Speech Application Language Tags(SALT) is an extension of HTML and other markup
languages (cHTML, XHTML, WML) which adds a spoken dialog interface to web applications,
for both voice only browsers (e.g. over the telephone) and multimodal browsers. It was
developed by – Microsoft, Cisco, SpeechWorks, Philips, Comverse and Intel. The SALT
specifications developed by the SALT forum http://www.saltforum.org were later
contributed to the W3C (http:// www.w3.org).
The major scenarios of the SALT are Voice- Only Browsers and Multimodal Browsers.
For multimodal applications, SALT can be added to a visual page to support speech input
and/or output. This is a way to speech-enable individual HTML controls for ‘push-to-talk’
form-filling scenarios, or to add more complex mixed initiative capabilities if necessary.
This document provides an overview of Silverlight, including what it is, how it compares to other client-side technologies, and why it is important. It discusses Silverlight's benefits over Flash, provides examples of Silverlight applications, and summarizes key features in Silverlight 2.0 like controls, data binding, and communication capabilities. The document concludes with a brief demo of building a Silverlight application.
A multi-head Turing machine has a single tape with multiple heads that can read and write to the tape independently. Each head can move left, right, or stay in the same position. This type of Turing machine is as powerful as a standard single-tape Turing machine.
The halting problem asks if it is possible to determine if a Turing machine will halt or run infinitely given its program and input. It is proven to be unsolvable - there is no general algorithm that can correctly determine if all Turing machine programs will halt for all inputs.
The document discusses voice browsers, which allow users to access websites and information using voice commands rather than a graphical user interface. It describes key components of voice browsers like VoiceXML for creating voice interfaces, speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and call control. The document also outlines possible applications of voice browsers and standards developed by the W3C to make voice interfaces compatible across platforms.
The document discusses service level agreement (SLA) management in cloud computing. It describes the five phases of SLA management: feasibility, on-boarding, pre-production, production, and termination. In the feasibility phase, technical, infrastructure, and financial feasibility of hosting an application on a cloud platform are assessed. In the on-boarding phase, the application is moved to the hosting platform and its performance is analyzed. The pre-production phase involves hosting the application in a test environment to validate the SLA. In production, the application goes live under the agreed SLA. Finally, termination occurs when hosting is ended and customer data is transferred or removed.
we are providing proffetional training in gandhinagar.
.net training in gandhinagar
php training in gandhinagar
java training in gandhinagar
ios training in gandhinagar
android training in gandhinagar
It's a new Windows based application for visually impaired person..!
This application will provides only, mail services for blinds and there's no voice duplications allowed during the user login.
Bug Tracking System is a web-based application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. Bugs will be assigned to a person with a bug id, flag, description, project name.
Technology Used
Operating System : Windows XP or above
User Interface : HTML, CSS
Client-side Scripting : PHP
Back End : MySQL
Web Server : Apache Tomcat 7.0.22
IDE : NetBeans 7.1
This document provides an overview of Silverlight, including what it is, how it compares to other client-side technologies, and why it is important. It discusses Silverlight's benefits over Flash, provides examples of Silverlight applications, and summarizes key features in Silverlight 2.0 like controls, data binding, and communication capabilities. The document concludes with a brief demo of building a Silverlight application.
A multi-head Turing machine has a single tape with multiple heads that can read and write to the tape independently. Each head can move left, right, or stay in the same position. This type of Turing machine is as powerful as a standard single-tape Turing machine.
The halting problem asks if it is possible to determine if a Turing machine will halt or run infinitely given its program and input. It is proven to be unsolvable - there is no general algorithm that can correctly determine if all Turing machine programs will halt for all inputs.
The document discusses voice browsers, which allow users to access websites and information using voice commands rather than a graphical user interface. It describes key components of voice browsers like VoiceXML for creating voice interfaces, speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and call control. The document also outlines possible applications of voice browsers and standards developed by the W3C to make voice interfaces compatible across platforms.
The document discusses service level agreement (SLA) management in cloud computing. It describes the five phases of SLA management: feasibility, on-boarding, pre-production, production, and termination. In the feasibility phase, technical, infrastructure, and financial feasibility of hosting an application on a cloud platform are assessed. In the on-boarding phase, the application is moved to the hosting platform and its performance is analyzed. The pre-production phase involves hosting the application in a test environment to validate the SLA. In production, the application goes live under the agreed SLA. Finally, termination occurs when hosting is ended and customer data is transferred or removed.
we are providing proffetional training in gandhinagar.
.net training in gandhinagar
php training in gandhinagar
java training in gandhinagar
ios training in gandhinagar
android training in gandhinagar
It's a new Windows based application for visually impaired person..!
This application will provides only, mail services for blinds and there's no voice duplications allowed during the user login.
Bug Tracking System is a web-based application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. Bugs will be assigned to a person with a bug id, flag, description, project name.
Technology Used
Operating System : Windows XP or above
User Interface : HTML, CSS
Client-side Scripting : PHP
Back End : MySQL
Web Server : Apache Tomcat 7.0.22
IDE : NetBeans 7.1
classify images from the CIFAR-10 dataset. The dataset consists of airplanes, dogs, cats, and other objects.we'll preprocess the images, then train a convolutional neural network on all the samples. The images need to be normalized and the labels need to be one-hot encoded.
A generalized transition graph (GTG) is composed of states, an alphabet of input letters, and directed edges between states labeled with regular expressions. An example GTG has three states - a start state, middle state, and final state. The edges are labeled with (ba + a)*, allowing strings to transition from the start to middle state or directly to the final state, and b* allowing transition from the middle to final state. This GTG accepts all strings without a double b.
This document provides guidelines for an internship report for a web development internship on an address book project. It includes sections that should be included like acknowledgements, certificates, project abstract, introduction, tasks completed, technical skills learned, and conclusion. It also provides formatting guidelines and requirements for submitting supplementary documents and reports. The internship focused on building a web-based address book application with features for adding, deleting, updating, and searching addresses while learning skills in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. The intern gained experience in web design, problem solving, and communication skills through completing assigned tasks on the project.
A PPT presentation for technical seminar on the topic "Screenless Display"
References Used:
https://www.slideshare.net/vikasraj225/screenless-display-ppt?from_action=save
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/screenless-display-market-155203044.html
The document discusses the LAMP web development stack, which consists of the Linux operating system, the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database management system, and PHP programming language. It provides an overview of each component, describing why they are widely used and their key advantages, such as being open source, stable, reliable, and high-performing. Popular websites that use the LAMP stack are also listed.
This presentation discusses screenless displays and devices. It defines screenless displays as displays that can show and transmit information without a screen. The presentation outlines the main types of screenless displays: visual image displays, retinal displays, and synaptic interfaces. It describes the technologies used for each type, such as holograms for visual images and virtual retinal displays that project directly onto the retina. The presentation discusses applications in education, healthcare, security, and mobile technology. It also lists some examples of screenless devices like Google Glass and advantages like lower power and higher resolution over traditional screens.
Visualization of sorting algorithms using flashiaemedu
This document discusses visualization of sorting algorithms using Flash. It begins with an introduction to algorithms, sorting, and visualization. It then describes Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, and Quick Sort algorithms in detail. It discusses how these sorting algorithms can be visualized using Flash, including creating the main menu, implementing each algorithm with user interaction, and comparing running times. The purpose is to help students better understand sorting algorithms through interactive visualization.
