lobulated in development.
• Inferior border:- it is rounded
17. SURFACES
• DIAPHRAGMATIC :- This surface is convex and smooth.
• IT IS RELATED TO:-
• A) Diaphragm
• B) Lt lung & lts pleura
• C) Costodiaphragmatic recess
• d) 9th, 10th & 11th ribs of left side.
18. • VISCERAL SURFACE:- It is concave and irregular.
• IT IS RELATED TO:-
• FUNDUS OF STOMACH
• ANTERIOR SURFACE OF LEFT KIDNEY
• THE SPLENIC FLEXURE OF COLON
• TAIL OF PANCREAS
21. CLINICAL ANGLE OF SPLEEN
• Anterior basal angle:
Junction of superior border with lateral end.
Lies in 9th intercostal space behind left mid-axillary line.
First palpable in splenomegaly.
25. LIGAMENTS
• A) Gastro-splenic: Connects fundus of stomach to anterior lip
of hilum of spleen
Contains short gastric & lt gastro-epiploic vessels.
• B) Lienorenal: Connects ant surface of lt kidney with posterior
lip of hilum of spleen
Contains tail of pancrease, splenic vessels & nerve.
26. LIGAMENTS
• Lieno-phrenic: Suspensory ligament of spleen
• Phrenico-colic: Sustentaculum lienis(supports the spleen from
below).
Peritoneal fold extending from lt colic flexure to
diaphragm
27. Blood Supply
• The tortuous splenic artery arises from the coeliac trunk
and runs along the upper border of the body and tail of
the pancreas, to which it gives small branches.
• The short gastric and left gastroepiploic branches pass
between the layers of the gastrosplenic ligament.
• The main splenic artery generally divides into superior
and inferior branches, which, in turn, subdivide into
several segmental branches.
31. NERVE SUPPLY
• It is predominentaly supplied by the sympathetics from
coeliac plexus.The fibers supply the blood vessels and
smooth muscle of trabeculae
32. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
•Spleen is undercover of thoracic cage and is not palpable
• Splenomegaly : enlarged spleen due to cancer,
specifically blood-based leukemia.
• Asplenia : where the spleen is not present.
•Hyposplenia: reduce splenic functions..
33.
34. SPLENECTOMY
•Spleen is particularly liable to rupture in falls and
automobile accidents and bleeding from it is difficult to
control and Splenectomy should be done.
• A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or
completely removes the spleen.