Voice Browser,it is a kind of browser that responds with the voice and even takes input from the user through voice and processes the input using standardized VoiceXML.It is W3C certified project.
The document discusses screenless display technology, which aims to display information directly onto the retina without the need for a screen. It describes three main types: visual image displays like holograms and heads-up displays; virtual retinal displays, which project images directly onto the retina; and synaptic interfaces that transmit visual information straight to the brain. The technology offers advantages like lower power use and higher resolution but development of prototypes remains costly.
Chess board problem(divide and conquer)RASHIARORA8
The document describes the divide and conquer algorithm for solving the defective chessboard problem. The problem is to cover a chessboard of size n x n, where n is a power of 2, with L-shaped tiles (trominoes), except for one defective square. The algorithm divides the board recursively into equal half-sized subboards until reaching boards of size 2x2, which can be covered with at most one tile. It then combines the solutions to the subproblems to construct a solution for the original board. The time complexity of this divide and conquer algorithm is O(n^2).
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing promises to significantly change the way we use computers and access and store our personal and business information. With these new computing and communications paradigms arise new data security challenges. Existing data protection mechanisms such as encryption have failed in preventing data theft attacks, especially those perpetrated by an insider to the cloud provider.
For securing user data from such attacks a new paradigm called fog computing can be used. Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network. Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users. The motivation of Fog computing lies in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined network This technique can monitor the user activity to identify the legitimacy and prevent from any unauthorized user access. Here we have discussed this paradigm for preventing misuse of user data and securing information.
CONCLUSION
This proposal of monitoring data access patterns by profiling user behavior to determine if and when a malicious insider illegitimately accesses someone’s documents in a Cloud service. Decoy documents stored in the Cloud alongside the user’s real data also serve as sensors to detect illegitimate access. Once unauthorized data access or exposure is suspected, and later verified, with challenge questions for instance, this inundate the malicious insider with bogus information in order to dilute the user’s real data. Such preventive attacks that rely on disinformation technology could provide unprecedented levels of security in the Cloud and in social networks.
Automatic gender and age classification has become quite relevant in the rise of social media platforms. However, the existing methods have not been completely successful in achieving this. Through this project, an attempt has been made to determine the gender and age based on a frame of the person. This is done by using deep learning, OpenCV which is capable of processing the real-time frames. This frame is given as input and the predicted gender and age are given as output. It is difficult to predict the exact age of a person using one frame due the facial expressions, lighting, makeup and so on so for this purpose various age ranges are taken, and the predicted age falls in one of them. The Adience dataset is used as it is a benchmark for face photos and includes various real-world imaging conditions like noise, lighting etc.
word sense disambiguation, wsd, thesaurus-based methods, dictionary-based methods, supervised methods, lesk algorithm, michael lesk, simplified lesk, corpus lesk, graph-based methods, word similarity, word relatedness, path-based similarity, information content, surprisal, resnik method, lin method, elesk, extended lesk, semcor, collocational features, bag-of-words features, the window, lexical semantics, computational semantics, semantic analysis in language technology.
This document summarizes a student project on face detection and recognition. The project used OpenCV with Python to detect faces in images and video in real-time. It extracts Haar features and compares them to a training database to recognize faces. The system was able to identify multiple faces with reasonable accuracy, though performance decreased with head tilts or low image quality. Future work could improve robustness to disguises and add emotion or gender analysis.
This presentation describes a minor project on developing a voice and speech activated lock using digital signal processing. The project aims to design a MATLAB simulation of a hardware lock that can recognize the voice and password of two authorized users to open the lock, represented by a 12V output. It will work by extracting features from users' voice samples, storing them in a database, and matching features from input voice to the database for authentication. The status is currently a work in progress to develop the software and train it to identify voices and passwords.
The project was started with a sole aim in mind that the design should be able to recognize the voice of a person by analyzing the speech signal. The simulation is done in MATLAB. The design of the project is based on using the Linear prediction filter coefficient (LPC) and Principal component analysis (PCA) on data (princomp) for the speech signal analysis. The Sample Collection process is accomplished by using the microphone to record the speech of male/female. After executing the program the speech is analyzed by the analysis part of our MATLAB program code and our design should be able to identify and give the judgment that the recorded speech signal is same as that of our desired output.
This is my PPT on mini project on Image Classifier. It's was appreciated by my HOD of CSE of BBDU, Lucknow. It's easy and simple. I put some transitions in it too. So nobody has to think how to put transitions. I tried my best to make it simple for you all. Else you can put your own transitions in it, by simple downloading it.
PLEASE DO LIKE AND SHARE.
Thank You
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to shared computing resources like applications and storage over the internet. It works based on deployment models (public, private, hybrid, community clouds) and service models (Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)). IaaS provides basic computing and storage resources, PaaS provides platforms for building applications, and SaaS provides ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet. The main advantages of cloud computing include lower costs, improved performance, unlimited storage, and device independence while disadvantages include reliance on internet and potential security and control issues.
This document provides a project report for a chat application. It includes sections on certificates, acknowledgements, table of contents, introduction, system analysis, system specification, software architecture, system design details, and testing. The project aims to develop a chat application that allows users connected over a network to communicate via text in both public and private chat modes, with security measures for private chats. It provides specifications for the hardware, software, modules, and testing objectives of the chat application.
The document evaluates different web conferencing tools. It discusses what web conferencing is, how the technology works, examples of tools, key features like screen sharing and chat. The document also covers standards, history of tools from the 1990s onward, cloud-based options like WebRTC, advantages like flexibility and scalability, and areas for improvement like privacy and security. It concludes with information about the presentation.
Biochips can perform hundreds or thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously on a surface no larger than a fingernail. They are used to analyze genes in cells and for applications in biology and medicine. A biochip consists of a microchip, antenna coil, capacitor, and glass capsule implanted under the skin. It communicates with a reader via radio signals. Biochips can identify diseases like sepsis from a blood sample within 20 minutes, faster than other methods. They allow multiple tests to be done at once and have advantages for applications in healthcare, forensics, and tracking of shipments.
Biochips are small devices that analyze biological molecules and are analogous to computer chips. They have been in development since the 1960s and were originally used to monitor fisheries populations. A biochip uses sensing chemistry to detect biological processes, microarrays to deposit biosensors densely on a substrate, and signal processing to translate detections into a computer-readable format. A biochip is implanted with a syringe and paired with a reader that provides power and receives the biochip's identification signal. Applications include tracking individuals, storing medical and financial data, and monitoring health conditions. While biochips could help healthcare, some argue they threaten privacy and freedom. Their future will depend on whether users see benefits outweighing risks.
classify images from the CIFAR-10 dataset. The dataset consists of airplanes, dogs, cats, and other objects.we'll preprocess the images, then train a convolutional neural network on all the samples. The images need to be normalized and the labels need to be one-hot encoded.
A generalized transition graph (GTG) is composed of states, an alphabet of input letters, and directed edges between states labeled with regular expressions. An example GTG has three states - a start state, middle state, and final state. The edges are labeled with (ba + a)*, allowing strings to transition from the start to middle state or directly to the final state, and b* allowing transition from the middle to final state. This GTG accepts all strings without a double b.
This document provides guidelines for an internship report for a web development internship on an address book project. It includes sections that should be included like acknowledgements, certificates, project abstract, introduction, tasks completed, technical skills learned, and conclusion. It also provides formatting guidelines and requirements for submitting supplementary documents and reports. The internship focused on building a web-based address book application with features for adding, deleting, updating, and searching addresses while learning skills in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. The intern gained experience in web design, problem solving, and communication skills through completing assigned tasks on the project.
A PPT presentation for technical seminar on the topic "Screenless Display"
References Used:
https://www.slideshare.net/vikasraj225/screenless-display-ppt?from_action=save
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/screenless-display-market-155203044.html
The document discusses the LAMP web development stack, which consists of the Linux operating system, the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database management system, and PHP programming language. It provides an overview of each component, describing why they are widely used and their key advantages, such as being open source, stable, reliable, and high-performing. Popular websites that use the LAMP stack are also listed.
This presentation discusses screenless displays and devices. It defines screenless displays as displays that can show and transmit information without a screen. The presentation outlines the main types of screenless displays: visual image displays, retinal displays, and synaptic interfaces. It describes the technologies used for each type, such as holograms for visual images and virtual retinal displays that project directly onto the retina. The presentation discusses applications in education, healthcare, security, and mobile technology. It also lists some examples of screenless devices like Google Glass and advantages like lower power and higher resolution over traditional screens.
Visualization of sorting algorithms using flashiaemedu
This document discusses visualization of sorting algorithms using Flash. It begins with an introduction to algorithms, sorting, and visualization. It then describes Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, and Quick Sort algorithms in detail. It discusses how these sorting algorithms can be visualized using Flash, including creating the main menu, implementing each algorithm with user interaction, and comparing running times. The purpose is to help students better understand sorting algorithms through interactive visualization.
Voice Browser,it is a kind of browser that responds with the voice and even takes input from the user through voice and processes the input using standardized VoiceXML.It is W3C certified project.
The document discusses screenless display technology, which aims to display information directly onto the retina without the need for a screen. It describes three main types: visual image displays like holograms and heads-up displays; virtual retinal displays, which project images directly onto the retina; and synaptic interfaces that transmit visual information straight to the brain. The technology offers advantages like lower power use and higher resolution but development of prototypes remains costly.
Chess board problem(divide and conquer)RASHIARORA8
The document describes the divide and conquer algorithm for solving the defective chessboard problem. The problem is to cover a chessboard of size n x n, where n is a power of 2, with L-shaped tiles (trominoes), except for one defective square. The algorithm divides the board recursively into equal half-sized subboards until reaching boards of size 2x2, which can be covered with at most one tile. It then combines the solutions to the subproblems to construct a solution for the original board. The time complexity of this divide and conquer algorithm is O(n^2).
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing promises to significantly change the way we use computers and access and store our personal and business information. With these new computing and communications paradigms arise new data security challenges. Existing data protection mechanisms such as encryption have failed in preventing data theft attacks, especially those perpetrated by an insider to the cloud provider.
For securing user data from such attacks a new paradigm called fog computing can be used. Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network. Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users. The motivation of Fog computing lies in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined network This technique can monitor the user activity to identify the legitimacy and prevent from any unauthorized user access. Here we have discussed this paradigm for preventing misuse of user data and securing information.
CONCLUSION
This proposal of monitoring data access patterns by profiling user behavior to determine if and when a malicious insider illegitimately accesses someone’s documents in a Cloud service. Decoy documents stored in the Cloud alongside the user’s real data also serve as sensors to detect illegitimate access. Once unauthorized data access or exposure is suspected, and later verified, with challenge questions for instance, this inundate the malicious insider with bogus information in order to dilute the user’s real data. Such preventive attacks that rely on disinformation technology could provide unprecedented levels of security in the Cloud and in social networks.
Automatic gender and age classification has become quite relevant in the rise of social media platforms. However, the existing methods have not been completely successful in achieving this. Through this project, an attempt has been made to determine the gender and age based on a frame of the person. This is done by using deep learning, OpenCV which is capable of processing the real-time frames. This frame is given as input and the predicted gender and age are given as output. It is difficult to predict the exact age of a person using one frame due the facial expressions, lighting, makeup and so on so for this purpose various age ranges are taken, and the predicted age falls in one of them. The Adience dataset is used as it is a benchmark for face photos and includes various real-world imaging conditions like noise, lighting etc.
word sense disambiguation, wsd, thesaurus-based methods, dictionary-based methods, supervised methods, lesk algorithm, michael lesk, simplified lesk, corpus lesk, graph-based methods, word similarity, word relatedness, path-based similarity, information content, surprisal, resnik method, lin method, elesk, extended lesk, semcor, collocational features, bag-of-words features, the window, lexical semantics, computational semantics, semantic analysis in language technology.
This document summarizes a student project on face detection and recognition. The project used OpenCV with Python to detect faces in images and video in real-time. It extracts Haar features and compares them to a training database to recognize faces. The system was able to identify multiple faces with reasonable accuracy, though performance decreased with head tilts or low image quality. Future work could improve robustness to disguises and add emotion or gender analysis.
This presentation describes a minor project on developing a voice and speech activated lock using digital signal processing. The project aims to design a MATLAB simulation of a hardware lock that can recognize the voice and password of two authorized users to open the lock, represented by a 12V output. It will work by extracting features from users' voice samples, storing them in a database, and matching features from input voice to the database for authentication. The status is currently a work in progress to develop the software and train it to identify voices and passwords.
The project was started with a sole aim in mind that the design should be able to recognize the voice of a person by analyzing the speech signal. The simulation is done in MATLAB. The design of the project is based on using the Linear prediction filter coefficient (LPC) and Principal component analysis (PCA) on data (princomp) for the speech signal analysis. The Sample Collection process is accomplished by using the microphone to record the speech of male/female. After executing the program the speech is analyzed by the analysis part of our MATLAB program code and our design should be able to identify and give the judgment that the recorded speech signal is same as that of our desired output.
This is my PPT on mini project on Image Classifier. It's was appreciated by my HOD of CSE of BBDU, Lucknow. It's easy and simple. I put some transitions in it too. So nobody has to think how to put transitions. I tried my best to make it simple for you all. Else you can put your own transitions in it, by simple downloading it.
PLEASE DO LIKE AND SHARE.
Thank You
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to shared computing resources like applications and storage over the internet. It works based on deployment models (public, private, hybrid, community clouds) and service models (Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS)). IaaS provides basic computing and storage resources, PaaS provides platforms for building applications, and SaaS provides ready-to-use software applications delivered over the internet. The main advantages of cloud computing include lower costs, improved performance, unlimited storage, and device independence while disadvantages include reliance on internet and potential security and control issues.
This document provides a project report for a chat application. It includes sections on certificates, acknowledgements, table of contents, introduction, system analysis, system specification, software architecture, system design details, and testing. The project aims to develop a chat application that allows users connected over a network to communicate via text in both public and private chat modes, with security measures for private chats. It provides specifications for the hardware, software, modules, and testing objectives of the chat application.
The document evaluates different web conferencing tools. It discusses what web conferencing is, how the technology works, examples of tools, key features like screen sharing and chat. The document also covers standards, history of tools from the 1990s onward, cloud-based options like WebRTC, advantages like flexibility and scalability, and areas for improvement like privacy and security. It concludes with information about the presentation.
Biochips can perform hundreds or thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously on a surface no larger than a fingernail. They are used to analyze genes in cells and for applications in biology and medicine. A biochip consists of a microchip, antenna coil, capacitor, and glass capsule implanted under the skin. It communicates with a reader via radio signals. Biochips can identify diseases like sepsis from a blood sample within 20 minutes, faster than other methods. They allow multiple tests to be done at once and have advantages for applications in healthcare, forensics, and tracking of shipments.
Biochips are small devices that analyze biological molecules and are analogous to computer chips. They have been in development since the 1960s and were originally used to monitor fisheries populations. A biochip uses sensing chemistry to detect biological processes, microarrays to deposit biosensors densely on a substrate, and signal processing to translate detections into a computer-readable format. A biochip is implanted with a syringe and paired with a reader that provides power and receives the biochip's identification signal. Applications include tracking individuals, storing medical and financial data, and monitoring health conditions. While biochips could help healthcare, some argue they threaten privacy and freedom. Their future will depend on whether users see benefits outweighing risks.
The behavioral approach to the treatment of articulationZainab Qadri
The behavioral approach to treating articulation disorders involves operant conditioning principles developed by psychologists like Skinner. Target behaviors are identified, like a smoker wanting to quit. Stimuli are used to elicit responses, which are then reinforced or not through consequences to increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. Reinforcers like praise or tokens are used to shape articulation. Data is collected on responses and consequences are analyzed to improve treatment. Rules like immediacy of rewards and attention are followed to effectively modify behaviors.
Biochips are small devices that can be implanted under the skin that contain electronic circuits and antennas. They are used for identification and can store personal information that is transmitted to readers. A biochip has a microchip, antenna coil, capacitor, and glass capsule. It receives and transmits signals to a reader that displays the unique identification number. Biochips have advantages like being small, fast, and able to store multiple types of personal data. They could potentially serve as credit cards, driver's licenses, and passports in the future with all information contained on one implanted chip.
Biochips are small computer chips that can be implanted under the skin for identification purposes. They work using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to communicate between the chip and a reader. Over 7 million animals and 6 million medical devices implanted in humans already contain biochips. While biochips increase diagnosis speed and aid identification, their widespread adoption faces challenges regarding privacy, initial costs, and addressing chip failures. Proponents argue biochips will soon replace physical wallets and enable new forms of commerce requiring chip-based identification.
Csd 210 articulation disorders - fall 2010Jake Probst
This document discusses articulation development, differences, and disorders. It defines articulation disorders as difficulties producing speech sounds that can cause substitutions, omissions, additions, or distortions of sounds. Phonological disorders involve problems applying the sound rules of a language. Articulation disorders are common and have various causes like structural impairments, functional impairments, or unknown etiologies. Assessment of articulation involves testing sounds at the word and sentence level as well as in connected speech. Treatment aims to improve accuracy of target sounds across linguistic contexts.
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites arranged on a solid substrate that allows many biological tests to be performed simultaneously. It combines biology and computer chip technology. Biochips can store and transmit personal data like medical records and be used to uniquely identify and track individuals. They have applications in early disease detection, monitoring health conditions, and replacing documents like passports. While biochips provide advantages like health monitoring and locating lost individuals, they also raise privacy issues and concerns about loss of human freedom if used to excessively monitor or control individuals. Research is ongoing to enhance biochip capabilities and their use is expected to grow.
The document discusses biochips, which are miniaturized test sites arranged on a solid substrate that can perform thousands of biological reactions simultaneously. Biochips can be used to analyze organic molecules, identify gene sequences, and detect pollutants. The document outlines the history, components, workings, applications, advantages, and future of biochip technology.
IReHMo: An efficient IoT-Based Remote health Monitoring System for Smart RegionsKaran Mitra
1. The document proposes an IoT-based remote health monitoring system called IReHMo to efficiently transmit healthcare data from rural areas with limited network infrastructure.
2. IReHMo uses preprocessing, filtering, and encryption to reduce the volume of data sent and bandwidth required compared to an existing commercial system.
3. Evaluation shows IReHMo implemented with CoAP reduces data volume by up to 90% and bandwidth needs by 56% compared to the existing system.
This document discusses biochip technology. It begins with an introduction to biochips, which are microscopic electronic devices that use microarray and signal processing technologies. It then covers the history and development of biochips since the 1980s using advances in semiconductors and biochemistry. Biochips are classified into DNA chips, protein chips, antibody chips, and tissue chips. The document discusses the architecture of biochips and their applications in pharmaceutical research, medical diagnostics, forensics, transplantation, and environmental testing. It proposes future directions such as implantable multifunctional biochips for health monitoring and identification. In closing, the document expresses appreciation and invites questions.
Biochips are miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously. They contain thousands of individual sensors to analyze biological samples for applications like disease diagnosis and bioterrorism detection. A typical biochip consists of a computer microchip storing a unique identification number, an antenna coil, a tuning capacitor, and a hermetically sealed glass capsule containing these components. Biochips have advantages like being extremely small, able to detect multiple agents in parallel, and increase the speed of diagnosing unknown pathogens. However, they also have limitations such as difficulties in high density fabrication and standardization challenges across devices. Biochips have applications in areas like genomics, proteomics, cellomics, and bio-diagnostics
Biochips are miniaturized test sites arranged on a solid substrate that can perform thousands of biological reactions in seconds. They consist of a transponder implanted under the skin and a reader that communicates with the transponder via radio waves. Biochips have applications in identification, financial transactions, medical diagnostics, and tracking individuals and animals. They offer advantages like speed, ability to store personal data, and replacing items like passports and ID cards.
Speech recognition systems convert spoken words to text in real-time. They are used in dictation software and intelligent assistants. Design challenges include background noise, accent variations, and speed of speech. Speaker dependent systems recognize one voice, while speaker independent systems recognize any voice without training. Speech is broken into phonemes and a hidden Markov model identifies phonemes and language models recognize words. Components include signal analysis, acoustic and language models. Applications include healthcare, military, phones, and personal computers. Siri and Google Now are examples of intelligent assistants using these techniques.
Speech recognition, also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition, allows computers to understand human voice. It has various applications such as dictation, system control/navigation, and commercial/industrial uses. The process involves converting analog audio of speech into digital format, then using acoustic and language models to analyze the speech and output text. There are two main types: speaker-dependent which requires training a model for each user, and speaker-independent which can recognize any voice without training. Accuracy is improving over time as technology advances.
IoT is a combination of hardware and software technology that produces trillions of data through connecting multiple devices and sensors with the cloud and making sense of data with intelligent tools
IoT in Healthcare is a heterogeneous computing, wirelessly communicating system of apps and devices that connects patients and health providers to diagnose, monitor, track and store vital statistics and medical information.
This document describes a student project implementing speech recognition for desktop applications. It was completed by three students - Sarang Afle, Sneh Joshi, and Surbhi Sharma - for their computer science degree under the supervision of Professor Nitesh Rastogi. The project involved developing a speech recognition software that allows users to operate a computer through voice commands.
This document discusses different types of e-commerce including B2B, B2C, B2G, C2C, G2C, and G2B. It defines each type and provides examples. The key stages of the e-commerce process are described as a consumer browsing a merchant's website, selecting items, providing payment and address details, receiving order confirmation, and order fulfillment. Advantages of e-commerce include 24/7 availability, low costs, and broad reach, while disadvantages include inability to examine products physically and security risks.
Investigating Soap and Xml Technologies in Web Service ijsc
In this paper, Investigating SOAP and XML technologies in web service is studied. The reason for using XML technology to transmit data and also the need for application of existing communicative structure in SOAP technology in web pages with WSDL technology are investigated uniquely. And also the need for searchable address giving for web service which is available in UDDI technology and the advantages of using it are explained for programmers.
INVESTIGATING SOAP AND XML TECHNOLOGIES IN WEB SERVICEijsc
In this paper, Investigating SOAP and XML technologies in web service is studied. The reason for using
XML technology to transmit data and also the need for application of existing communicative structure in
SOAP technology in web pages with WSDL technology are investigated uniquely. And also the need for
searchable address giving for web service which is available in UDDI technology and the advantages of
using it are explained for programmers.
“SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING IS A WEB SERVER TECHNOLOGY IN WHICH A USER'S REQUEST IS FULFILLED BY RUNNING A SCRIPT DIRECTLY ON THE WEB SERVER TO GENERATE DYNAMIC HTML PAGES.”
It is usually used to provide interactive web sites that interface to databases or other data stores. This is different from client-side scripting where scripts are run by the viewing web browser, usually in JavaScript. The primary advantage to server-side scripting is the ability to highly customize the response based on the user's requirements, access rights, or queries into data stores.
This document introduces Web Services Description Language (WSDL) by explaining its purpose and structure. WSDL allows automated generation of web service proxies by providing an interface definition that separates abstract operations from concrete bindings. The summary describes WSDL's key sections - Types, Messages, PortTypes, Bindings and Services - and how they relate to define a service's operations in a platform-independent way while allowing specific bindings.
This document is a group assignment submitted by 6 students from Assosa University in Ethiopia on May 26, 2013. It provides information on HTML, XHTML, XML, and summarizes key differences between these markup languages. HTML is for creating web pages, XHTML is a stricter version of HTML, and XML is a generic markup language that allows users to define their own tags for transporting and storing data.
Apache Shindig, from Server Side Portlets to Open Social GadgetsTyrell Perera
1) Apache Shindig is an open source project that implements the Google Gadgets specification and OpenSocial specification to allow gadgets/portlets to be hosted and run in any website.
2) The authors used Apache Shindig to build a portal server where portlets could be simply written in HTML, XML, and JavaScript and run across different platforms.
3) Caching, asynchronous loading of gadget preferences, and bundling Shindig in an OSGi environment helped make their implementation of Shindig fast and integrated with their portal server.
This document discusses various XML applications and technologies. It describes 13 different XML technologies including Wireless Markup Language (WML), XML News, Channel Definition Format (CDF), Open Software Distribution (OSD), Open Financial Exchange (OFX), RDF/XML, Mathematical Markup Language (MathML), Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P), Human Resource Management Markup Language (HRMML), Voice Extensible Markup Language (VXML), Vector Markup Language (VML), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL). Each technology is briefly described and its advantages are listed.
This document proposes a fuzzy rule-based approach for transcoding HTML documents to make them suitable for display on mobile devices. Key points:
1. HTML documents often contain elements like frames and tables that do not adapt well to small mobile displays. Transcoding restructures documents to better fit limited mobile screens.
2. Transcoding depends on device profiles like screen size and user preferences. However, profiles and preferences can be imprecise. The approach uses fuzzy sets and rules to handle vagueness.
3. A fuzzy rule language called Fuzzy-RDL/TT specifies transcoding functions and selects them based on fuzzy comparisons of user/device profiles to predefined sets. This allows adaptive transcoding based
This document provides background information on the technologies used to develop a university community website at Chulalongkorn University. It describes HTML, JavaScript, CSS, PHP, databases, database management systems (DBMS), MySQL, jQuery, JSON, text editors, web browsers, design software, relational databases, and APIs. It also reviews similar existing applications like Facebook Events and NoonSwoon. The objective is to create a website that integrates and presents university activities and events in one place to help students easily find and join events.
The document provides information about the Robot Framework interview questions. It begins with features of the Robot Framework like using a tabular structure for test cases, support for keywords, variables, libraries and more. It then discusses benefits of the framework like being open-source, easy to use, support for different test case styles and libraries. The document further provides details about different file formats, RIDE IDE, disadvantages, hierarchical structure for test cases, different variable types, dependencies for RIDE and using Selenium library to control speeds.
B.Pharm sem 2
Computer Applications in Pharmacy
Introduction to Introduction to HTML, XML,CSS and
Programming languages, introduction to web servers and Server
Products
Introduction to databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug databaseIntroduction to HTML, XML,CSS and
Programming languages, introduction to web servers and Server
Products
Introduction to databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug database, XML,CSS and
Programming languages, introduction to web servers and Server
Products
Introduction to databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug database
The document provides an overview of HTML and its evolution. It discusses the basic structure and syntax of HTML, including elements, tags, attributes, and nesting. It describes semantic markup and some common elements like headings, paragraphs, links and divisions. It traces the history of HTML from its origins to modern standards like HTML5 and XHTML. The goal is to introduce foundational concepts about HTML that will be built upon in subsequent chapters.
This document provides an overview of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and its enabling technologies. It discusses key SOA principles like loose coupling, standardized service contracts, and service reusability. The document also covers major SOA objectives, benefits, architecture layers, and the differences between SOA and web services. Web services are described as a standardized way for applications to communicate over the web using XML, SOAP, WSDL and other standards. The document contrasts SOA with public-subscribe and pull-based vs push-based messaging architectures.
The document discusses the history and evolution of HTML and web design. It explains that HTML was created to define web page content but has evolved to include tags for formatting. This led to complex, labor-intensive web development. XHTML and CSS were developed to separate content from presentation for easier maintenance and accessibility. The document provides an overview of XHTML syntax and recommends using the Strict doctype for standards-compliant coding.
Nt1310 Final Exam Questions And AnswersLisa Williams
This document discusses current and future developments in open source software and information and communications technology (ICT). It first defines open source operating systems and provides examples like Linux and Kubuntu. It then defines open source application software and examples like Mozilla Firefox. It concludes by discussing recent hardware developments like Canon printers released in 2011 and 2012 that allow printing, scanning, copying and faxing over wireless connections.
Introduction to Web Services Protocols.pptDr.Saranya K.G
This document provides an introduction and overview of web services protocols and standards. It discusses how communication depends on shared standards like XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI. The document outlines the roles of service providers, registries and consumers in a web services architecture and covers key concepts like publishing, finding and binding services. It also summarizes some of the underlying technologies like XML and how SOAP is used to communicate service requests and responses.
The document provides an overview of web services, including their key features, architecture, and core technologies. It discusses how web services use standards like XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI to allow software components to communicate over the internet in a manner that is self-contained, self-describing, and platform-independent. WSDL files describe web service operations and messages using an XML format, while SOAP is the messaging protocol used to make remote procedure calls between clients and services.
Web Engineering UNIT III as per RGPV SyllabusNANDINI SHARMA
Technologies for Web Applications: HTML and DHTML, HTML Basic Concepts, Static and dynamic HTML, Structure of HTML documents, HTML Elements, Linking in HTML, Anchor Attributes, Image Maps, Meta Information, Image Preliminaries, Layouts, Backgrounds, Colors and Text, Fonts, Tables, Frames and layers, Audio and Video Support with HTML Database integration, CSS, Positioning with Style sheets, Forms Control, Form. Elements. Introduction to CGI PERL, JAVA SCRIPT, PHP, ASP , Cookies Creating and Reading Cookies
This document provides an overview of Rich Internet Applications (RIA) and the Adobe Flex software development kit. It discusses how Flex uses MXML and ActionScript to create RIA applications that interact with the Flash plugin. It also covers related technologies like Adobe AIR, BlazeDS, and LifeCycle Data Services that allow Flex applications to communicate with backend services. Examples of MXML code and Flex application architecture are provided.
XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is built on top of SGML and is an open standard developed by W3C. XML allows users to define their own tags to structure documents and is widely used for data exchange across different systems. Some key advantages of XML include being based on international standards, allowing user-defined tags, and having a hierarchical structure suitable for most document types.
Similar to Speech Application Language Tags (SALT) (20)
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Poznań ACE event - 19.06.2024 Team 24 Wrapup slidedeck
Speech Application Language Tags (SALT)
1. 1
VISHVESHWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD
A seminar report on
Speech Application Language Tags
Submitted by
Name: Vignaraj Gadvi
USN: 2SD06CS116
8th
semester
Under the guidance of Prof. S. L. Deshpande
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
2009-10
2. 2
VISHVESHWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM.
S.D.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar work entitled “Speech Application Language Tags” is a bonafide work
presented by VIGNARAJ GADVI. bearing USN NO 2SD06CS116 in a partial fulfillment for the award
of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of the Vishveshwaraiah
Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2009-10. The seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements with respect to seminar work presented for the Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.
Staff in charge: Prof. S.L. Deshpande
Name: Vignaraj Gadvi
USN: 2SD06CS116
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION:
Speech Application Language Tags(SALT) is an extension of HTML and other markup
languages (cHTML, XHTML, WML) which adds a spoken dialog interface to web applications,
for both voice only browsers (e.g. over the telephone) and multimodal browsers. It was
developed by – Microsoft, Cisco, SpeechWorks, Philips, Comverse and Intel. The SALT
specifications developed by the SALT forum http://www.saltforum.org were later
contributed to the W3C (http:// www.w3.org).
The major scenarios of the SALT are Voice- Only Browsers and Multimodal Browsers.
For multimodal applications, SALT can be added to a visual page to support speech input
and/or output. This is a way to speech-enable individual HTML controls for ‘push-to-talk’
form-filling scenarios, or to add more complex mixed initiative capabilities if necessary.
1.1. OVERVIEW:
SALT is a small set of XML elements, with associated attributes and DOM object
properties, events and methods, which may be used in conjunction with a source markup
document to apply a speech interface to the source page. The SALT formalism and
semantics are independent of the nature of the source document, so SALT can be used
equally effectively within HTML and all its flavors, or with WML, or with any other SGML-
derived markup.
The main top level elements of SALT are:
<prompt …> : for speech synthesis configuration and prompt playing
<listen …> : for speech recognizer configuration, recognition execution and post-
processing, and recording
<dtmf …> : for configuration and control of DTMF collection
<smex …> : for general purpose communication with platform components
The input elements <listen> and <dtmf> also contain grammars and binding controls
<grammar …>: for specifying input grammar resources
<bind …> : for processing of recognition results
Listen also contains the facility to record audio input
<record …>: for recording audio input
6. 6
2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
SALT is designed to be a lightweight markup layer which adds the power of a speech
interface to existing markup languages. As such it can remain independent
(i) Of the high-level page in which it is contained, eg HTML;
(ii) Of the low-level formats which it uses to refer to linguistic resources, e.g. the
text-to-speech and grammar formats; and
(iii) Of the individual properties of the recognition and speech synthesis platforms
used by a SALT interpreter.
In order to promote interoperability of SALT applications, the use of standard formats
for external resources will be encouraged wherever possible. SALT elements are not
intended to have a default visual representation on the browser, since for multimodal
applications it is assumed that SALT authors will signal the speech enablement of the
various components of the page by using application-specific graphical mechanisms in
the source page.
2.1. Modes of execution:
Since SALT uses to implement its execution model the browser environment of the
page in which it is hosted, the level of programmatic access afforded to the DOM interfaces
of SALT elements will differ according to the capabilities of those environments. This notion
comes most clearly into perspective when browsers with and without event and scripting
capabilities are considered. These classes of browser are broadly labeled 'uplevel' and
'downlevel' respectively, and one can think of SALT as running in a different 'mode' in each
class of browser.
Object mode, where the full interface of each SALT element is exposed by the host
environment to programmatic access by application code, is available for uplevel browsers
such as those supporting HTML events and scripting modules. Object mode offers SALT
authors a finer control over element manipulation, since the capabilities of the browser are
greater. (For the most part this specification provides illustrations of the SALT objects in
object mode. These illustrations typically assume support of the XHTML Scripting and
Intrinsic Event Modules, as defined in the W3C XHTML candidate recommendation.)
Declarative mode, where a more limited interface of each SALT element is directly
exposed, but for which the key functionality is still accessible declaratively, is available in
downlevel browsers, such as those not supporting event and scripting modules. Such
7. 7
browsers are likely to be smaller devices, without sufficient processing power to support a
scripting host, or more powerful classes of device for which full scripting support is not
required or desired. In declarative mode, manipulation of the DOM object of SALT elements
is typically limited to attribute specification and simple method calling from other elements.
As will be seen, such manipulation can be performed through bind statements in the SALT
messaging or input modules, for example, or by other browser means if supported, e.g. the
declarative multimedia synchronization and coordination mechanisms in SMIL 2.0.
2.2. Events and error handling:
Each of the SALT elements and objects specified in this document defines a set of
events associated with the functionality of the element. For example, the on record event is
fired on a <listen> element when the speech recognition engine successfully completes the
recognition process. The asynchronous nature of eventing in this environment means that
applications will typically follow an event-driven programming model. A single textbox, for
example, could be updated by values at any time from speech or GUI events. Dialog flow
can be authored by triggering dialog turn selection scripts on the basis of such events.
8. 8
3. SPEECH INPUT:
<listen>
The listen element is used to specify possible user inputs and a means for
dealing with the input results. As such, its main elements are <grammar> and <bind>,
and it contains resources for configuring recognizer properties. Listen can also be
used for recording speech input, and its <record> subelement is used to configure
this process. The activation of listen elements is controlled using Start, Stop and
Cancel methods.
<listen> elements used for speech recognition may also take a particular mode -
‘automatic’, ‘single’ or ‘multiple’ – to distinguish the kind of recognition scenarios which
they enable and the behavior of the recognition platform. The use of the listen element for
speech recognition is defined in the following sections. The use of listen elements for
recording is described here
3.1. Listen content:
The listen element contains one or more grammars and/or a record element, and
(optionally) a set of bind elements which inspect the results of the speech input and copies
the relevant portions to values in the containing page. It also permits further configuration
using the parameter mechanism. In tpolevel browsers, listen supports the programmatic
activation and deactivation of individual grammar rules. Note also that all top-level rules in
a grammar are active by default for a recognition context.
<grammar>
The grammar element is used to specify grammars, either inline or referenced using
the source attribute. Grammar is a child element of listen. At least one grammar (either
inline or referenced) must be specified for speech recognition. Inline grammars must be
text-based grammar formats, while referenced grammars can be text-based or binary type.
Multiple grammar elements may be specified, in which case each grammar element is
considered in a separate namespace for the purpose of grammar compilation. All the top-
level rules of a listen's grammars are treated as active unless explicitly deactivated.
9. 9
3.2. Attributes:
.NAME (Optional): This value identifies the grammar for the purposes of activation and
deactivation Grammars within the same <listen> element should not be identically named.
Note that the use of name does not enable the referencing of the rules of one inline
grammar from another.
.SRC (Optional). URI of the grammar to be included. Specification of the src attribute in
addition to an inline grammar is illegal and will result in an invalid document.
· TYPE (Optional). For externally referenced grammars, the mime-type corresponding to the
grammar format used. This may refer to text or binary formats. Typical types may be the
W3C XML grammar format, specified as type="application/srgs+xml", or proprietary
formats such as "application/x-sapibinary".
The type attribute permits the SALT author to signal the format of a grammar
resource and determine compatibility before a potentially lengthy download. However,
note that it does not guarantee the format of the target (or inline resource), and platforms
are free to treat the attribute (or its absence) in their own way. If unspecified, the type will
default to the common format required for interoperability.
· xmlns (Optional). This is the standard XML name spacing mechanism and is used with
inline XML grammars to declare a namespace and identify the schema of the format. See
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/ for usage.
· xml:lang (Optional). String indicating which language the grammar refers to. The value of
this attribute follows the E.g., xml:lang="en-us" denotes US English.
The attribute is scoped, so if unspecified, a higher level element in the page may
propagate the xml:lang value down to <grammar> .If xml:lang is specified in multiple places
then xml:lang follows a precedence order from the lowest scope remote grammar file (i.e
xml:lang may be specified within the grammar file) followed by grammar element followed
by listen element, so for external grammars, it may even be overridden by xml:lang
specified within the target grammar. If xml:lang is completely unspecified, the platform is
free to determine the language of choice. Example referenced and inline grammars:
<salt:grammar xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar">
<grammar>
<rule>
from
11. 11
4. <bind> :
The bind element is used to bind values from spoken input into the page, and/or to
call methods on page elements. bind is a child element of listen. The input result processed
by the bind element is an XML document containing a semantic markup language (e.g. W3C
Natural Language Semantic Markup Language or SAPI SML) for specifying recognition
results. Its contents typically include semantic values, actual words spoken, and confidence
scores. The return format could also include alternate recognition choices (as in an N-best
recognition result).
<param>
Additional, non-standard configuration of the speech recognition engine is
accomplished with the use of the <param> element which passes parameters and their
values to the platform. Param is a child element of listen. The exact nature of the
configurative parameters will differ according to the proprietary platform used. Values of
parameters may be specified in an XML namespace, in order to allow complex or structured
values.
Param( Optional) : Used to pass parameter settings to the speech platform.
4.1. Attributes:
· NAME: required. The name of the parameter to be configured.
· XMLNS: optional. Specifies a namespace and potentially a schema for XML content of the
parameter.
12. 12
5. OBJECT METHODS
The execution of listen elements may be controlled using the following methods in
the listen’s DOM object. With these methods, browsers can start and stop listen objects,
cancel recognitions in progress, and uplevel browsers can also activate and deactivate
individual grammar top-level rules.
Start
The Start method starts the recognition process, using as active grammars all the top-
level rules for the recognition context which have not been explicitly deactivated. As a
result of the start method, a speech recognition event such as onreco, onnoreco, or
onsilence will typically be fired, or an onerror or onaudiointerrupt event will be thrown in
the cases of a platform error or loss of connection, respectively
Syntax: Object.Start()
Return value: None.
Exception: The method sets a non-zero status code and fires an onerror event if it fails
On the calling of the Start() method the speech recognition platform should ensure
that the active grammars of a <listen> are complete and up-to-date. onerror events
resulting from this process are thrown according to the status codes
Stop
The Stop method is a call to end the recognition process. The listen object stops
processing audio, and the recognizer returns recognition results on the audio received up to
the point where recording was stopped. Once the recognition process completes, all the
recognition resources used by listen are released. Since the recognizer itself will stop the
listen object on endpoint detection after recognizing a complete grammar match) If the
listen has not been started, the call has no effect.
Syntax: Object.Stop()
Return value: None.
Exception: There are no explicit exceptions associated with this method.
Cancel
13. 13
The Cancel method stops the audio feed to the recognizer, deactivates the grammar
and releases the recognizer. The platform may return a recognition result for a cancelled
recognition (although this should be empty). If the recognizer has not been started, the call
has no effect. No event is thrown when the cancel method is called.
Syntax: Object.Cancel()
Return value: None.
Exception: None.
Activate
The Activate method activates the grammars of a <listen>. The first argument
identifies the grammar for activation, the second an optional, top-level rule name within
that grammar. If called during a ‘started’ <listen>, the change will not take effect until the
listen is restarted
Syntax: Object. Activate(grammar Name, [rule Name]);
Parameters: grammar Name: Required.Grammar name. ruleName: Optional.Rule name.
Return value: None.
Exception: There are no explicit exceptions associated with this method. However, if the
grammar identified with the grammarName argument does not exist, an onerror event is
fired and a value of -6 is set in the status property of the listen object.
Deactivate
The Deactivate method deactivates the grammars of a <listen>. The first argument
identifies the grammar for deactivation, the second an optional, top-level rulename within
that grammar. If called during a ‘started’ <listen>, the change will not take effect until the
listen is restarted. If the grammar or rule is already deactivated, the call has no effect.
Syntax: Object.Deactivate(grammarName, [ruleName]);
Parameters: grammarName: Required. Grammar name. ruleName: Optional. Rule name.
Return value: None.
Exception : There are no explicit exceptions associated with this method. However, if the
grammar identified with the grammarName argument does not exist, an onerror event is
fired and a value of -6 is set in the status property of the listen object.
14. 14
6. LISTEN EVENTS:
The listen DOM object supports the following events, whose handlers may be
specified as attributes of the listen element. Although browsers will update the recoresult
property for both successful and unsuccessful events from the speech recognizer, this
property should only be assumed to hold a valid result in the case of successful
recognitions. In the case of unsuccessful or aborted recognitions, the result may be an
empty document
onreco:
This event is fired when the recognizer has a successful recognition result available
for the browser. This corresponds to a valid match in the grammar. For listens in automatic
mode, this event stops the recognition process automatically and clears resources. The
onreco handler is typically used for programmatic analysis of the recognition result and
processing of the result into the page.
onsilence:
onsilence handles the event of no speech detected by the recognition platform
before the duration of time specif ied in the initialtimeout attribute on the listen . This
event cancels the recognition process automatically for the automatic recognition mode
onspeechdetected :
onspeechdetected is fired by the speech recognition platform on the detection of
speech. Determining the actual time of firing is left to the platform, so this may be
anywhere between simple energy detection (early) or coplete phrase or semantic value
recognition (late). This event also triggers onbargein on a prompt which is in play, and may
disable the initial timeout of a started dtmf object. This handler can be used in multimodal
scenarios, for example, to generate a graphical indication that recognition is occurring, or in
voice-only scenarios to enable fine control over other processes underway during
recognition.
onnoreco:
onnoreco is a handler for the event thrown by the speech recognition platform when
it is unable to return a complete recognition result. The different cases in which this may
15. 15
happen are distinguished by status code. For listens in automatic mode, this event stops the
recognition process automatically.
onaudiointerrupt:
The onaudiointerrupt event is fired when the communication channel with the user is
lost. In telephony scenarios, for example, it will fire when the line is disconnected. Its
default action is to stop recognition and return results up to that point (i.e. just as in
listen.stop). Its handler is typically used for local clean-up of resources relevant to an
individual listen. In relevant profiles, this event is also fired on <dtmf> and the
PromptQueue and call control objects. The order of firing is as follows:
1. listen
2. dtmf
3. PromptQueue object
4. call control object.
onerror:
The onerror event is fired if a serious or fatal error occurs with the recognition
process (i.e. once the recognition process has been started with a call to the Start method).
Different types of error are distinguished by status code and are shown in the event object
info table below.
Automatic mode :
<listen mode="automatic" … >
Automatic mode is used for recognitions in telephony or hands-free scenarios. The
general principle with automatic listens isthat the speech platform itself (rather than the
application) is in control of when to stop the recognition process. So no explicit Stop() call is
necessary from the application, because the utterance end will be automatically
determined, typically using the endsilence value.
16. 16
7. SPEECH OUTPUT <prompt>:
The prompt element is used to specify the content of audio output. Prompts are
queued and played using a prompt queue, which in uplevel browers is exposed to the
application as the PromptQueue object .
The content of prompts may be one or more of the following:
inline or referenced text, which may be marked up with prosodic or other speech
output information;
variable values retrieved at render time from the containing document;
links to audio files.
In uplevel browsers, prompts are queued individually onto the PromptQueue object
using the Queue method. The PromptQueue object is then used to control the playback of
the system. In general the distribution of features between PromptQueue and <prompt>
reflects the distinction that the PromptQueue object is used for global audio play settings,
and individual prompts are used for local elements of output. In HTML profiles the
PromptQueue is a child of the window object.
7.1. Prompt content:
The prompt element contains the resources for system output, as text or as
references to audio files, or both. It also permits platform-specific configuration using the
<param> element. Simple prompts need specify only the text required for output, eg
<prompt id="Welcome">
Thank you for calling ACME weather report.
</prompt>
17. 17
8. DTMF INPUT : <dtmf>
The <dtmf> element is used in telephony applications to specify possible DTMF
inputs and a means of dealing with the collected results and other DMTF events. Like
<listen>, its main elements are <grammar> and <bind>, and it holds resources for
configuring the DTMF collection process and handling DTMF events. The dtmf element is
designed so that type-ahead scenarios are enabled by default. That is, for applications to
ignore input entered ahead of time, flushing of the dtmf buffer has to be explicitly
authored.
8.1. Content:
Mirroring the listen recognition element, the DTMF element holds as content the
<grammar> and <bind> elements, and may also be configured in extensible ways with the
<param> element.
<grammar>
This is similar to the speech grammar. The only difference between a speech
grammar and a DTMF grammar is that the DTMF grammar will hold DTMF keys as tokens,
rather than words of a particular language. So for a DTMF grammar, the xml:lang attribute
is not meaningful, and within the grammar itself, terminal rules will contain only the digits
0-9, * and # and A, B, C and D as possible tokens. In all other respects, the grammar
element is identical to the speech recognition grammar element.
<bind>
The bind element is a declarative way to assign the DTMF result to a field in the host
page. <bind> acts on the XML in the result returned by DTMF collection in exactly the same
way as it does for listen.
<param>
Additional, non-standard configuration of the dtmf engine is accomplished with the
use of the <param> element which passes parameters and their values to the platform.
param is a child element of <dtmf>. The exact nature of the configurative parameters will
18. 18
differ according to the proprietary platform used. Values of parameters may be specified in
an XML namespace, in order to allow complex or structured values.
9. PLATFORM MESSAGING: <smex>
smex, short for Simple Messaging EXtension, is a SALT element that communicates
with the external component of the SALT platform. It can be used to implement any
application control of platform functionality such as logging and telephony control. As such,
smex represents a useful mechanism for extensibility in SALT, since it allows any new
functionality be added through this messaging layer. On its instantiation, the object is
directed to establish an asynchronous message exchange channel with a platform
component through its configuration parameters (specified in <param> elements) or
attributes. The smex object can send or receive messages through this channel. The content
of a message to be sent is defined in the sent property. Whenever the value of this property
is updated (either on page load or by dynamic assignment through script or binding), the
message is sent to the platform. The smex element can also receive XML messages from the
platform component in its received property. The onreceive event is fired whenever a
platform message is received. Since the smex object's basic operations are asynchronous, it
also maintains a built-in timer for the manipulation of timeout settings. ontimeout and
onerror events may also be thrown. The smex object makes no requirement on the means
of communication with platform components. It should also be noted that the smex object
has the same life span as other XML elements, i.e. it will be destroyed when its hosting
document is unloaded. While in many cases, the smex object can perform automatic clean-
up and release communication resources when it is unloaded, there might be use cases
(e.g. call control) in which a persistent communication link is desirable across pages. For
those cases, SALT places the responsibility of relinquishing the allocated resources (e.g.
closing the socket) on the application.
The smex object also is neutral on the format (schema) of messages. In order to
encourage interoperability, however, the SALT conformance specification may require
implementations to support a few core schemas, with strong preferences to existing
standard messages formats. In essence, SALT allows both platform and application
developers to take the full advantage of the standardized extensibility of XML to introduce
innovative and perhaps proprietary features without necessarily losing interoperability.
19. 19
10.ADVANTAGES OF SALT
There are several advantages to using SALT with a mature display language such as
HTML. Most notably
1. the event and scripting models supported by visual browsers can be
used by SALT applications to implement dialog flow and other forms of
interaction processing without the need for extra markup.
2. the addition of speech capabilities to the visual page provides a simple
and intuitive means of creating multimodal applications. In this way,
SALT is a lightweight specification which adds a powerful speech
interface to web pages, while maintaining and leveraging all the
advantages of the web application model.
3. reuse of application logic
4. rapid development:
5. Speech and GUI
6. Anybody wanting to speech-enable an application can use SALT.
7. SALT markup is a good solution for adding speech
20. 20
CONCLUSION:
SALT – an open Standard .It extends and embeds in existing web languages and
supports them as compared to voice XML.SALT empowers millions of web developers to
develop Voice controlled Websites. It offers voice only and multimodal spanning. Also the
addition of speech brings REAL benefits to applications. SALT makes it easy to add speech
and telephony to web applications Microsoft .NET Speech supports SALT directly or
indirectly through ASP.NET controls.